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Principal Reason (principal + reason)
Selected AbstractsTHE SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF EXECUTIONS ON HOMICIDES: DETERRENCE, DISPLACEMENT, OR BOTH?,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 4 2009KENNETH C. LAND Does the death penalty save lives? In recent years, a new round of research has been using annual time-series panel data from the 50 U.S. states for 25 or so years from the 1970s to the late 1990s that claims to find many lives saved through reductions in subsequent homicide rates after executions. This research, in turn, has produced a round of critiques, which concludes that these findings are not robust enough to model even small changes in specifications that yield dramatically different results. A principal reason for this sensitivity of the findings is that few state-years exist (about 1 percent of all state-years) in which six or more executions have occurred. To provide a different perspective, we focus on Texas, a state that has used the death penalty with sufficient frequency to make possible relatively stable estimates of the homicide response to executions. In addition, we narrow the observation intervals for recording executions and homicides from the annual calendar year to monthly intervals. Based on time-series analyses and independent-validation tests, our best-fitting model shows that, from January 1994 through December 2005, evidence exists of modest, short-term reductions in homicides in Texas in the first and fourth months that follow an execution,about 2.5 fewer homicides total. Another model suggests, however, that in addition to homicide reductions, some displacement of homicides may be possible from one month to another in the months after an execution, which reduces the total reduction in homicides after an execution to about .5 during a 12-month period. Implications for additional research and the need for future analysis and replication are discussed. [source] Secured Creditor Recovery Rates from Management Buy-outs in DistressEUROPEAN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2003David Citron G33; G32 Buy-out literature suggests that secured creditors will recoup substantial proportions of the funds they extend to finance the initial buy-out. This paper uses a unique dataset of 42 failed MBOs to examine the extent of credit recovery by secured lenders under UK insolvency procedures and the factors that influence the extent of this recovery. On average, secured creditors recover 62 per cent of the amount owed. The percentage of secured credit recovered is increased where the distressed buy-out is sold as a going concern and where the principal reason for failure concerns managerial factors. The presence of a going concern qualification in the audit report and the size of the buy-out reduce the recovery rate by secured creditors. [source] Lack of evidence that bone marrow cells contribute to cholangiocyte repopulation during experimental cholestatic ductal hyperplasiaLIVER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2006Yuki Moritoki Abstract: Background: Ductopenia is observed in end-stage human cholestatic diseases. The limited capability of cholangiocytes for proliferation is suggested to be the principal reason. Recently, bone marrow cells (BMCs) have been reported to behave as hepatic stem cells; however, their capability to differentiate into cholangiocytes in cholestasis remains unclear. Methods: Normal mice were lethally irradiated to suppress the proliferation of self-BMCs; thereafter, the BMCs from enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-transgenic mice were transferred to recipients. Chronic cholestasis was induced by 0.1%,-naphtylisothiocyanate (ANIT) feeding. The proliferation of cholangiocytes and oval cells was assessed morphologically and immunohistchemically (cytokeratin-7 (CK-7), A6). Proliferative activity (proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression), hepatic growth factor (HGF) receptor (c-Met), stem cell factor receptor (c-kit), Notch2 and Hes1 expression were also evaluated. Results: Marked cholangiocyte proliferation was observed in ANIT-fed mice. However, no EGFP/CK-7 double positive cells were identified in any of the liver specimens after BMCs transfer (Tx). In hepatic parenchyma, there were scattered EGFP-positive cells, although none of them were positive for CK-7. Conclusions: In spite of the significant ductular proliferations after ANIT feeding, no EGFP-positive cholangiocytes were confirmed by any other means in this chronic cholestasis model. Thus, different from hepatocytes, BMCs Tx seems not to contribute to the differentiation of cholangiocytes. Future studies are feasible to clarify the origin of proliferative cholangiocytes observed in this chronic cholestatic ductular hyperplasia model. [source] Influence of forage fish and dietary lipid supplements on egg quality and fry production in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) × blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) hybridizationAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 2 2010E.R. DURLAND Abstract Hybrid catfish (channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus × blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus) display characteristics that are favourable to aquaculture production. Low hatch percentages are a principal reason this hybrid is not used widely in the catfish industry. This study was conducted to determine whether additional food source rich in lipids may lead to a higher quality egg production. A 10-week feed trial was conducted in ponds in Auburn, AL. A total of 219 female Kansas Select channel catfish were stocked into nine ponds, 0.04 ha in size. Three dietary treatments were randomly allocated to the ponds. Diet-1 was a standard 60 g kg,1 lipid floating catfish feed. Diet-2 was the same feed supplemented with forage fish at ,28 kg ha,1. The third diet was the aforementioned catfish feed topcoated with 20 g kg,1 lipid [10 g kg,1 menhaden fish oil, 5 g kg,1 high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) oil and 5 g kg,1 high arachidonic acid oil]. Results indicate that brood fish fed the high lipid diet spawned larger egg masses and had larger eggs both in weight and in diameter, with increased complements of fatty acids such as DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid and total n-3 fatty acids. The neutral and polar lipid fractions are also presented. [source] Placement and replacement of restorations by selected practitionersAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2005MJ Tyas Abstract Background: There are few Australian data on the reasons for placement and replacement of restorations, and the extent to which these are carried out in general practice. Methods: A survey was carried out of approximately 100 consecutive restorations placed by each of 28 general dental practitioners. The data were coded and statistically analyzed for various associations. Results: Resin composite was used twice as frequently as amalgam as a restorative material, and nearly four times as often as glass-ionomer cement. Secondary caries was the principal reason for replacing restorations, affecting predominantly amalgam restorations in Class I and Class V cavities. Teeth restored with amalgam fractured nearly twice as often as teeth restored with resin composite. The average ages of amalgam, resin composite and glass- ionomers at replacement were 13.6, 7.1 and 5.7 years respectively. Conclusions: Amalgam has the longest clinical service life, but is associated with more tooth fracture. Secondary caries is the main reason for replacing restorations. The anti-cariogenic effect of glass-ionomer cement is equivocal. [source] Causes and outcomes of pouch excision after restorative proctocolectomyBRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 1 2006M. Prudhomme Background: Pouch failure occurs in up to 10 per cent of patients after ileal pouch,anal anastomosis (IPAA). The aims of this study were to determine the reasons for pouch excision and to evaluate the outcome of the perineal wound after pouch excision. Methods: Between 1984 and 2002, 91 patients with severe ileal pouch dysfunction were treated. This was a retrospective analysis of data collected prospectively from 24 patients who underwent pouch excision. Results: Patients were grouped according to the final histological diagnosis. Fourteen patients with Crohn's disease developed extensive fistulous disease and/or recurrent abscesses, of whom six had a persistent perineal sinus after pouch excision. Five patients had familial adenomatous polyposis, in three of whom desmoid tumours were the cause of failure. Three patients had chronic ulcerative colitis and developed recurrent pelvic sepsis. Finally, two patients with multiple colorectal adenocarcinoma developed recurrent cancer (one) or sepsis (one). Conclusion: Sepsis was the principal reason for pouch excision and was usually associated with recrudescent Crohn's disease in the pouch. Perineal wound healing was problematic after pouch excision for Crohn's disease. Copyright © 2005 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] In Defence of Associative Political Obligations: Part OnePOLITICAL STUDIES, Issue 3 2006John Horton Part One of this article seeks to defend the idea of associative political obligations against a number of criticisms that have been advanced opposing it. The purpose of this defence is not to demonstrate that the associative account is therefore the best explanation of political obligations, but only that the principal reasons which have been given for rejecting it are much less compelling than its critics maintain. The argument focuses in particular on the various criticisms advanced by A. John Simmons. Two general lines of defence figure especially prominently. First, it is shown how many of the criticisms in one way or another ultimately rest on the assumption that political obligations must be voluntarily acquired, when it is just this assumption that is contested by an associative account. Secondly, it rebuts the charge that the idea of associative obligations faces a particular problem because it entails the view that members must have obligations to associations or groups that are evil. While it is not claimed that the idea of associative political obligations is entirely without difficulties, it is contended that stories of its demise are greatly exaggerated, and in this respect the ground is laid for Part Two of the article, which sketches a particular account of associative political obligations. [source] Short-term outcome after active perinatal management at 23,25 weeks of gestation.ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 7 2004A study from two Swedish tertiary care centres. Aims: To provide descriptive data on women who delivered at 23,25 wk of gestation, and to relate foetal and neonatal outcomes to maternal factors, obstetric management and the principal reasons for preterm birth. Methods: Medical records of all women who had delivered in two tertiary care centres in 1992,1998 were reviewed. At the two centres, policies of active perinatal and neonatal management were universally applied. Logistic regression models were used to identify prenatal factors associated with survival. Results: Of 197 women who delivered at 23,25 wk, 65% had experienced a previous miscarriage, 15% a previous stillbirth and 12% a neonatal death. The current pregnancy was the result of artificial reproduction in 13% of the women. In 71%, the pregnancy was complicated either by preeclampsia, chorioamnionitis, placental abruption or premature rupture of membranes. Antenatal steroids were given in 63%. Delivery was by caesarean section in 47%. The reasons for preterm birth were idiopathic preterm labour in 36%, premature rupture of membranes in 41% and physician-indicated deliveries in 23% of the mothers. Demographic details, use of antenatal steroids, caesarean section delivery and birthweight differed between mothers depending on the reason for preterm delivery. Of 224 infants, 5% were stillbirths and 63% survived to discharge. On multivariate logistic regression analysis comprising prenatally known variables, reasons for preterm birth were not associated with survival. Advanced gestational duration (OR: 2.43 per wk; 95% CI: 1.59,3.74), administration of any antenatal steroids (OR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.14,4.28) and intrauterine referral from a peripheral hospital (OR: 2.93; 95% CI: 1.5,5.73) were associated with survival. Conclusions: Women who deliver at 23,25 wk comprise a risk group characterized by a high risk of reproductive failure and pregnancy complications. Survival rates were similar regardless of the reason for preterm birth. Policies of active perinatal management virtually eliminated intrapartum stillbirths. [source] | ||||||||||