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Power Relationships (power + relationships)
Selected AbstractsFrom financial to sustainable profitCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2002Prof. Jacqueline Cramer This article explains why sustainable business has caught the spotlight at this particular time. Main drivers are the shift in power relationships between states, firms and households, the emergence of civil regulation and the communication through networks. The implication of this trend towards sustainable business is that firms will consciously need to focus on creating value not only in financial terms, but also in ecological and social terms. The challenge facing the business sector is how to set about meeting these expectations. Firms will need to change not only in themselves, but also in the way they interact with their environment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment [source] Professionals on the Sidelines: the Working Lives of Bedside Nurses and Elementary Core French TeachersGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 3 2007Isolde Daiski Oppression exists at many levels and in varying degrees. To demonstrate how marginality affects differently situated professionals, two occupational groups considered to be marginalized were studied: bedside nurses and elementary core French teachers. The findings confirm that women (and men) in ,feminized' fields experience, as well as exercise, oppression. Devaluation of their worth is internalized and taken for granted by most who inhabit these work spaces, including the members concerned. While those groups ,on top' bully those ,below,' dominance is also reinforced laterally amongst the members. Thus marginality between groups, as well as within them is thereby produced, with the centre of oppression constantly shifting. The authors conclude that professionals are not unified categories, readily distinguishable from outside oppressors. Their members, too, are caught up in power relationships amongst themselves. Recognition of the shifting centre of oppression is an essential first step to improve conditions for the marginalized. [source] Clusters, Power and Place: Inequality and Local Growth in Time,SpaceGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2002Harald Bathelt The argument of this paper is that a deeper appreciation of the nature of the power relationships between firms and the circuits of power that bind them together is key to understanding how clusters function , including how they might emerge and how they might decline. We begin to develop a conceptualization that allows us to generate a deeper understanding of the processes that enable the production and reproduction of enterprise clusters under some combinations of circumstances but not others. The sections of the paper explore: (1) concepts of power and circuits of power including their spatialities; (2) the temporarily stabilized relationships which occur in clusters of economic activity; (3) the openness and permeability of clusters as a way of understanding conditions that foster cluster growth; (4) a tentative integration of concepts. From this reading of the concepts of clustering and power we draw the conclusion that clusters are, at any particular point in time, temporary and transient conjunctures of interfirm relationships. They depend on specific circumstances in ,time,space' and, because of their very transience and specificity, those conditions might be very difficult if not impossible to create through the blunt instruments of policy. [source] THE PANOPTICON'S CHANGING GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 3 2007JEROME E. DOBSON ABSTRACT. Over the past two centuries, surveillance technology has advanced in three major spurts. In the first instance the surveillance instrument was a specially designed building, Bentham's Panopticon; in the second, a tightly controlled television network, Orwell's Big Brother; today, an electronic human-tracking service. Functionally, each technology provided total surveillance within the confines of its designated geographical coverage, but costs, geographical coverage, and benefits have changed dramatically through time. In less than a decade, costs have plummeted from hundreds of thousands of dollars per watched person per year for analog surveillance or tens of thousands of dollars for incarceration to mere hundreds of dollars for electronic human-tracking systems. Simultaneously, benefits to those being watched have increased enormously, so that individual and public resistence are minimized. The end result is a fertile new field of investigation for surveillance studies involving an endless variety of power relationships. Our literal, empirical approach to panopticism has yielded insights that might have been less obvious under the metaphorical approach that has dominated recent scholarly discourse. We conclude that both approaches,literal and metaphorical,are essential to understand what promises to be the greatest instrument of social change arising from the Information Revolution. We urge public and scholarly debate,local, national, and global,on this grand social experiment that has already begun without forethought. [source] Methodological Approaches for Interviewing ElitesGEOGRAPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2010William S. Harvey This paper explores some of the methodological strategies for interviewing elites. The focus is on researching elite members, preparing for interviews and gaining access, as well as the associated power relationships. Examples are drawn from across the social sciences and from the author's doctoral and postdoctoral work with over one hundred members of business elites. It is argued that researchers should be more attentive towards the following three areas. First, providing flexibility when designing research projects and conducting interviews. Second, ensuring transparency when communicating with elite members. Third, maintaining good etiquette with all participants to ensure the highest professional standards. The overall aim of the paper is to provide an introduction for those who are new to the field of interviewing elite subjects. [source] A policy analysis of the Expert Patient in the United Kingdom: self-care as an expression of pastoral power?HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, Issue 3 2001Patricia M. Wilson BEd (Hons) NursEd RGN NDN Abstract The rise in chronic illness and comorbidity in Western society has resulted in an increasing emphasis on self-care initiatives. In the United Kingdom this is exemplified by the Expert Patient policy. This paper discusses the Expert Patient initiative as an example of the State's third way approach to public health. The extent to which this policy challenges conventional power relationships between professional and patient, and fosters equal partnership is examined. In particular, how expert is defined and whether a professional understanding of the term is reconcilable with a patient's expertise is debated. The paper argues that the Expert Patient initiative is unlikely to reconstruct chronic illness and may further complicate the State's responsibility in meeting the needs of those with chronic illness. Issues of power within self-care are explored to illuminate the policy, and this paper argues that the Expert Patient initiative is an example of Foucault's notion of pastoral power. Although the Expert Patient policy focuses on the rights and responsibilities of those with chronic illness, this paper concludes that there is no corresponding strategy to challenge professionals' assumptions toward those with chronic illness. [source] Beyond the Producer-driven/Buyer-driven Dichotomy The Evolution of Global Value Chains in the Internet EraIDS BULLETIN, Issue 3 2001Gary Gereffi Summaries The Internet is still in the early stages of its development, but its impact on global value chains is already evident. While it may be premature to try to identify lasting changes on producer-driven and buyer-driven chains, several possible scenarios are emerging and they are not mutually exclusive. The first scenario is that electronic commerce will lead to the emergence of infomediary-based value chains that privilege direct on-line access to consumers. A second scenario is that the Internet is really just extending the logic of buyer-driven chains as both information and power continue to shift inexorably from manufacturers, marketers and retailers to consumers. A third scenario is that the impact of the Internet will be captured and integrated into the practices of large established companies, thus reinforcing power relationships in existing producer-driven and buyer-driven governance structures. Although there is evidence to support all three scenarios, the third model currently seems to be dominant. [source] A critical look at the construction of power between Applied Linguistics and Critical Applied LinguisticsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS, Issue 2 2004Matthew Carlson This article addresses the potential power relationships between Critical Applied Linguistics (CALx) and Applied Linguistics (AL). The discussion is based on the presentation of AL and CALx in Davies (1999) and Pennycook (2001), respectively. Four basic possibilities will frame the arguments: either AL or CALx may exert power over the other, as when CALx is seen as simply a subfield of the more comprehensive AL, or insofar as CALx provides a forum in which to discuss ethics within AL. Furthermore, both CALx and AL may have a position of power, such that they are in conflict with each other. Finally, the possibility will be explored that CALx and AL may indeed work together, exerting power in tandem, as it were. Through this discussion, a dialectical relationship will emerge in which CALx and AL may be seen as creating a tension and balance in which both operate in a context inclusive of the other. [source] Table talk: inviting students to share the feastJOURNAL OF FAMILY THERAPY, Issue 4 2007Carol Farrington This account describes part of the first morning of the AFT accredited South Yorkshire Foundation Course in Family Therapy and Systemic Practice. The course committee members join together in a reflective conversation about the course. We share with the students our ,kitchen table' discussions, the history of our involvement, and how it has affected our lives. We aim to introduce social constructionist practice in which we present the context of the course and address the power relationships in the room by being transparent about our own experiences. We hope to create an atmosphere in which learning can flourish. [source] Pedagogy, power and service user involvementJOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC & MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 1 2004A. FELTON mn rn (mental health) This paper explores mental health nurse educators' perceptions of the involvement of service users in preregistration nurse education. The idea for the study was developed from a local group of people including service users, lecturers and students committed to finding ways to develop service user involvement in education. This qualitative study uses semi-structured interviews to explore participants' perceptions in depth. Five lecturers who teach on the diploma programme based at a large teaching hospital were interviewed. The results suggest that the current situation of involving service users at the research site was ineffective. The concepts of ,role' and power relationships were used to explore the reasons for this. The development of service user involvement in education is complex and requires further research. [source] Power, Politics, and Pecking Order: Technological Innovation as a Site of Collaboration, Resistance, and AccommodationMODERN LANGUAGE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2005JAMES N. DAVIS The author summarizes and interprets data collected while he was a visiting scholar in a foreign language (FL) department at a large U.S. public research university. This qualitative case study focuses on: (a) the process of developing widely acclaimed Web-based beginning FL teaching software, and (b) the political implications of the development team's success within their host department. As the team forged strategic alliances across the campus and received substantial funding through their university's technology initiatives, certain traditional intradepartmental power relationships (especially between language- and literature-teaching faculty) were destabilized. The most striking outcomes of the events described here were the subversion of longstanding rules and procedures for granting tenure and promotion and the empowerment of the beginning program coordinator and his associates. The findings of the present research are framed in terms of theoretical constructs proposed by Jordan (1999) and Bourdieu (1988). The conclusion includes suggestions for consumers and creators of large-scale technology projects. [source] Organizational learning communities and the dark side of the learning organizationNEW DIRECTIONS FOR ADULT & CONTINUING EDUCATION, Issue 95 2002Phillip H. Owenby This chapter explores some aspects of learning communities in organizations, with a special focus on manager-employee power relationships and the challenges of establishing learning organizations in traditional hierarchical organizations. [source] Negotiating power and politics in practitioner inquiry communitiesNEW DIRECTIONS FOR ADULT & CONTINUING EDUCATION, Issue 95 2002Cassandra Drennon The extent to which practitioner inquiry groups function as democratic learning communities depends largely on how a facilitator negotiates the group's power relationships and politics. [source] Mobilizing Foucault: history, subjectivity and autonomous learners in nurse educationNURSING INQUIRY, Issue 4 2008Chris Darbyshire In the past 20, years the impact of progressive educational theories have become influential in nurse education particularly in relation to partnership and empowerment between lecturers and students and the development of student autonomy. The introduction of these progressive theories was in response to the criticisms that nurse education was characterized by hierarchical and asymmetrical power relationships between lecturers and students that encouraged rote learning and stifled student autonomy. This article explores how the work of Michel Foucault can be mobilized to think about autonomy in three different yet overlapping ways: as a historical event; as a discursive practice; and as part of an overall strategy to produce a specific student subject position. The implications for educational practice are that, rather than a site where students are empowered, nurse education is both a factory and a laboratory where new subjectivities are continually being constructed. This suggests that empowering practices and disciplinary practices uneasily co-exist. Critical reflection needs to be directed not only at structural dimensions of power but also on ourselves as students and lecturers by asking a Foucauldian question: How are you interested in autonomy? [source] Social capital and information science researchPROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2007Catherine A. Johnson (moderator, presenter) The concept of social capital has become a popular area of research in many social science fields, including public policy, political science, economics, community development, sociology, anthropology, and education. Increasingly, it has been used as the conceptual framework for research in the area of information studies including such topics as knowledge integration (Bhandar, Pan & Tan, 2007), knowledge sharing (Huysman & Wulf, 2006), access to information by the homeless (Hersberger, 2003), community informatics (Williams and Durrance, in press), and information seeking behavior (Johnson, in press). The concept has an ideological foundation in the theories of Pierre Bourdieu (1980), with two divergent approaches to its study emerging during the last two decades: one focusing on social capital as a collective asset and the other regarding it as an individual asset. The main proponent of the first approach is political scientist Robert Putnam who defines social capital as inhering in the "dense networks of social interaction" which foster "sturdy norms of generalized reciprocity and encourage the emergence of social trust" (Putnam, 1995, p. 66). Social network analysts, on the other hand, view social capital as resources to which individuals have access through their social relationships. Nan Lin, who is the main proponent of this approach, defines social capital as "resources embedded in a social structure which are accessed and/or mobilized in purposive actions" (Lin, 2001a, p. 12). While the concept of social capital may be operationalized differently depending on the point of view of the researcher, its value to information science research is in providing a framework within which to understand the relationship between social structure and information access. Participants in this panel will discuss social capital from various vantage points, including the role of social capital in solidifying power relationships, the effect of recent government policies on reducing social capital, and the relationship between social capital and the use of libraries and information technology. The intent of the panel is to clarify the meaning(s) of social capital and to demonstrate how the concept may be used in information science research. [source] ,New spaces' for change?: Diamond governance reforms and the micro-politics of participation in post-war Sierra LeonePUBLIC ADMINISTRATION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2010Roy Maconachie Abstract While the majority of research carried out on diamonds and development in Sierra Leone has focused on debates concerning the role that diamonds played in the country's civil war of the 1990s, little attention has been directed towards understanding how the emergence and consequences of ,new spaces' for citizen engagement in diamond governance are shaping relationships between mining and political economic change in the post-war period. Recent fieldwork carried out in two communities in Kono District illustrates how the emergence of such spaces,although much celebrated by government, donors and development practitioners,may not necessarily be creating the ,room for manoeuvre' necessary to open up meaningful public engagement in resource governance. The analysis focuses on one recent governance initiative in the diamond sector,the Diamond Area Community Development Fund (DACDF),which aims to strengthen citizen participation in decision-making within the industry, but has frequently been at the centre of controversy. In framing and articulating socio-environmental struggles over resource access and control in Sierra Leone's post-war period of transition, the article highlights how the emerging geographies of participation continue to be shaped by unequal power relationships, in turn having an impact on livelihood options, decision-making abilities and development outcomes in the country's diamondiferous communities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Conditionality, coercion and other forms of ,Power': international financial institutions in the PacificPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2002Peter Larmour Research on conditionality has cast doubt on its effectiveness. Nevertheless, international financial institutions have continued to apply policy conditions to loans to developing country governments. The article aims to contribute to the current debate about conditionality in two ways. Empirically, it introduces recent evidence from countries and institutions not included in earlier studies (the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in Papua New Guinea, and the Asian Development Bank in the South Pacific). Conceptually, it introduces arguments from political science to extend our understanding of the power relationships involved. Some conditions have clearly been applied coercively, particularly on ,Green' issues. Donors have also controlled the agenda of negotiations. But more productive and disciplinary forms of power are shown to be at work in conditionality, as in other forms of aid. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A Buddhist Colonization?: A New Perspective on the Attempted Alliance of 1910 Between the Japanese S,t,sh, and the Korean W,njongRELIGION COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 5 2010Hwansoo Kim One of the most infamous events in modern Japanese and Korean Buddhist history was the alliance attempted between the Japanese S,t,sh, (S,t, Sect) and the Korean Wo,njong (Complete Sect) in late 1910, 46 days after Japan annexed Korea. The Japanese Buddhist priests involved have been characterized as colonialists and imperialists trying to conquer Korean Buddhism on behalf of their imperial government while the Korean monks orchestrating the initiative have been cast as traitors, collaborators, and sellers of Korean Buddhism. All the key figures,Takeda (1863,1911), Yi Hoegwang (1862,1933), clergy from the Wo,njong and S,t,sh,, and colonial government officials,are portrayed in historiographies as villains. But the politicized narrative of the alliance has neglected two crucial points among others. First, behind Yi and Takeda was a bilingual Korean monk named Kim Yo,nggi (1878,?) who played a key role in this movement. Second, the S,t,sh, was not enthusiastic about the alliance, which reveals that Takeda's vision for the alliance was at odds with that of the heads of his sect. This article draws upon these two findings in overlooked primary sources,about the influential players, the Japanese and Korean sects' conflicted motives, and the governments' responses,to draw out the complex power relationships and discourses surrounding the attempted alliance. [source] The Clothes Make the Man: Cross-Dressing, Gender Performance, and Female Desire in Johann Elias Schlegel's Der Triumph der guten FrauenTHE GERMAN QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2008Edward T. Potter Schlegel's 1748 comedy takes the potentially liberating historical practice of female cross-dressing and restructures it by using it to promote a sentimental conception of marriage based on love, mutual compatibility, and free partner choice and by emptying this contemporary cultural phenomenon of any potentially liberating features, thereby defusing non-normative gender performance. Schlegel's text highlights culturally constructed aspects of gender by placing gender performance at the play's core. By staging a successful performance of male gender, the female character Hilaria reintegrates two wayward husbands into the sentimental marriage. Via Hilaria's disguise, the text explores: how the control of information establishes power relationships; how cross-dressing is used to reinscribe traditional gender roles; how mutual respect and friendship are promoted as a strong basis for marriage; and finally, how sexual desire is construed as a purely male phenomenon, thereby ironizing the possibility of female desire in general and female same-sex desire in particular [source] Local Knowledge as Trapped Knowledge: Intellectual Property, Culture, Power and PoliticsTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 1 2008Chidi Oguamanam Discourses of local knowledge and categories of rights claimants thereto are embroiled in complex conceptual and analytical morass. The conceptual quandary around local knowledge is diversionary from the historically rooted hierarchies of culture, power and politics that have subjugated it. Claims to local knowledge are challenged from several dimensions, including arguments from cultural cosmopolitanism, intellectual property rights and aspects of liberal democratic principles. An interesting new site for this power play is the emergent bioprospecting framework of access and benefit sharing. In this context, sophisticated external intermediaries, who have asymmetrical power relationships with custodians of local knowledge, now constitute a new threat to the genuine aspirations of indigenous and local communities. Recently, local knowledge claims are conflated with propertization of culture raising concerns over the asphyxiation of the public domain. Making the claims or claimants to local knowledge the scapegoats of our troubled public domain undermines the source of the problem. In a way, the current anemic state of our public domain can be blamed on unwholesome expansion of intellectual property and unidirectional appropriation of local knowledge by external interests. The reality of cultural cosmopolitanism requires an intellectual property order that is responsive to the contributions of local knowledge. [source] Power Dynamics and Organisational Change: An IntroductionAPPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Lourdes Munduate Cet article propose un cadre conceptuel pour appréhender les dynamiques de pouvoir lors de changements organisationnels. Weick et Quinn (1999)établissent une distinction entre le changement épisodique, discontinu et intermittent, et le changement continu, évolutif et progressif. Après avoir discuté cette distinction, nous analysons comment les processus de l'influence et du pouvoir social peuvent constituer la base du changement continu. Les bases du pouvoir des agents du changement sont ensuite décrites. Puis nous portons notre attention sur les relations de pouvoir dynamiques entre les agents du changement et les cibles, ainsi que sur les processus sociaux qui facilitent le changement continu. L'article se termine par un survol des contributions à cette édition spéciale. This article offers a framework for understanding power dynamics in organisational change. Weick and Quinn (1999) make a distinction between change that is episodic, discontinuous, and intermittent, and change that is continuous, evolving, and incremental. After discussing this distinction, we analyse how processes of social power and influence can form the basis for continuous change. Subsequently, the power bases of change agents are described. Then we pay attention to the dynamic power relationships between change agents and targets as well as to the social processes that facilitate continuous change. The article ends with an overview of the contributions to this special issue. [source] Formal and Informal Interpersonal Power in Organisations: Testing a Bifactorial Model of Power in Role-setsAPPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2003José M. Peiró Cet article porte sur la structure et les propriétés des bases du pouvoir dans les situations organisationnelles. On y présente et y teste une théorie bifactorielle du pouvoir élaborée à partir des sources du pouvoir identifiées par French & Raven. Cette theorie pose: a) le pouvoir formel englobe la légitimité et la possibilité d'imposer et de récompenser, le pouvoir informel l'arbitrage et l'expertise, b) le pouvoir formel est liéà la hiérarchie, c) il est asymétrique alors que le pouvoir informel est réciproque, d) et en relation négative avec le conflit. Un échantillon de 155 sujets a décrit ses relations de pouvoir et ses conflits avec les 1093 membres de son milieu professionnel, supérieurs, subordonnés et collégues. Une analyse bidirectionnelle des relations de pouvoir agent-cible en situation conforte ces hypothèses. Les résultats sont repris à partir du modèle pouvoir/interaction et de l'idée de l'acquisition du pouvoir dan les relations d'influence. This paper focuses on the structure and properties of power bases in organisational settings. Based on the sources of power identified by French and Raven, a Bifactorial Theory of Power is formulated and tested. According to this theory it is predicted that (a) Formal power includes legitimate, reward, and coercion power bases and Informal power includes referent and expert power bases, (b) Formal power is associated with hierarchy, (c) Formal power is antisymmetrical and Informal power reciprocal, and (d) conflict is negatively related with Informal power. A sample of 155 subjects reported their power and conflict relationships with their 1,093 role-set members, including superiors, subordinates, and peers. A bidirectional analysis of the agent,target power relationships in role-sets gives support to these hypotheses. Results are discussed in terms of the Power/Interaction model and the empowerment approach to power relationships. [source] An Asian Triangle: India's Relationship With China and JapanASIAN POLITICS AND POLICY, Issue 2 2009Terence Roehrig Many studies of Asia's future have focused on the shifting power relationships in the region, particularly between China, Japan, and India. A prominent part of this debate is India's rise and potential role as a balancer in the evolving strategic relationships in the region. This article examines India's relations with these two Asian powers and argues that India is unlikely to play the role of balancer unless relations between China and Japan deteriorate significantly. Instead, India may be well situated to act as a stabilizer, not only between China and Japan but also between the United States and China, should tension escalate in the region. [source] Bioethics: Power and Injustice: Iab Presidential AddressBIOETHICS, Issue 5-6 2003Solomon R. Benatar ABSTRACT A major focus within the modern bioethics debate has been on reshaping power relationships within the doctor,patient relationship. Empowerment of the vulnerable has been achieved through an emphasis on human rights and respect for individual dignity. However, power imbalances remain pervasive within healthcare. To a considerable extent this relates to insufficient attention to social injustice. Such power imbalances together with the development of new forms of power, for example through new genetic biotechnology, raise the spectre of increasing social injustice. Attention will be drawn to the need to extend the bioethics debate to include ethical considerations regarding public health. Changes in political philosophy will also be required to reshape international power relations and improve population health. [source] Value Creation Versus Value Capture: Towards a Coherent Definition of Value in StrategyBRITISH JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2000Cliff Bowman Resource-based theory has tended to focus on the development and protection of valuable resources. What determines a valuable resource has received less attention. This paper addresses three related issues concerning value and valuable resources: what is value? how is it created? and who captures it? We have tried here to integrate different strands of the literature to address these questions. First, we argue that a distinction needs to be made between use value, which is subjectively assessed by customers, and exchange value, which is only realized at the point of sale. Second, we argue that the source of new use values is the labour performed by organizational members, and that firm profits can be attributed to this labour. Profit differences between competing firms derive from labour performing heterogeneously across firms. Finally, we argue that value capture is determined by the perceived power relationships between buyers and sellers. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||