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Practical Level (practical + level)
Selected AbstractsConservation goals and fisheries management units for Atlantic salmon in the Baltic Sea areaJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 2001M-L. Koljonen The effective application of genetic information in fisheries management strategies implies political goal setting taking both conservation and fisheries management into account. The concept of sustainable use as set out by the Convention on Biological Diversity offers a valuable starting point in this respect, since the criterion for it is defined as the maintenance of genetic diversity within each species. However, strategic decisions are also needed on the practical level, where the actual genetic information can be taken into account. Genetic factors, such as glacial differentiation, the postglacial genetic structure of populations, gene flow levels and the probability of the existence of adaptive differences, have an effect on the formation of conservation and management units and on the long-term strategy for the sustainable use of aspecies. The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Baltic Sea area is treated here as an example of a complicated management problem with a highly hierarchical genetic structure associated with marked loss of naturally reproductive stocks, extensive hatchery production and an effective international offshore fishery. The implications of genetic factors for the conservation and management strategy of the Baltic salmon is discussed in the light of the goals set by the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks Agreement, the Habitats Directive of the European Union and the International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission. [source] International political marketing: a case study of United States soft power and public diplomacyJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, Issue 3 2008Henry H. Sun Political marketing can be categorized with three aspects: the election campaign as the origin of political marketing, the permanent campaign as a governing tool and international political marketing (IPM) which covers the areas of public diplomacy, marketing of nations, international political communication, national image, soft power and the cross-cultural studies of political marketing. IPM and the application of soft power have been practiced by nation-states throughout the modern history of international relations starting with the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Nation-states promote the image of their country worldwide through public diplomacy, exchange mutual interests in their bilateral or multilateral relation with other countries, lobby for their national interests in international organizations and apply cultural and political communication strategies internationally to build up their soft power. In modern international relations, nation-states achieve their foreign policy goals by applying both hard power and soft power. Public diplomacy as part of IPM is a method in the creation of soft power, as well as, in the application of soft power. This paper starts with the definitional and conceptual review of political marketing. For the first time in publication, it establishes a theoretical model which provides a framework of the three aspects of political marketing, that is electoral political marketing (EPM), governmental political marketing (GPM) and IPM. This model covers all the main political exchanges among six inter-related components in the three pairs of political exchange process, that is candidates and party versus voters and interest groups in EPM ; governments, leaders and public servants versus citizens and interest groups in GPM, including political public relations and lobbying which have been categorized as the third aspect of political marketing in some related studies; and governments, interest group and activists versus international organizations and foreign subjects in IPM. This study further develops a model of IPM, which covers its strategy and marketing mix on the secondary level of the general political marketing model, and then, the third level model of international political choice behaviour based the theory of political choice behaviour in EPM. This paper continues to review the concepts of soft power and public diplomacy and defines their relation with IPM. It then reports a case study on the soft power and public diplomacy of the United States from the perspectives of applying IPM and soft power. Under the framework of IPM, it looks at the traditional principles of US foreign policy, that is Hamiltonians, Wilsonians, Jeffersonians and Jacksonians, and the application of US soft power in the Iraq War since 2003. The paper advances the argument that generally all nation states apply IPM to increase their soft power. The decline of US soft power is caused mainly by its foreign policy. The unilateralism Jacksonians and realism Hamiltonians have a historical trend to emphasize hard power while neglecting soft power. Numerous reports and studies have been conducted on the pros and cons of US foreign policy in the Iraq War, which are not the focus of this paper. From the aspect of IPM, this paper studies the case of US soft power and public diplomacy, and their effects in the Iraq War. It attempts to exam the application of US public diplomacy with the key concept of political exchange, political choice behaviour, the long-term approach and the non-government operation principles of public diplomacy which is a part of IPM. The case study confirms the relations among IPM, soft power and public diplomacy and finds that lessons can be learned from these practices of IPM. The paper concludes that there is a great demand for research both at a theoretical as well as practical level for IPM and soft power. It calls for further study on this subject. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] International political marketing: a case study of its application in ChinaJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, Issue 4 2007Henry H. Sun The practice of International Political Marketing can be seen increasingly in the foreign relations of independent states. A review of relevant Political Marketing and International Relations publications reveals close linkage between the two. Based on the review, this paper categorizes political marketing into three aspects: the election aspect, the governing aspect (permanent campaign) and the international aspect of political marketing. The focus of this study is on international political marketing which was defined based on the review. This paper then reports a case study of the utilization of International Political Marketing by the government of the People's Republic of China. It looks at the recent events of China's accession of the WTO in 2001, China's hosting of Sino-African Summit in 2006 and the on going promotion of China's image of ,Peaceful Development and Cooperation'. The paper advances the argument that practically all nation states and international organizations apply International Political Marketing to both their strategic planning as well as conduct of day-to-day affairs. The paper concludes that there is a great demand both at a theoretical as well as practical level for International Political Marketing, requiring further study. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Corporatism and Democratic Transition: State and Labor During the Salinas and Zedillo AdministrationsLATIN AMERICAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY, Issue 4 2002James G. Samstad ABSTRACT A long process of free-market reforms and gradual democratization seems to be dismantling Mexico's corporatist system of labor representation. A thorough analysis of the country's corporatist institutions yields theoretical reasons to believe that Mexico's practice of labor relations is indeed changing. An empirical examination of the nation's labor congress and ruling party during the two previous presidential administrations (1988,2000) demonstrates that corporatism is being transformed at a practical level, although the process of reform has been complex and uneven at best. The continuing strength of an officialist labor sector will complicate the task of establishing a new system of labor representation, a problem that may have important implications for future democratic consolidation. [source] Prisoners' Adjustment, Correctional Officers, and Context: The Foreground and Background of Punishment in Late ModernityLAW & SOCIETY REVIEW, Issue 2 2008Mike Vuolo Past research indicates that front-line criminal justice workers are the critical players in determining whether innovations in penal policy are realized. Recent attempts to understand the diversity in the application of the penal harm movement have, however, sidestepped the primary audience of these policies, the population of convicted offenders. This article uses data from two prisons to examine the effects of correctional officers on women prisoners' adjustment to prison life. Using regression models and interview data, we find that correctional officer behavior has a profound impact on women's ability to adjust to prison, and this effect is largely independent of the prisoners' characteristics and the institutions in which they are housed. On a theoretical level, the findings speak to recent calls to examine the background and foreground of penal culture. On a practical level, they highlight the need to understand the environments from which women are emerging, not just the communities into which they are released. [source] MODERN SOVEREIGNTY IN QUESTION: THEOLOGY, DEMOCRACY AND CAPITALISMMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 4 2010ADRIAN PABST This essay argues that modern sovereignty is not simply a legal or political concept that is coterminous with the modern nation-state. Rather, at the theoretical level modern sovereign power is inscribed into a wider theological dialectic between "the one" and "the many". Modernity fuses juridical-constitutional models of supreme state authority with a new, "biopolitical" account of power whereby natural life and the living body of the individual are the object of politics and are subject to state control (section 1). The origins of this dialectic go back to changes within Christian theology in the late Middle Ages and the early modern period. In particular, these changes can be traced to Ockham's denial of the universal Good in things, Suárez's priority of the political community over the ecclesial body and Hobbes's "biopolitical" definition of power as state dominion over life (section 2). At the practical level, modern sovereignty has involved both the national state and the transnational market. The "revolutions in sovereignty" that gave rise to the modern state and the modern market were to some considerable extent shaped by theological concepts and changes in religious institutions and practices: first, the supremacy of the modern national state over the transnational papacy and national churches; second, the increasing priority of individuality over collectivity; third, a growing focus on contractual proprietary relations at the expense of covenantal ties and communal bonds (section 3). By subjecting both people and property to uniform standards of formal natural rights and abstract monetary value, financial capitalism and liberal secular democracy are part of the "biopolitical" logic that subordinates the sanctity of life and land to the secular sacrality of the state and the market. In Pope Benedict's theology, we can find the contours of a post-secular political economy that challenges the monopoly of modern sovereignty (sections 4,5). [source] Mutual but unequal: Mentoring as a hybrid of familiar relationship rolesNEW DIRECTIONS FOR YOUTH DEVELOPMENT, Issue 126 2010Thomas E. Keller This chapter employs a conceptual framework based on the relationship constructs of power and permanence to distinguish the special hybrid nature of mentoring relationships relative to prototypical vertical and horizontal relationships common in the lives of mentor and mentee. The authors note that mentoring occurs in voluntary relationships among partners with unequal social experience and influence. Consequently, mentoring relationships contain expectations of unequal contributions and responsibilities (as in vertical relationships), but sustaining the relationships depends on mutual feelings of satisfaction and commitment (as in horizontal relationships). Keller and Pryce apply this framework to reveal the consistency of findings across several qualitative studies reporting particular interpersonal patterns in youth mentoring relationships. On a practical level, they suggest that the mentor needs to balance the fun, interest, and engagement that maintain the relationship with the experienced guidance, structure, and support that promote the growth and well-being of the mentee. [source] Surveying Mobile Populations: Lessons from Recent Longitudinal Surveys of Indigenous AustraliansTHE AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2002B. H. Hunter Geographically mobile populations are notoriously difficult to survey, especially in a cross,cultural context. In broad terms, it is difficult to ensure that respondents are representative of the underlying population, can be relocated, and that data obtained are relevant to them. At a practical level, the problem can be as basic as not having any well,formed notion of what defines a household. Consequently, the resulting analysis of households is at best imprecise and, at worst, conceptually confused. This article documents the lessons for the design and conduct of longitudinal data collection from three recent surveys of an exceptionally mobile population, Indigenous Australians. There appears to be a trade,off between cultural relevance, data quality, response rates and survey costs. The use of Indigenous interviewers does not, in itself, guarantee that response rates will be acceptable. [source] Learning for sustainable development in tourism networksBUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 2 2001Minna Halme The present study investigates learning toward sustainable development in multi-stakeholder public,private networks. The evidence is grounded in the data from six tourism networks in four European countries. The process of cooperation appears more important vis-à-vis achievements regarding sustainable tourism than the structure of networks. This process will determine the network's ability to become adept at explicating tacit knowledge among its actors, and to develop the network so it can facilitate the creation of sustainability outcomes. A leading public actor may assume a ,teacher's' role in the network. In these instances, the network runs a risk of becoming merely an information dissemination tool. This involves a trap of one-way communication and under-used knowledge utilization opportunities. Receptivity of the teacher actor is low and the partners do not really collaborate. The teacher actor should make a special effort to create feedback loops leading to two-way communication, so that a learning strategy of collaboration can take place. The findings also imply that in some networks with a public leader there is an overly high belief in the ability of information dissemination and classroom education to promote learning about sustainable development although learning about sustainability in the practical level requires concrete results and joint action. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment [source] Restructurer peu, restructurer mieux : leçons d'expériences ministérielles récentes au CanadaCANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION/ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA, Issue 1 2010Luc Bernier Sommaire: Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons aux restructurations de ministères fonctionnels. Nous revoyons d'abord les raisons recensées pour restructurer. Puis, nous comparons ce qui s'est passé récemment dans trois provinces du Canada ainsi qu'au gouvernement fédéral dans ce domaine. Les exemples utilisés nous informent sur les raisons de restructurer et sur les conséquences des restructurations. Les cas relatés, tous territoires confondus, nous amènent à constater que certains domaines semblent plus problématiques que d'autres (par ex. : développement économique, environnement), c'est-à-dire qu'ils font plus souvent l'objet de restructurations sans que la solution choisie ne soit satisfaisante par la suite. Les raisons évoquées pour expliquer les restructurations ont trait à la complexité du dossier et aux priorités gouvernementales. Par ailleurs, pour ce qui est des conséquences, elles sont de trois ordres : à savoir les conséquences administratives et budgétaires (coûts liés aux déménagements, à l'imprimerie, etc.), les conséquences relatives à l'orientation du ministère (sa mission et sa vision), et les incidences sur le personnel (pertes d'emploi, impact sur le moral des employés, etc.). Sur le plan pratique, les premiers ministres doivent particulièrement éviter de restructurer lors de remaniements ministériels. Abstract: In this article, we take a look at restructuring initiatives involving functional departments. First, we review the documented reasons leading to the decision to restructure. Next, we compare recent restructuring activities in three Canadian provinces and at the federal government level. The examples used provide us with information on the reasons for engaging in the restructuring process, and its implications. The cases reported (all territories combined) reveal that some areas seem more problematic than others (for example, economic development, environment) , that is, they are the focus of more frequent restructuring, and the subsequent outcome is not always satisfactory. The reasons for explaining the restructurings point to the complexity of the file and government priorities. Furthermore, the consequences of the restructuring process fall into three main areas: implications at the administrative and budgetary levels (costs related to moving, printing, etc.), implications revolving around the department's direction (mission and vision), and implications on personnel (loss of employment, impact on employees' morale, etc.). On a practical level, the premiers must particularly avoid the restructuring of departments during Cabinet shuffles. [source] Labor Market Transitions of Immigrant-Born, Refugee-Born, and Canadian-Born YouthCANADIAN REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY/REVUE CANADIENNE DE SOCIOLOGIE, Issue 2 2008LORI WILKINSON Cet article a pour but d'analyser les expériences du marché du travail des jeunes nés de parents immigrants, réfugiés et canadiens en utilisant deux ensembles de données de 1998, l'Enquête sur la dynamique du travail et du revenu, et L'enquête sur le rétablissement des réfugiés en Alberta. Son ambition première est de comprendre leurs expériences de travail, étant donné qu'elles sont essentielles à leur intégration et à leur passage à l'âge adulte. D'un point de vue pratique, les résultats aident les fournisseurs de services de première ligne en procurant de l'information supplémentaire sur les besoins liés à l'emploi des jeunes nouveaux arrivants. Théoriquement, cette étude a pour objectif de mieux comprendre un des aspects de l'intégration , l'emploi ,, étant donné que l'information actuelle ne décrit pas adéquatement les expériences de ces jeunes. Dans l'ensemble, cette recherche augmente les connaissances sur l'intégration des jeunes nés de parents immigrants et réfugiés sur le marché canadien du travail. This paper examines the labor market experiences of immigrant-born, refugee-born, and Canadian-born youth using two data sets, the 1998 Survey on Labour and Income Dynamics and the 1998 Refugee Resettlement to Alberta Survey. Its main objective is to understand their job experiences as they are crucial to their integration and transition to adulthood. On a practical level, the findings help front-line service providers by providing additional information about the employment-related needs of newcomer youth. Theoretically, this research aims to develop a better understanding of one aspect of the integration, employment, as current information does not adequately describe the experiences of newcomer youth. Taken together, this research increases knowledge about the integration of immigrant-born and refugee-born youth in the Canadian labor market. [source] | |||||||||||||