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Practical Procedures (practical + procedure)
Selected AbstractsPractical Procedure for the Preparation of Functionalized (E)-1-Alkenylboronic Acids Including the Unprecedented 1-Alkoxycarbonyl Derivatives.CHEMINFORM, Issue 18 2005Michel Gravel No abstract is available for this article. [source] A Practical Procedure for the Synthesis of Multifunctional Aldehydes Through the Fukuyama Reduction and Elucidation of the Reaction Site and Mechanism.CHEMINFORM, Issue 30 2004Mayumi Kimura Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] A Practical Procedure for the Synthesis of Esonarimod, (R,S)-2-Acetylthiomethyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxobutanoic Acid, an Antirheumatic Agent.CHEMINFORM, Issue 14 2003Part 1. Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] ABC of Practical ProceduresANAESTHESIA, Issue 7 2010C. Cormack No abstract is available for this article. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Improved and Practical Procedures for the Preparation of Highly Substituted Pyridines and Pyridazines via Silica-Mediated Aromatization.CHEMINFORM, Issue 3 2008Nicola Catozzi Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Practical Procedures for the Preparation of N-tert-Butyldimethylsilylhydrazones and Their Use in Modified Wolff,Kishner Reductions and in the Synthesis of Vinyl Halides and gem-Dihalides.CHEMINFORM, Issue 37 2004Michael E. Furrow Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Implementation of monoclonal antibody fluorescence on the Abbott CELL-DYN Sapphire haematology analyser: evaluation of lymphoid, myeloid and platelet markersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LABORATORY HEMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2006B. JOHANNESSEN Summary Apart from qualitative flags, that are typically inefficient and uninformative, haematology instruments provide little meaningful information about lymphocyte populations or the lineage of atypical or immature elements, The CELL-DYN Sapphire haematology analyser uses integrated optical and fluorescence (488 nm) measurements, with FL1 (FITC) and FL2 (PE) detectors being configured for fluorescent analysis. As monoclonal antibodies (Mab) are widely used as cellular probes, and are likely to constitute the future basis for immunodifferentials, we explored the feasibility of implementing immunofluorescence on this routine haematology analyser. An extensive series of Mab (CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11b, CD13, CD14, CD16, CD19, CD22, CD33, CD34, CD41, CD42b, CD45, CD56, CD61, CD64, CD235a and HLA-DR) were tested singly or in FITC/PE combinations. Analyser processing and data acquisition was achieved using CD-Sapphire automated CD61 immunoplatelet or CD3/4/8 assay procedures and, apart from mixing EDTA-blood and antibody, no further sample manipulation was required. Downloaded raw files were processed with cytometry software, and all evaluated reagents showed population discrimination analogous to flow cytometry. Practical procedures were straightforward and required minimal operator training. Extended information that can be obtained from monoclonal antibodies with a routine haematology analyser has the potential to extend haematology laboratory practices and positively impact laboratory and clinical efficiency. [source] Oriented Ensembles in Ultrafast Electron DiffractionCHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 7 2006J. Spencer Baskin Abstract Electron scattering expressions are presented which are applicable to very general conditions of implementation of anisotropic ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) experiments on the femto- and picosecond time scale. "Magic angle" methods for extracting from the experimental diffraction patterns both the isotropic scalar contribution (population dynamics) and the angular (orientation-dependent) contribution are described. To achieve this result, the molecular scattering intensity is given as an expansion in terms of the moments of the transition-dipole distribution created by the linearly polarized excitation laser pulse. The isotropic component (n=0 moment) depends only on population and scalar internuclear separations, and the higher moments reflect bond angles and evolve in time due to rotational motion of the molecules. This clear analytical separation facilitates assessment of the role of experimental variables in determining the influence of anisotropic orientational distributions of the molecular ensembles on the measured diffraction patterns. Practical procedures to separate the isotropic and anisotropic components of experimental data are evaluated and demonstrated with application to reactions. The influence of vectorial properties (bond angles and rotational dynamics) on the anisotropic component adds a new dimension to UED, arising through the imposition of spatial order on otherwise randomly oriented ensembles. [source] Surface and phonological subtypes of adult developmental dyslexiaDYSLEXIA, Issue 3 2002Claire Zabell Abstract In order to assess the efficacy of phonological versus surface dyslexia subtyping within an adult dyslexic population, 45 adult dyslexics were assessed on the Castles and Coltheart (1993) irregular word and non-word reading tasks. Based on the performance of a matched group of 28 non-dyslexics, between 62 and 75% of the dyslexics were divided into phonological and surface subtypes. Phonological dyslexics were those individuals who presented evidence of relatively poor or inefficient non-word reading, whereas the surface dyslexics were those who indicated relative difficulties with irregular word reading. The proportions of dyslexics within each subtype varied according to the use of accuracy-based or latency-based procedures, but were consistent with previous findings with children. Subsequent comparisons between the groups on measures of phonological processing, lexical access and word knowledge/recognition indicated few differences between the two subtypes and, in particular, no differences on measures of phonological ability. The lack of observed differences on such measures casts doubt on the efficacy of this procedure for explaining individual differences amongst adult dyslexics and as a practical procedure for diagnosis and intervention. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] An assessment of endocrine disruption in mollusks and the potential for developing internationally standardized mollusk life cycle test guidelines,INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2008Peter Matthiessen Abstract This paper summarizes what is known about the endocrine systems of mollusks and how they can be disrupted by exogenous substances. It then examines the various possibilities for using mollusk-based toxicity tests to detect and assess the environmental risks of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). It is concluded that there are no internationally standardized tests with mollusks available at present that are suitable for assessing the risks of long-term exposure to EDCs but that several published methods show potential. At the present state of knowledge, the most promising mollusk species for use in partial life cycle testing is probably the fresh- and brackish-water mesogastropod, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, which is known to be responsive to both direct and indirect androgens and to estrogens (and their mimics). Less experience of full life cycle testing exists with mollusks, but the freshwater pulmonate gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis at present offers the best possibility for a practical procedure. In both cases, there is a need for substantial test optimization and validation before these procedures could form the basis of international guidelines. [source] Autologous peripheral blood stem cell collections in children weighing less than 10 Kg with solid tumors: Experience of a single centerJOURNAL OF CLINICAL APHERESIS, Issue 2 2005Hyun-Jung Cho Abstract There have only been a few reports and limited performance of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection in very small children weighing less than 10 kg. In this study, we intended to evaluate the safety and yield of PBSC collection, with the efficacy of PBSC transplantation (PBSCT) in the smallest children with solid tumors. From January 1998 to February 2004, 173 children underwent PBSC collection in Samsung Medical Center, Korea. Of these, 15 (8.7%) children weighed less than 10 kg and their clinical diagnoses were neuroblastoma (10 cases), rhabdoid tumor (2 cases), rhabdomyosarcoma (2 cases), and Wilms tumor (1 case). PBSCs were collected following chemotherapy plus G-CSF mobilization. The median age and weight at the time of apheresis were 15 months and 9 kg, respectively. The median number of PBSC collection procedures per case was 4 (range, 2,7). The median cell yield per apheresis product was 0.95 (range, 0.01,33.32) × 106/kg CD34+ cells and 1.96 (range, 0.12,23.39) × 108/kg mononuclear cells. No complications associated with citrate toxicity and other adverse effect were observed during the procedures. After high-dose chemotherapy, 14 patients were reinfused with PBSCs alone and all showed successful hematopoietic recovery. We concluded that PBSC collection would be a safe and practical procedure, even when done in the smallest children, provided that adequate intravascular fluid volume and circulating red cell mass were maintained. Also, the use of PBSCs to support high-dose chemotherapy was well tolerated and might enhance hematological recovery in the smallest children showing the excellent efficacy of PBSCT. J. Clin. Apheresis © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Zur maßgebenden Verkehrslaststellung bei SchrägseilbrückenBAUTECHNIK, Issue 4 2004Harald Unterweger ao. Als Grundlage der Bemessung erfordert die Systemberechnung im Brükkenbau auch die Auffindung der ungünstigsten Verkehrslaststellung für jeden betrachteten Brückenquerschnitt. Insbesondere beim Fahrbahnbalken von Schrägseilbrücken ergibt sich die Gesamtbeanspruchung aus einem komplexen Zusammenwirken aus Normalkräften, Querkräften und Biegemomenten. In der Praxis erfolgt üblicherweise eine Selektion jener Verkehrslaststellungen, die eine der Teil beanspruchungen am Querschnitt (meist ausgedrückt durch Schnittkräfte) maximieren, wodurch jedoch für die nachfolgend betrachteten Stahl- bzw. Verbundbrücken nicht immer die höchsten Beanspruchungen entstehen. Einleitend erfolgt die Darstellung eines einfachen und anschaulichen Verfahrens, um , unabhängig von der Komplexität der Grenzzustandsfunktion, die auch das Beulen des Hauptträgerstegs beinhalten kann , die ungünstigste Verkehrslaststellung am Querschnitt zu finden. Dies stellt eine Verallgemeinerung des in [1] vorgestellten Verfahrens dar. Der Hauptteil beinhaltet ein Anwendungsbeispiel einer Schrägseilbrücke mit Verbundquerschnitt, wobei zwei repräsentative Fahrbahnquerschnitte näher untersucht werden. Einerseits werden die Gesamtbeanspruchungen der konventionellen und der genauen Vorgehensweise anhand von Einflußlinien erläutert, und andererseits lassen sich daraus Hinweise für die Praxis ableiten. Die dargestellte ingenieurmäßige Vorgehensweise kann alle Arten der Einwirkungen beinhalten und ist grundsätzlich auch auf andere Bauwerke sowie Baustoffe (z. B. Stahlbeton) direkt anwendbar. Appropriate traffic load cases for steel and composite cable , stayed bridges. A significant problem in the global analysis of bridge structures is to find the most unfavourable position of the traffic loads for each cross-section. In practice usually those traffic load cases are chosen which maximise one part of stresses at the cross-section (often expressed in form of internal forces). First of all a simple method is presented to find out the most unfavourable traffic load position, also applicable for complex interaction formulae including web buckling. Secondly an example of a cable-stayed bridge is analysed. For two significant sections of the bridge deck the results are presented. The stresses due to the conventional practical procedure are compared with the more accurate ones. The behaviour is explained by the corresponding influence lines. Based on these results some proposals for practical work are given. The presented procedure is also applicable to other types of construction works and materials (e.g. reinforced concrete). [source] Response simulation and seismic assessment of highway overcrossingsEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 9 2010Anastasios Kotsoglou Abstract Interaction of bridge structures with the adjacent embankment fills and pile foundations is generally responsible for response modification of the system to strong ground excitations, to a degree that depends on soil compliance, support conditions, and soil mass mobilized in dynamic response. This paper presents a general modeling and assessment procedure specifically targeted for simulation of the dynamic response of short bridges such as highway overcrossings, where the embankment soil,structure interaction is the most prevalent. From previous studies it has been shown that in this type of interaction, seismic displacement demands are magnified in the critical bridge components such as the central piers. This issue is of particular relevance not only in new design but also in the assessment of the existing infrastructure. Among a wide range of issues relevant to soil,structure interaction, typical highway overcrossings that have flexible abutments supported on earth embankments were investigated extensively in the paper. Simulation procedures are proposed for consideration of bridge-embankment interaction effects in practical analysis of these structures for estimation of their seismic performance. Results are extrapolated after extensive parametric studies and are used to extract ready-to-use, general, and parameterized capacity curves for a wide range of possible material properties and geometric characteristics of the bridge-embankment assembly. Using two instrumented highway overpasses as benchmark examples, the capacity curves estimated using the proposed practical procedures are correlated successfully with the results of explicit incremental dynamic analysis, verifying the applicability of the simple tools developed herein, in seismic assessment of existing short bridges. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The introduction and perception of an OSCE with an element of self- and peer-assessmentEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION, Issue 1 2008T. Larsen Abstract The purpose of the present study was to encourage reflective dental students by performing an educational Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) with an element of self- and peer-assessment. An interdisciplinary OSCE comprising cariology, endodontics and microbiology was set up for all third-year students. A blueprint secured representation of the skills to be tested, i.e. knowledge, interdisciplinary knowledge, communication, clinical reasoning and practical procedures. At each station positive and constructive feedback was given to the students based on predefined criteria. Further, the students received written marks after completion of the OSCE. At one station the feedback and marks were replaced by self- and peer-assessment performed by the students in groups after the OSCE. Afterwards, the 68 students and 8 teachers participating in the OSCE answered a questionnaire on their opinion and perception of the examination. The results showed good correlation between the marks given and the students' perception of task difficulty. Generally, there were no systematic variations in the marks given during the week or by individual assessors at the same station, except for one, as well as agreement with marks of the ordinary clinical assessment. The marks given during self- and peer-assessment differed widely, indicating a need for training in this aspect. The questionnaires revealed a very positive perception of the OSCE from both students and teachers. Thus, the majority found the examination relevant and of educational benefit, capable of improving the learning of the students and useful for assessment purposes. Also, the self- and peer-assessment was found useful by the students. In conclusion, this interdisciplinary OSCE stressing constructive feedback to the students was perceived very positively by students and teachers and recognised for its beneficial possibilities in education and assessment. [source] Rheumatology nurse practitioners' perceptions of their roleMUSCULOSKELETAL CARE, Issue 2 2006Leslie Goh MRCP(UK) Abstract Objectives:,To identify the current practices of rheumatology nurse practitioners and ascertain their perceptions of how their role could be enhanced. Method:,A cross-sectional questionnaire study of currently employed nurse practitioners in rheumatology in the United Kingdom (UK) was undertaken. Results:,200 questionnaires were distributed and 118 nurses responded. Ninety-five respondents met the inclusion criteria for undertaking an advanced nursing role. Typical conditions dealt with included: rheumatoid arthritis (96.8%); psoriatic arthritis (95.8%); osteoarthritis (63.2%); ankylosing spondylitis (62.8%); systemic lupus erythematosus (51.6%); and scleroderma (34.7%). Drug monitoring, education, counselling of patients and arranging basic investigations were routinely performed by more than 80% of respondents. A smaller proportion performed an extended role that included dealing with referrals, research and audit, the administration of intra-articular injections, and admission of patients. Specific attributes identified as being necessary for competence were: knowledge and understanding of rheumatic diseases (48.4%); drug therapy (33.7%); good communication skills (35.8%); understanding of the roles of the team (27.4%); working effectively (23.2%) as part of a multidisciplinary team; assessment of patients by physical examination (28.4%); teaching (26.3%), research (17.9%); organizational skills (14.7%); and the interpretation of investigations (9.5%). Factors that could enhance their role included: attendance at postgraduate courses (30.5%); obtaining further qualifications (13.7%); active participation in the delivery of medical education (41.1%); training in practical procedures (31.6%); protected time and resources for audit and research (11.6%); formal training in counselling (11.6%); and implementation of nurse prescribing (10.5%). Conclusion:,Nurse practitioners already have a wide remit and play an invaluable part in the delivery of modern rheumatology services. An extended role could improve patient care and enhance nursing career pathways in rheumatology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Neural stem cells: Mechanisms of fate specification and nuclear reprogramming in regenerative medicineBIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 12 2008Carsten W. Lederer Abstract Recently, intense interest in the potential use of neural stem cells (NSC) in the clinical therapy of brain disease and injury has resulted in rapid progress in research on the properties of NSC, their innate and directed differentiation potential and the induced reprogramming of differentiated somatic cells to revert to a pluripotent NSC-like state. The aim of this review is to give an overview of our current operational definitions of the NSC lineage, the growing understanding of extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms, including heritable but reversible epigenetic chromatin modifications that regulate the maintenance and differentiation of NSC in vivo, and to emphasize ground-breaking efforts of cellular reprogramming with the view to generating patient-specific stem cells for cell replacement therapy. This is set against a summary of current practical procedures for the isolation, research and application of NSC, and of the state of the art in NSC-based regenerative medicine of the nervous system. Both provide the backdrop for the translation of recent findings into innovative clinical applications, with the hope of increasing the safety, efficiency and ethical acceptability of NSC-based therapies in the near future. [source] Geomagnetism by the North Pole, anno 1769: The Magnetic Observations of Maximilian Hell during his Venus Transit ExpeditionCENTAURUS, Issue 2 2007Per Pippin Aspaas Hell's site of observation was Vardø in the remote northeastern corner of Norway. He had ambitions to present his journey and scientific results,which reached far beyond astronomy,in a grand work entitled Expeditio litteraria ad Polum arcticum. This work was never printed, although several fragments were published otherwise. Among the pieces not published were his geomagnetic observations. Hell's original manuscripts contain a considerable amount of declination readings as well as notes on instruments, practical procedures, and theoretical reflections involved in his work. In Vardø he set up a magnetic observatory, along with the astronomical one, and recorded, on an irregular schedule, the magnetic declination several times a day from April to June 1769. The records exhibit a clear signature of the diurnal variation as well as magnetic storms. Hell vigorously refuted contemporary suggestions of a connection between magnetic storms and Northern Lights. On the return voyage, a number of observations of magnetic declination along Norway were carried out, with a technique combining a gnomon with observations of the Sun's altitude with a quadrant. [source] | ||||||||||||||||