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Pressure Ventilation (pressure + ventilation)
Kinds of Pressure Ventilation Selected AbstractsTermination of Recurrent Ventricular Tachycardia by Continuous Positive Airway Pressure VentilationANNALS OF NONINVASIVE ELECTROCARDIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Yuichi J. Shimada M.D. We report a case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with recurrent ventricular tachycardia that resolved after initiating continuous positive airway pressure therapy. [source] Clinical application of continuous spirometry with a pitot-based flow meter during equine anaesthesiaEQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION, Issue 7 2010Y. P. S. Moens Summary This report documents the feasibility and clinical information provided by a new method for spirometric monitoring adapted for equine anaesthesia. Monitoring of ventilatory function was done with continuous spirometry during general anaesthesia of client-owned horses presented for various diagnostic and surgical procedures. An anaesthetic monitor with a spirometry unit for human anaesthesia was used. To allow the measurement of large tidal volumes, a remodelled larger version of the pitot tube- based flow sensor was used. This technology provided reliable spirometric data even during prolonged anaesthesia when water condensation accumulated in the anaesthetic circuit and the sensor. In addition to flow and volume measurement and respiratory gas analysis, the continuous display of flow-volume and pressure-volume loops offered visually recognisable information about compliance, airway resistance and integrity of the circuit. Continuous spirometry with this monitoring system was helpful in evaluating the efficacy of spontaneous ventilation, in adjusting intermittent positive pressure ventilation and detecting technical faults in the anaesthetic apparatus and connection with the patient. This adapted spirometry method represents a practical and reliable measuring system for use during equine anaesthesia. The variety of information provides an opportunity to optimise anaesthetic management in this species. [source] EFNS task force on management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: guidelines for diagnosing and clinical care of patients and relativesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 12 2005An evidence-based review with good practice points Despite being one of the most devastating diseases known, there is little evidence for diagnosing and managing patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although specific therapy is lacking, correct early diagnosis and introduction of symptomatic and specific therapy can have a profound influence on the care and quality of life of the patient and may increase survival time. This document addresses the optimal clinical approach to ALS. The final literature search was performed in the spring of 2005. Consensus recommendations are given graded according to the EFNS guidance regulations. Where there was lack of evidence but consensus was clear we have stated our opinion as good practice points. People affected with possible ALS should be examined as soon as possible by an experienced neurologist. Early diagnosis should be pursued and a number of investigations should be performed with high priority. The patient should be informed of the diagnosis by a consultant with a good knowledge of the patient and the disease. Following diagnosis, the patient and relatives should receive regular support from a multidisciplinary care team. Medication with riluzole should be initiated as early as possible. PEG is associated with improved nutrition and should be inserted early. The operation is hazardous in patients with vital capacity <50%. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation improves survival and quality of life but is underused. Maintaining the patients ability to communicate is essential. During the entire course of the disease, every effort should be made to maintain patient autonomy. Advance directives for palliative end of life care are important and should be fully discussed early with the patient and relatives respecting the patients social and cultural background. [source] A new supraglottic airway device: LMA-SupremeÔ, comparison with LMA-ProsealÔACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 7 2009T. HOSTEN Background and objective: The LMA-SupremeÔ (S-LMAÔ) is a new supraglottic airway device that presents combined features of flexibility, curved structure and single use and a different cuff structure. The purpose of this study was to compare the oropharyngeal leak pressures (OLP) of LMA-ProsealÔ (P-LMAÔ) and S-LMAÔ. Methods: Sixty adult patients were prospectively and randomly allocated to undergo insertion of P-LMAÔ (n=30) or S-LMAÔ (n=30). The cuffs were inflated until the intracuff pressure (ICP) reached 60 cm H2O. Orogastric leak pressures, insertion times, first attempt success rates, fiberoptical assessment of position, cuff pressures, orogastric tube (OGT) placement and OGT insertion times were compared. Unblinded observers collected intraoperative data and blinded observers collected post-operative data. Results: The first insertion attempts and time taken to provide an effective airway were similar between the groups. Two patients (P-LMAÔ, n=1; S-LMAÔ, n=1) were intubated due to excessive oropharyngeal leak and in one patient (P-LMAÔ, n=1) due to failed OGT placement. OLPs were similar (P-LMAÔ; 26.9±6.6 S-LMAÔ; 26.1±5.2). ICP increased significantly in the P-LMAÔ at the 30 and 60 min during anesthesia (P-LMAÔ; 80.1±12.8, 92.9±14.4, S-LMAÔ; 68.3±10.9, 73.7±15.6). OGT placement was successful in all patients in the S-LMAÔ, but failed in five patients in the P-LMAÔ (P=0.02). Fiberoptically determined anatomic position was better with the P-LMAÔ (P=0.03). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that S-LMAÔ had leak pressures similar to the P-LMAÔ, and this new airway device proved to be successful during both spontaneous and positive pressure ventilation. [source] The I-gel®, a single-use supraglottic airway device with a non-inflatable cuff and an esophageal vent: an observational study in childrenACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 3 2009L. BEYLACQ Background: The I-gel® is a new single-use supraglottic airway device with a non-inflatable cuff. It is composed of a thermoplastic elastomer and a soft gel-like cuff that adapts to the hypopharyngeal anatomy. Like the LMA-ProSeal, it has an airway tube and a gastric drain tube. Little is known about its efficiency in pediatric anesthesia. Methods: Fifty children above 30 kg, ASA I,II, undergoing a short-duration surgery were included in this prospective, observational study. We evaluated ease in inserting the I-gel®, seal pressure, gastric leak, complications during insertion and removal, ease in inserting the gastric tube and ventilatory parameters during positive pressure ventilation. Results: All devices were inserted at the first attempt. The mean seal pressure was 25 cmH2O. There was no gastric inflation and gastric tube insertion was achieved in all cases. The results appear similar to those in a previous study concerning laryngeal mask airway in terms of leak pressure and complication rates. Conclusion: Because the I-gel® has a very good insertion success rate and very few complications, it seems to be an efficient and safe device for pediatric airway management. [source] A Prospective Case Series of Pediatric Procedural Sedation and Analgesia in the Emergency Department Using Single-syringe Ketamine,Propofol Combination (Ketofol)ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 2 2010Gary Andolfatto MD Abstract Objectives:, This study evaluated the effectiveness, recovery time, and adverse event profile of intravenous (IV) ketofol (mixed 1:1 ketamine,propofol) for emergency department (ED) procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) in children. Methods:, Prospective data were collected on all PSA events in a trauma-receiving, community teaching hospital over a 3.5-year period, from which data on all patients under 21 years of age were studied. Patients receiving a single-syringe 1:1 mixture of 10 mg/mL ketamine and 10 mg/mL propofol (ketofol) were analyzed. Patients received ketofol in titrated aliquots at the discretion of the treating physician. Effectiveness, recovery time, caregiver and patient satisfaction, drug doses, physiologic data, and adverse events were recorded. Results:, Ketofol PSA was performed in 219 patients with a median age of 13 years (range = 1 to 20 years; interquartile range [IQR] = 8 to 16 years) for primarily orthopedic procedures. The median dose of medication administered was 0.8 mg/kg each of ketamine and propofol (range = 0.2 to 3.0 mg/kg; IQR = 0.7 to 1.0 mg/kg). Sedation was effective in all patients. Three patients (1.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.0% to 3.0%) had airway events requiring intervention, of which one (0.4%; 95% CI = 0.0% to 1.2%) required positive pressure ventilation. Two patients (0.9%; 95% CI = 0.0% to 2.2%) had unpleasant emergence requiring treatment. All other adverse events were minor. Median recovery time was 14 minutes (range = 3 to 41 minutes; IQR = 11 to 18 minutes). Median staff satisfaction was 10 on a 1-to-10 scale. Conclusions:, Pediatric PSA using ketofol is highly effective. Recovery times were short; adverse events were few; and patients, caregivers, and staff were highly satisfied. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:194,201 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine [source] Positive pressure ventilation with the LMA: inspiratory leaks and effect on the adequacy of ventilationACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 6 2007S. K. Ramachandran No abstract is available for this article. [source] Coma and respiratory failure due to moxidectin intoxication in a dogJOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE, Issue 1 2008Alexander E. Gallagher DVM Abstract Objective: To describe the clinical consequences following ingestion by a dog of a moxidectin-containing equine deworming product. Few reports exist concerning the treatment and outcome of severe moxidectin toxicity. Treatment, known factors influencing intoxication, and prognosis are reviewed. Case summary: A 10-month-old female Border Collie ingested an unknown quantity of a moxidectin-containing equine deworming product several hours before presentation. Severe neurological signs subsequently developed and included: ataxia, seizures, coma, and respiratory failure. The dog was treated with supportive care including intravenous fluids, activated charcoal, and positive pressure ventilation. Normal spontaneous respiration returned in 34 hours and the patient was discharged 58 hours after ingestion. Full recovery occurred within 1 week of intoxication. New information provided: This report describes moxidectin intoxication and associated respiratory failure in a dog that required mechanical ventilation. The dog's recovery was rapid. Despite severity of signs, the prognosis for patients with moxidectin intoxication is good with appropriate supportive care. [source] One-lung ventilation of a preterm newborn during esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula repairACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 3 2002E. Tercan In this paper, we assessed the anesthesia management of a male, a 34-week gestation age newborn, weighing 1500 g, who has esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula localized just above the carina. Endotracheal intubation and intermittent positive pressure ventilation caused air leakage through the fistula into the stomach, causing abdominal distention. One-lung ventilation by left main bronchus intubation eliminated this problem. [source] An Unusual Complication of Sinus Arrest Following Right-Sided Stellate Ganglion Block: A Case ReportPAIN PRACTICE, Issue 3 2004Ashok K. Saxena MD Abstract: We present a case of a 29-year-old female patient who had presented to us for the management of her chronic right shoulder,hand pain and developed a sinus arrest following a right-sided stellate ganglion block (RSGB). This patient on receiving a diagnostic RSGB via the anterior paratracheal (C6) approach developed sinus arrest followed by apnea and unconsciousness. On institution of resuscitative measures involving tracheal intubation, positive pressure ventilation, cardiac massage, and intravenous atropine, spontaneous cardiac activity recovered in about 3 minutes. Other signs and symptoms resolved fully in a total of 10 minutes. She had persistent postural hypotension lasting for about 24 hours requiring bed rest and was discharged about 36 hours after the procedure, without any adverse sequelae. As the sinus node is supplied by the right-sided sympathetic chain, its blockade probably resulted in unopposed parasympathetic activity leading to asystole. Available evidence of the role of right stellate ganglion in regulation of cardiac electrophysiology and functioning is also discussed. [source] Intranasal flumazenil and naloxone to reverse over-sedation in a child undergoing dental restorationsPEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 8 2009CHRISTOPHER HEARD MD Summary We describe a 3-year-old child who became over-sedated after receiving intranasal (IN) midazolam (0.53 mg·kg,1) and IN sufentanil (1 mcg·kg,1) for dental restorations in the dental office. Desaturation was attributed to laryngospasm, which was managed with positive pressure ventilation and oxygen. The sedation was reversed with a combination of IN flumazenil and naloxone. [source] Insertion characteristics, sealing pressure and fiberoptic positioning of CobraPLA in childrenPEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 10 2007MAURIZIO PASSARIELLO MD Summary Background:, The CobraPLATM is a new supraglottic airway device designed for the use in spontaneously breathing and mechanically ventilated patients. In adults it has been found as effective as the LMA, but with better sealing qualities. The aim of the present study was to evaluate fit and sealing characteristics of CobraPLA size 1.5 and 2 in mechanically ventilated children. Methods:, Forty children, ASA I/II, aged 1,10 years, weighing 10,35 kg were scheduled for minor surgical procedures. The number of attempts for insertion and fiberoptic positioning of the CobraPLA was assessed. After muscle relaxation had been achieved, airway sealing pressure was measured by gradually increasing maximum inspiratory pressure to a maximum of 30 cmH2O. Results:, Insertion of CobraPLA was successful at the first attempt in 90% of patients. The vocal cords were visualized in 90% of patients (grade 0: 2.5%, grade 1: 7.5%, grade 2: 30%, grade 3: 15%, grade 4: 45%). Median sealing pressure was 20.0 ± 6.0 cmH2O. In 21% of patients gastric insufflation was observed at a peak inspiratory pressure of 20 cmH2O or below. Conclusions:, The CobraPLA was found to have easy insertion characteristics and good anatomical fitting in children between 10 and 35 kg. If positive pressure ventilation with CobraPLA size 1.5 and 2.0 is required, peak inspiratory pressure should be kept below the leak pressure and the abdomen closely monitored for signs of gastric insufflation. [source] ProSealTM laryngeal mask airway in 120 pediatric surgical patients: a prospective evaluation of characteristics and performancePEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 3 2006MELISSA WHEELER MD Summary Background:, The ProSealTM LMA (PLMATM) has recently been introduced in pediatric sizes (1.5, 2, 2.5, 3). Limited pediatric data have been published. Methods:, After Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, the PLMATM was placed in 120 children aged 4 months to 13 years (5,50 kg). The following data were collected prospectively: induction agent, number of placement attempts (limited to three), placement success or failure, PLMATM size, leak pressure, ventilatory pattern [spontaneous (SV) or controlled positive pressure ventilation (PPV)], success or failure of gastric suction tube placement, hypoxemia, dislodgement, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, aspiration, and traumatic placement. Results:, The PLMATM was easily placed in children with a higher first attempt success rate (94%) than reported for adults. Overall PLMATM and gastric tube placement were both 100% successful. Leak pressures were similar to those reported for the PLMATM in adults and higher than reported for the ClassicTM LMATM in children. No bronchospasm, laryngospasm, hypoxemia, dislodgement, or aspiration occurred. Conclusions:, Although the PLMATM can be used with SV or PPV, the higher leak pressure achieved with the PLMATM, and the ability to evacuate fluid and air from the stomach suggest that it may be a useful alternative to tracheal intubation for procedures in which PPV is desired in children aged 4 months to 13 years. [source] Assessment of autonomic cardiovascular changes associated with recovery from anaesthesia in children: a study using spectral analysis of blood pressure and heart rate variabilityPEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 6 2000ISABELLE CONSTANT MD PhD Recovery from anaesthesia is associated with large changes in cardiovascular autonomic activity, which are poorly documented in children. This study was undertaken to investigate the cardiovascular autonomic activity in anaesthetized and recovering children, using a noninvasive approach based on spectral analysis of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) variability. Ten children (aged 5,13 years) undergoing major surgery were studied. Continuous HR and BP were recorded using a noninvasive device during deep anaesthesia and recovery. Spectral analysis was used to determine the main oscillatory components of HR and BP signals. For each power spectrum, the frequency components were identified as follows (i): the low frequency (LF) component (0.04,0.14 Hz) both parasympathetically and sympathetically mediated for HR and corresponding to vasomotor sympathetic modulation for BP; and (ii) the high frequency (HF) component (0.2,0.6 Hz) parasympathetically mediated for HR, and reflecting mechanical influence of ventilation on cardiac output for BP. In addition, the LF : HF ratio for HR, reflecting the cardiac sympathovagal balance, was calculated. Under deep anaesthesia, HR variability and BP variability were very low and mainly due to mechanical influence of intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Conversely, the recovery period was associated with a marked increase of HR and BP overall variability. Compared to anaesthesia, spectral analysis of HR and BP revealed that the LF component of BP and HR spectra increased 40-fold during recovery; the LF : HF ratio of HR was also increased during recovery (0.1 ± 0.1 versus 1.3 ± 1.2, P=0.008). The results of this study demonstrate that the recovery period is associated with an increase of cardiovascular sympathetic drive in children after major surgery. [source] Ventilation induced pneumothorax following resolved empyemaPEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 1 2008A.G. Nyman MRCPCH Abstract We report a case of pneumothorax as a result of positive pressure ventilation in a child previously treated for empyema. Three months following discharge for successful treatment of empyema our patient received a general anesthetic for an elective MRI of the brain for investigation of nystagmus. During recovery from the anesthetic he developed respiratory distress and was found to have a loculated pneumothorax. We propose that pleural fragility in childhood empyema possibly persists even after clinical resolution and in this case for up to 3 months. The complication of pneumothorax should be considered in all patients receiving positive pressure ventilation following resolved empyema. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:99,101. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Volume targeted ventilation (volume guarantee) in the weaning phase of premature newborn infantsPEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 10 2007F. Scopesi MD Abstract Objective Several options are currently available in neonatal mechanical ventilation: complete breathing synchronization (patient triggered ventilation, synchronized intermittent positive pressure ventilation,SIPPV); positive pressure flow-cycled ventilation (pressure support ventilation, PSV); and volume targeted positive pressure ventilation (volume guarantee, VG). The software algorithm for the guarantee volume attempts to deliver a tidal volume (Vt) as close as possible to what has been selected by the clinician as the target volume. Main objectives of the present study were to compare patient,ventilator interactions and Vt variability in premature infants recovering from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) who were weaned by various ventilator modes (SIMV/PSV,+,VG/SIPPV,+,VG and SIMV,+,VG). Methods This was a short-term crossover trial in which each infant served as his/her own control. Ten premature infants born before the 32nd week of gestation in the recovery phase of RDS were enrolled in the study. All recruited infants started ventilation with SIPPV and in the weaning phase were switched to synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). Baseline data were collected during an initial 20-min period of monitoring with the infant receiving SIMV alone, then they were switched to SIPPV,+,VG for a 20-min period and then switched back to SIMV for 15 min. Next, they were switched to PSV,+,VG for the study period and switched back to SIMV for a further 15 min. Finally, they were switched to SIMV,+,VG and, at the end of monitoring, they were again switched back to SIMV alone. Results Each mode combined with VG discharged comparable Vts, which were very close to the target volume. Among the VG-combined modes, mean variability of Vt from preset Vt was significantly different. Variability from the target value was significantly lower in SIPPV and PSV modes than in SIMV (P,<,0.0001 and P,<,0.04 respectively). SIPPV,+,VG showed greater stability of Vt, fewer large breaths, lower respiratory rate, and allowed for lower peak inspiratory pressure than what was delivered by the ventilator during other modes. No significant changes in blood gases were observed after each of the study periods. Conclusions With regards to the weaning phase, among combined modes, both of the ones in which every breath is supported (SIPPV/PSV) are likely to be the most effective in the delivery of stable Vt using a low working pressure, thus, at least in the short term, likely more gentle for the neonatal lung. In summary, we can suggest that the VG option, when combined with traditional, patient triggered ventilation, adheres very closely to the proposed theoretical algorithm, achieving highly effective ventilation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:864,870. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Noninvasive Ventilation During Gastrostomy Tube Placement in Patients with Severe Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Case Reports and Review of the LiteraturePEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 2 2006D.J. Birnkrant MD Abstract Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy may benefit from gastrostomy tube feeding due to progressive dysphagia and malnutrition. However, due to their severely impaired pulmonary function, these individuals are at risk of severe complications when they are sedated or undergo anesthesia for the procedure. We previously described a technique of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation to provide respiratory support during gastrostomy tube placement in such patients, but this technique had risks and limitations. In this case report, we examine two alternative techniques we used to provide respiratory support successfully to patients with severe muscular dystrophy and malnutrition who underwent percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement. We then review the literature and discuss the potential benefits, risks, and limitations of the above techniques and of other options for gastrostomy placement in people with severe muscular dystrophy. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Noninvasive ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit for children with acute respiratory failure,,PEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 6 2003W. Gerald Teague MD Abstract Noninvasive ventilation, a novel treatment to increase alveolar ventilation, is accomplished with either subatmospheric or positive pressure administered via an external interface. In adults with acute respiratory failure, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is superior to standard therapy in preventing intubation and reducing mortality. The role of NPPV in pediatric-age patients with acute respiratory distress is not as well established. Early case reports showed that NPPV treatment does acutely improve both the clinical manifestations of respiratory distress and respiratory gas exchange in children with respiratory distress. However, it is not clear whether NPPV in this setting can prevent vs. delay endotracheal intubation. Other uses of NPPV in the pediatric intensive care unit include the treatment of upper airway obstruction, atelectasis, and exacerbations of neuromuscular disorders, and to facilitate weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation. Successful use of NPPV in young infants with respiratory distress is impeded by the lack of suitable size interfaces, and the response characteristics of commercially available bilevel ventilators. Despite these challenges, NPPV is a promising alternate to standard therapies in the treatment of acute respiratory distress in the pediatric-age patient. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 35:418,426. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Recurrent pneumothoraces associated with nocturnal noninvasive ventilation in a patient with muscular dystrophyPEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 1 2002Lee R. Choo-Kang MD Abstract Although a common complication of mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure, spontaneous pneumothorax has been rarely reported among patients on chronic, intermittent, noninvasive positive pressure support. We report the first case of recurrent pneumothoraces associated with nocturnal bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation via a nasal mask. A 26-year old man with chronic respiratory failure secondary to an unclassified neuromuscular condition suffered four separate episodes of spontaneous pneumothorax over a 12-month period. Two episodes occurred while he was asleep on bilevel positive airway pressure support. He was found to have numerous subpleural blebs, and we propose a mechanism for their development. Following open pleurodesis and blebectomy, the patient has not had another pneumothorax. Given the increasing utilization of chronic nocturnal bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation, we suggest that healthcare providers and patients be made aware of this potentially life-threatening complication. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:73,78. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Effecting positive outcomes through positive pressure ventilation in COPDRESPIROLOGY, Issue 7 2010Jacques Rizkallah MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Flow-dependent resistance of nasal masks used for non-invasive positive pressure ventilationRESPIROLOGY, Issue 4 2006Wolfram WINDISCH Objective and background: Endotracheal tube resistance is known to be flow-dependent and this understanding has improved the application of invasive ventilation. However, similar physiological studies on the interface between patients and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) have not been performed. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the resistance of nasal masks used for NPPV. Methodology: The flow-dependent pressure drop of the small (S), medium-small (MS) and medium (M) Contour Nasal Mask (Respironics Inc., Murrysville, PA, USA) was measured with and without a connecting tube (length 18 cm, internal diameter 1.5 cm) in a laboratory study. The resistance was calculated by Rohrer's equation using the standard least-squares-fit technique. The present study explicitly differentiated between the resistance of the nasal mask alone when measured against atmosphere and the additional resistance caused by the nasal mask when airtightly fitted to a model head (interaction with the face). Results: Higher flow rates resulted in a non-linearly increasing pressure drop across the interface. This flow-dependent resistance of the S/MS/M mask was comparably low when not interacting with the face, but increased when interacting with the face. This flow-dependent resistance of the mask was several-fold higher when adding the connection tube and tended to be higher during expiration. Conclusion: There is a non-linear flow-dependent pressure drop across the nasal mask which is low and independent of its size, but increases when interacting with the face. The connecting tube is the major determinant of the resistance originating from facial appliances used for NPPV. [source] Postobstructive Pulmonary Edema After Laryngospasm in the Otolaryngology PatientTHE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 9 2006Vishvesh M. Mehta MD Abstract Context: Post-obstructive pulmonary edema (PPE) is an uncommon complication which develops immediately after the onset of acute airway obstruction such as laryngospasm or epiglottitis (type I) or after the relief of chronic upper airway obstruction such as adenotonsillar hypertrophy (type II). Objective: To describe the development of type I PPE following laryngospasm in pediatric and adult patients undergoing otolaryngologic surgical procedures other than those for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Design: Retrospective case series of 13 otolaryngology patients from 1996 to 2003. Setting: Tertiary care teaching hospital and its affiliates. Patients: 13 patients (4 children, 9 adults, 5 males, 8 females) ranging in age from 9 months to 48 years. Results: Operative procedures included adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, removal of an esophageal foreign body, microlaryngoscopy with papilloma excision, endoscopic sinus surgery, septorhinoplasty, and thyroidectomy. Six patients required reintubation. Treatment included positive pressure ventilation, oxygen therapy, and diuretics. Seven patients were discharged within 24 hours and the others were discharged between 2 and 8 days postoperatively. There were no mortalities. Conclusion: Laryngospasm resulting in PPE may occur in both children and adults after various otolaryngologic procedures. Among the subgroup of children, our study is the first to report its occurrence in healthy children without sleep apnea undergoing elective surgery. [source] Risk of pulmonary aspiration with laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube during positive pressure ventilationANAESTHESIA, Issue 5 2010S. K. Syeed No abstract is available for this article. [source] Risk of pulmonary aspiration with laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube: analysis on 65 712 procedures with positive pressure ventilationANAESTHESIA, Issue 12 2009A. Bernardini Summary We compared the risk of pulmonary aspiration in patients whose lungs were mechanically ventilated through a laryngeal mask airway (35 630 procedures) or tracheal tube (30 082 procedures). Three cases of pulmonary aspiration occurred with the laryngeal mask airway and seven with the tracheal tube. There were no deaths related to pulmonary aspiration. The incidence and outcome of pulmonary aspiration detected in this study were similar to those previously reported. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for pulmonary aspiration with the laryngeal mask airway was 1.06 (95% CI 0.20,5.62). Unplanned surgery (OR 30.5, 95% CI 8.6,108.9) and male sex (OR 8.6, 95% CI 1.1,68) were associated with an increased risk of aspiration and age < 14 years with a reduced risk (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.07,0.64). There were contraindications and exclusions to the use of the laryngeal mask airway but in this selected population the use of an laryngeal mask airway was not associated with an increased risk of pulmonary aspiration compared with a tracheal tube. [source] Temporary extracorporeal jugulosaphenous bypass for the peri-operative management of patients with superior vena caval obstruction: a report of three casesANAESTHESIA, Issue 11 2009D. S. Radauceanu Summary Superior vena caval obstruction from a mediastinal mass presents a significant risk to patients requiring general anaesthesia, with reports of sudden death on induction of anaesthesia, during intubation and on initiation of positive pressure ventilation. We describe the first reported use of temporary extracorporeal jugulosaphenous bypass in three cases of superior vena caval obstruction and extrinsic tracheal compression caused by massive retrosternal multinodular goitre. The bypass was performed before induction of general anaesthesia with consequent reduction in upper body venous pressure and avoidance of complications. [source] The Diamedica Draw-Over Vaporizer: a comparison of a new vaporizer with the Oxford Miniature VaporizerANAESTHESIA, Issue 1 2009W. A. English Summary The Diamedica Draw-Over Vaporizer (DDV) has been developed as an alternative to the Oxford Miniature Vaporizer (OMV). Both can function as draw-over or plenum vaporizers. The performances of these two vaporizers were compared under conditions simulating intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and continuous flow (CF). Series 1 experiments were conducted with the vaporizers in water baths at 20, 25 and 30 °C. Vaporizers were tested at dial settings of 1,4% over a range of minute volumes (1.75,6 l.min,1) and flow rates (3,8 l.min,1). Series 2 experiments compared output of the vaporizers over time at ambient temperatures of 20, 25 and 30 °C. A minute volume of 6 l.min,1 (IPPV) and a gas flow of 8 l.min,1 (CF) were used with a vaporizer setting of 2%. Vapour concentrations were recorded at 5-min intervals. In series 1 IPPV experiments, the DDV vaporizer was more accurate, producing significantly fewer vapour concentrations 0.5% more than or less than setting (p = 0.013). The OMV tended to produce more favourable results under continuous flow (p = 0.42). In series 2 experiments, the accuracy of both vaporizers was similar but consistency of output over time was better for the DDV and consistency of output according to differences in ambient temperature was better for the DDV. The OMV produced more vapour concentrations that were markedly higher than dial setting, particularly at high ambient temperatures. The DDV is a suitable alternative to the OMV with some distinct advantages. These include a larger reservoir, tendency towards greater accuracy during IPPV and improved consistency of output. [source] A study of airway management using the ProSeal LMA® laryngeal mask airway compared with the tracheal tube on postoperative analgesia requirements following gynaecological laparoscopic surgeryANAESTHESIA, Issue 9 2007M. Hohlrieder Summary In a randomised double blind prospective study, we tested the hypothesis that postoperative pain is lower in patients who receive an ProSeal LMAÔ laryngeal mask airway compared with a tracheal tube. One hundred consecutive female patients (ASA I,II, 18,75 years) undergoing laparoscopic gynaecological surgery were divided into two equal-sized groups for airway management with the ProSeal LMA or tracheal tube. Anaesthesia management was identical for both groups and included induction of anaesthesia using propofol/fentanyl, and maintenance with propofol/remifentanil, muscle relaxation with rocuronium, positive pressure ventilation, gastric tube insertion, dexamethasone/tropisetron for anti-emetic prophylaxis, and diclofenac for pain prophylaxis. All types of postoperative pain were treated using intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) morphine. Patients and postoperative staff were unaware of the airway device used. Data were collected by a single blinded observer. We found that pain scores were lower for the ProSeal LMA at 2 h and 6 h but not at 24 h. Morphine requirements were lower for the ProSeal LMA by 30.4%, 30.6% and 23.3% at 2, 6 and 24 h, respectively. Nausea was less common with the ProSeal LMA than with the tracheal tube at 2 h and 6 h but not at 24 h. There were no differences in the frequency of vomiting, sore throat, dysphonia or dysphagia. We conclude that postoperative pain is lower for the ProSeal LMA than the tracheal tube in females undergoing gynaecological laparoscopic surgery. [source] Monitoring pollution by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry during paediatric anaesthesia with positive pressure ventilation via the laryngeal mask airway or uncuffed tracheal tubeANAESTHESIA, Issue 7 2002J. Rieder Summary Twenty children aged 2,66 months were randomly allocated for airway management with either the laryngeal mask airway or uncuffed tracheal tube using intermittent positive pressure ventilation with a tidal volume of 8 ml.kg,1 and a respiratory rate adjusted to maintain end-expiratory carbon dioxide concentration at 5.3 kPa. Induction was with fentanyl/propofol and maintenance was with sevoflurane 2.5% in oxygen/air. The airway device was removed when the patients were awake and the patients were transferred to the postanaesthesia care unit 10 min later. Air was sampled from a point 1.5 m above the floor at a location remote from the ventilation outlet and analysed using a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer capable of continuous trace gas analysis at the parts per billion volume (ppbv) level. The concentration of sevoflurane was recorded every minute during three consecutive phases: for 5 min before the introduction of sevoflurane (background); after introduction of sevoflurane until removal of the airway device (intra-operative); and every minute after removal until the concentration returned to background levels. Median (interquartile range [range]) intra-operative sevoflurane concentrations were 200,400 times higher than background values for the laryngeal mask airway 1 (1,2 [0,3]) ppbv vs. 404 (278,523 [83,983]) ppbv, respectively, and the tracheal tube 2 (1,3 [0,5]) ppbv vs. 396 (204,589 [107,1735]) ppbv (both p <,0.0001), and returned to background values within 5 min of removal. There were no differences in sevoflurane concentration between devices intra-operatively or after removal. The performance of the proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer was identical at the start and end of the 30-day study. We conclude that peri-operative sevoflurane concentration in a modern operating theatre is similar for the laryngeal mask airway and the uncuffed tracheal tube in paediatric patients receiving intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Intra-operative sevoflurane concentrations are five times lower than occupational safety limit requirements, and 1000 times lower 5 min after removal of the airway device with the patient awake. The proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer has potential for monitoring air quality in the operating theatre. [source] A complication of non-invasive positive pressure ventilationANAESTHESIA, Issue 4 2001F. Rosemeier No abstract is available for this article. [source] Non-invasive ventilation in the treatment of ventilatory failure following corrective spinal surgeryANAESTHESIA, Issue 3 2001M. J. Doherty Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation has previously been used successfully to treat both acute and chronic ventilatory failure secondary to a number of conditions, including scoliosis. We report two patients in whom it was used, on three separate occasions, to treat acute ventilatory failure following corrective spinal surgery. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation may be useful postoperatively in high-risk patients undergoing major spinal surgery in an attempt to prevent intubation and its attendant complications. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||