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Practical
Kinds of Practical Terms modified by Practical Selected AbstractsDIRECT FILE OF YOUTH TO CRIMINAL COURT: UNDERSTANDING THE PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONSCRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 4 2004AARON KUPCHIK First page of article [source] Employment-based abstinence reinforcement as a maintenance intervention for the treatment of cocaine dependence: a randomized controlled trialADDICTION, Issue 9 2009Anthony DeFulio ABSTRACT Context Due to the chronic nature of cocaine dependence, long-term maintenance treatments may be required to sustain abstinence. Abstinence reinforcement is among the most effective means of initiating cocaine abstinence. Practical and effective means of maintaining abstinence reinforcement programs over time are needed. Objective To determine whether employment-based abstinence reinforcement can be an effective long-term maintenance intervention for cocaine dependence. Design Participants (n = 128) were enrolled in a 6-month job skills training and abstinence initiation program. Participants who initiated abstinence, attended regularly and developed needed job skills during the first 6 months were hired as operators in a data entry business and assigned randomly to an employment-only (control, n = 24) or abstinence-contingent employment (n = 27) group. Setting A non-profit data entry business. Participants Unemployed welfare recipients who used cocaine persistently while enrolled in methadone treatment in Baltimore. Intervention Abstinence-contingent employment participants received 1 year of employment-based contingency management, in which access to employment was contingent upon provision of drug-free urine samples under routine and then random drug testing. If a participant provided drug-positive urine or failed to provide a mandatory sample, then that participant received a temporary reduction in pay and could not work until urinalysis confirmed recent abstinence. Main outcome measure Cocaine-negative urine samples at monthly assessments across 1 year of employment. Results During the 1 year of employment, abstinence-contingent employment participants provided significantly more cocaine-negative urine samples than employment-only participants [79.3% and 50.7%, respectively; P = 0.004, odds ratio (OR) = 3.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.60,8.69]. Conclusions Employment-based abstinence reinforcement that includes random drug testing is effective as a long-term maintenance intervention, and is among the most promising treatments for drug dependence. Work-places could serve as therapeutic agents in the treatment of drug dependence by arranging long-term employment-based contingency management programs. [source] A Practical and Efficient Approach to PNA Monomers Compatible with Fmoc-Mediated Solid-Phase Synthesis Protocols,EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 34 2008Andrea Porcheddu Abstract A straightforward synthesis of orthogonally protected PNA monomers is described. Protected aminoethylglycine (Aeg) monomers were efficiently prepared by reductive amination of N -Fmoc-glycinaldehyde with glycine methyl ester and the subsequent acylation of the free amine with N -bis-Boc-protected nucleobase acetic acids. The exocyclic amine group of the nucleobases, including the notoriously difficult-to-protect guanine nucleobase, was protected with a bis-Boc carbamate group; this increased the solubility of the nucleobases in the most common organic solvents. The current protocol allows all Aeg monomers to be prepared on both the micro- and macroscale, which avoids or minimizes the use of toxic reagents or solvents, and moreover, cheap starting materials are used. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008) [source] The Nonchiral Bislactim Diethoxy Ether as a Highly Stereo-Inducing Synthon for Sterically Hindered, , -Branched , -Amino Acids: A Practical, Large-Scale Route to an Intermediate of the Novel Renin Inhibitor AliskirenHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 8 2003Richard Göschke The diastereoselective synthesis of the sterically hindered, , -branched , -amino acid derivative (2S,4S)- 24a and its N -[(tert -butoxy)carbonyl](Boc)-protected alcohol (2S,4S)- 19, both key intermediates of a novel class of nonpeptide renin inhibitors such as aliskiren (1), is described. Initially, the analogous methyl ester (2S,4S)- 17 was obtained by alkylation of the chiral Schöllkopf dihydropyrazine (R)- 12a with the dialkoxy-substituted alkyl bromide (R)- 11a, which proceeded with explicitly high diastereofacial selectivity (ds ,98%) to give (2S,5R,2,S)- 13a (Scheme,4), followed by mild acid hydrolysis and N -Boc protection (Scheme,5). Conversely, the complete lack of stereocontrol and poor yields for the reaction of (R)- 11a with the enantiomeric (S)- 12b suggested, in addition to the anticipated shielding effect by the iPr group at C(2) of the auxiliary, steric repulsion between the MeOC(6) and the bulky residues of (R)- 11a in the proposed transition state, which would strongly disfavor both the Si and Re attack of the electrophile (see Fig.). Based on this rationale, alkylation of the readily accessible achiral diethoxy-dihydropyrazine 21 with (R)- 11a was found to provide a 95,:,5 mixture of diastereoisomers (2S,2,S)- 22a and (2R,2,S)- 23a in high yield (Scheme,6), which afforded in two steps and after recrystallization enantiomerically pure (2S,4S)- 24a. Similarly, the stereochemical course for the alkylation reactions of the related alkyl bromides (S)- 28a and (R)- 28b with both (R)- 12a and (S)- 12b as well as with the achiral 21 was investigated (Schemes,7,9). The precursor bromides (R)- 11a, (S)- 11b, (R)- 28a, and (S)- 28b were efficiently synthesized via the diastereoselective alkylation of the Evans 3-isovaleroyloxazolidin-2-ones (R)- 7a and (S)- 7b either with bromide 6 or with benzyl chloromethyl ether, and subsequent standard transformations (Schemes,3 and 7). A practical and economical protocol of the preparation of (2S,4S)- 24a on a multi-100-g scale is given. This is the first report of the application of an achiral dihydropyrazine, i.e., in form of 21, as a highly stereo-inducing synthon providing rapid access to a N -protected , -branched , -amino acid with (2S) absolute configuration. [source] Practical and experimental consideration of sun protection in dermatologyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 7 2003William W. Ting MD Much is known regarding the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation (UV) on the skin. As more epidemiologic and basic research continues to characterize the impact of sun exposure and other sources of UV radiation upon the development of cutaneous neoplasm and a variety of photosensitive dermatoses, it is crucial for the dermatologist to promote sun protection among his/her patients as well as the primary care physician who has a greater reach of the community than the skin specialist. Practical steps to achieve optimal sun protection include avoidance of UV radiation, avoidance of photosensitizing drugs, use of photo-protective clothing, and diligent application of broad-spectrum sunscreens. In recent years, novel agents and experimental modalities with the potential to offer enhanced protective effects against deleterious sequelae of sun exposure have been elucidated, e.g. antioxidants, alpha-MSH, polyphenol in green teas, genistein, NF-kB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides, pTpT vaccination, and IL-12. As these new photo-protective tools are being developed by scientists around the world, greater concerted effort is needed to engage public health officials and the media to promote sun protection awareness throughout the general public. [source] Applicant Attraction: The role of recruiter function, work,life balance policies and career salienceINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT, Issue 4 2007Sally A. Carless This study examined the impact of salient identity, career path and recruiter functional area [internal human resource (HR) personnel vs external recruitment company] on perceptions of organizational attraction with a sample of young, inexperienced job seekers. Two hundred and one participants responded to a questionnaire and rated their attraction to two different job advertisements. The results partially supported the first hypothesis; applicants perceived a job opportunity in an organization that offered either a flexible career path or a dual career path as significantly more attractive than a position in an organization that offered a traditional career path. There was no support for the second hypothesis that identity salience would interact with career path. The results showed that recruiter functional area had no impact on attraction to the organization. It was concluded that flexible HR policies increase applicants' perceptions of organizational attraction during the initial stages of the recruitment process. Practical and research applications are discussed. [source] A Practical and Effective Ruthenium Trichloride-Based Protocol for the Regio- and Stereoselective Catalytic Hydroamidation of Terminal AlkynesADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 17 2008Lukas Abstract A rational catalyst development based on mechanistic and spectroscopic investigations led to the discovery of a new protocol for catalytic hydroamidation reactions that draws on easily available ruthenium trichloride trihydrate (RuCl3,3,H2O) as the catalyst precursor instead of the previously employed, expensive bis(2-methylallyl)(1,5-cyclooctadiene)ruthenium(II). This practical and easy-to-use protocol dramatically improves the synthetic applicability of Ru-catalyzed hydroamidations. The catalyst, generated in situ from ruthenium(III) chloride hydrate, tri- n -butylphosphine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine and potassium carbonate, effectively promotes the addition of secondary amides, lactams and carbamates to terminal alkynes under formation of (E)- anti -Markovnikov enamides. The scope of the new protocol is demonstrated by the synthesis of 24 functionalized enamide derivatives, among them valuable intermediates for organic synthesis. [source] 1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA): A Practical and Versatile Nucleophilic Phosphine OrganocatalystADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 11-12 2007Xiaofang Tang Abstract In this paper, the air-stable and readily available 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadmantane (PTA) is reported as a practical and versatile nucleophilic phosphine organocatalyst. Under the mediation of 15,30 mol,% of PTA, various electrophiles like aldehydes and imines readily undergo the Morita,Baylis,Hillman reactions with a variety of activated olefins, giving the corresponding adducts in high yields. In the phosphine-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of 4-substituted 2,3-butadienoates with N -tosylimines, PTA is also proven to be a comparable catalyst as tributylphosphine (PBu3). By systematic comparison with other structurally similar N,P catalysts, it is concluded that the superiority of PTA in the above nucleophilic catalysis is attributable to its comparable nucleophilicity with that of trialkylphosphines. The feasibility to use PTA as an alternative catalyst in place of the air-sensitive trialkylphosphines is also discussed. [source] Negative Beliefs as a Moderator of the Intention,Behavior Relationship: Decisions to Use Performance-Enhancing SubstancesJOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Tonya Dodge The theory of reasoned action framework was used to examine performance-enhancing substance use among a sample of college athletes in a prospective longitudinal design. Results indicate that attitudes and subjective norms predicted intention to use the substances, and these intentions predicted actual substance use 6 weeks later. A statistically significant interaction emerged between negative beliefs and intentions predicting behavior such that as negative beliefs grew increasingly negative, the intention,behavior relationship became stronger. Practical and theoretical implications of the influence of negative information on the intention,behavior relationship are discussed. [source] Strategy for Implementation of IFAC International Education Guideline No. 9: "Prequalification Education, Tests of Professional Competence and Practical Experience of Professional Accountants": A Task Force Report of the International Association for Accounting Education and Research (IAAER)JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTING, Issue 3 2001Belverd E. Needles This paper provides strategies for implementing the recommendations of the International Education Guideline No. 9 (hereafter referred to as Guideline), issued by the International Federation of Accountants. The three principal implementation issues addressed in this paper are as follows. (1) How to instill the characteristics of lifelong learning in future professional accountants through accounting education. (2) How to design and implement a program of accounting education that achieves the objectives of the Guideline. (3) How to develop awareness and encourage adoption of the recommendations of the Guideline by communicating and disseminating information through a series of projects within IFAC's constraints and policies. [source] Practical [14C]-synthesis of molecules containing an acetic acid moiety: application to [14C]-labeled DP1 antagonistsJOURNAL OF LABELLED COMPOUNDS AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, Issue 1 2007Carl Berthelette Abstract Efficient carbon-14 labeling of four potent and selective DP1 antagonists is reported. The synthetic sequence began with ,-hydroxylation, reduction of an ester, followed by oxidative diol cleavage and aldehyde reduction. The resulting alcohol 4 was converted to a mesylate then nucleophilic substitution with [14C]-sodium cyanide was performed to yield a nitrile, which upon basic hydrolysis provided the carbon-14 labeled acid 1. Compound 2 was obtained from the same alcohol intermediate 4 and two diastereomeric compounds 6 and 7 were easily prepared from compound 2. Carbon-14 synthesis of compounds 1, 2, 6 and 7 were achieved in good yields, high radiochemical purity (>99%) and with high specific activity (45 mCi/mmol). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Environmental popular education and indigenous social movements in IndiaNEW DIRECTIONS FOR ADULT & CONTINUING EDUCATION, Issue 99 2003Dip Kapoor Practical and theoretical considerations of activist-educators using environmental popular education in indigenous social movements in India are explored. The responses of these social movements to destructive development are linked with the theoretical dialogue on environmental adult education and social transformation. [source] Mercury Porosimetry: A General (Practical) OverviewPARTICLE & PARTICLE SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZATION, Issue 1 2006Herbert Giesche Abstract The paper describes general concepts of mercury porosimetry measurements and provides an overview on the current status of pore-network analysis tools. Practical aspects of the technique are described as well as emphasizing the need for testing of model pore structures and the status on pore network modeling software. [source] Perceived ease of use in prior e-commerce experiences: A hierarchical model for its motivational antecedentsPSYCHOLOGY & MARKETING, Issue 9 2010Tao Sun This study develops and tests a theoretical model to evaluate the motivational factors behind perceived ease of use in prior e-commerce experiences. This hierarchical model includes need for arousal as the independent variable; general self-efficacy, technological innovativeness, and consumer self-determination as the mediating variables; and perceived ease of use in prior e-commerce experiences as the dependent variable. Tested by data generated from a survey of 290 consumers, the model yields satisfactory fit and contributes to the literature by adding more intrinsically motivational variables to predict perceived ease of use. Practical and academic implications are also discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Action, reflection, and learning , coaching in order to enhance the performance of drug development project management teamsR & D MANAGEMENT, Issue 5 2005Kina Mulec High-performing project teams are crucial for effective research and development (R&D). To become high performing, teams need to make use of their different skills and reflect upon their collective actions, thereby combining knowledge that could lead to value-adding activities for the company. This article describes the use of team coaching in supporting team reflection and learning in global R&D project teams. A collaborative research approach was used during the 8 months of coaching, with several inquiry methods being employed. The results indicate that coaching interventions have a positive effect on team performance, both from an efficiency perspective as well as from a creativity and climate perspective. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed, as is future research. [source] Practical and Policy Implications of Using Different Rural-Urban Classification Systems: A Case Study of Inpatient Service Utilization Among Veterans Administration UsersTHE JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 3 2009Ethan M. Berke MD ABSTRACT:,Context: Several classification systems exist for defining rural areas, which may lead to different interpretations of rural health services data. Purpose: To compare rural classification systems on their implications for estimating Veterans Administration (VA) utilization. Methods: Using 7 classification systems, we counted VA health care enrollees who lived in each category, and number admitted to VA hospitals or non-VA hospitals under Medicare. For dual VA-Medicare enrollees over age 65, we compared VA and private sector hospitalizations on numbers of admissions and bed-days of care. We compared VA enrollees' relative proportions across rural to urban categories for each classification system and evaluated discordance between systems at the veterans-integrated service networks (VISN) level. Findings: Enrollment and inpatient utilization counts for rural veterans vary considerably from one classification system to another, though the systems generally agree that admission rates, length of stay, and reliance on the VA for care are lower for rural veterans. Among older dual VA and Medicare enrollees, rural residents rely on non-VA facilities more, though this effect also varies widely depending on the classification scheme. VISNs vary greatly in the proportions of patients who are rural residents, and in the degree to which classification systems are discordant in designating patients as rural. Conclusions: Decisions about allocating VA health care resources to target "rural" patients may be affected greatly by the rural classification system chosen, and the impact of this choice will affect some hospital networks much more than others. [source] End-of-Life Decision Making: Practical and Ethical Issues for Health ProfessionalsAUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL ON AGEING, Issue 2 2000Colleen Cartwright Life-extending changes in medical technology and an ageing population pose practical and ethical problems relating to end-of-life decision making. Health professionals need to understand the fears and concerns of their patients, their preferred place to die, and to respect patient autonomy. Such wishes may be expressed verbally by a competent patient or through an advance directive (living will) or proxy by an incompetent patient. There is an urgent need for increased and improved training of health professionals in pain management and palliative care, and for the development of practical, ethical policies and guidelines with respect to withdrawing/withholding life-sustaining treatment. In addition, physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia, two of the important moral issues of the 90s, will continue to require open community debate as we move into the new millennium. Australia, in company with most other countries, has many challenges ahead in relation to end-of-life decision making. [source] A new microswitch to enable a boy with minimal motor behavior to control environmental stimulation with eye blinksBEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS, Issue 2 2005Giulio E. Lancioni This study assessed whether a boy with profound multiple disabilities and minimal motor behavior would be able to control environmental stimulation using repeated eye blinks with a newly developed microswitch (i.e. an electronically regulated optic sensor mounted on an eyeglasses frame). The study was carried out according to an ABAB design and included a 3 month post-intervention check. Data showed that the boy had a large increase in the target response (repeated eye blinks) to activate the microswitch and produce environmental stimulation during the B (intervention) phases. This performance was maintained at the post-intervention check. Practical and developmental implications of the findings were discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] ChemInform Abstract: A New, Practical and Efficient Method for Protecting Alcohols as tert-Butyl Ethers.CHEMINFORM, Issue 29 2010Alessandro Barge Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereoselective Addition of Alkynylmagnesium Chlorides to N-tert-Butanesulfinyl Aldimines: A Practical and General Access to Chiral ,-Branched Amines.CHEMINFORM, Issue 22 2010Bai-Ling Chen Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Practical, Environment-Benign and Atom Economic KOAc-Catalyzed Deprotection of Aryl TIPS Ethers under Mild Fluoride-Free Conditions.CHEMINFORM, Issue 52 2009Bing Wang Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Practical and Robust Method for Stereoselective Preparations of Ketene Silyl (Thio)acetal Derivatives and NaOH-Catalyzed Cross-Claisen Condensation Between Ketene Silyl Acetals and Methyl Esters.CHEMINFORM, Issue 44 2009Kenta Takai Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: A Practical and Highly Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Aldehydes with a Copper Catalyst.CHEMINFORM, Issue 39 2009Hideo Shimizu Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Practical and General Route for ,-Arylations of Ketones Using Bis-phosphinoferrocene-Based Palladium Catalysts.CHEMINFORM, Issue 40 2008Gabriela A. Grasa Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Practical and Efficient Processes for the Preparation of 4-(4-Aminophenyl)morpholin-3-ones on a Larger Scale: Precursor of Factor Xa Inhibitors.CHEMINFORM, Issue 24 2008Werner W. K. R. Mederski Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: A Practical and Efficient Procedure for Reduction of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Use of KBH4,MgCl2.CHEMINFORM, Issue 5 2008You-Chun Qiu Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] A Practical and Expedient Synthesis of 2-Heterocycle (C,N Bond) Substituted 4-Oxo-4-arylbutanoates.CHEMINFORM, Issue 31 2007Xiaojun Han Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] Practical and Efficient Entry to Isoflavones by Pd(0)/C-Mediated Suzuki,Miyaura Reaction.CHEMINFORM, Issue 31 2007Total Synthesis of Geranylated Isoflavones. Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] Proton Catalyzed Amino-Claisen Rearrangement: A Practical One Step Approach to the Synthesis of 2-Allylarylamines from N-Allylarylamines.CHEMINFORM, Issue 19 2007Seema Jain Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] Catalytic Reductive Etherification of Ketones with Alcohols at Ambient Hydrogen Pressure: A Practical, Waste-Minimized Synthesis of Dialkyl Ethers.CHEMINFORM, Issue 16 2007Lukas J. Goossen Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||