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Possible Pathways (possible + pathway)
Selected AbstractsChemInform Abstract: An ab initio Study of Possible Pathways in the Thermal Decomposition of NaAlH4CHEMINFORM, Issue 9 2009J. G. O. Ojwang Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Possible Pathways of CVD Processes Leading to III,V Semiconductors via a Two-Dimensional Growth,CHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 4 2005Hans-Jörg Himmel Priv.-Doz. Abstract Quantum-chemical calculations were carried out to shed more light upon possible first intermediates formed during chemical vapour deposition (CVD) processes leading to III,V semiconductors. Information about possible structures of intermediates and about thermodynamic properties in dependence of the temperature were collected. Because some of the systems calculated herein contain a substantial number of atoms (up to 144), it is limited to intermediates on the way to solid AlN. According to our suggestion, the first intermediates are species with the overall formula AlNH2, Al2N2H4, Al3N3H6, Al5N5H8, Al7N7H, and Al9N9H, Al12N12H12. In further calculations the growth of a second layer, on top of the first layer, which is modelled by the Al12N12H12 cluster, is simulated. The Al12N12H12 "surface" offers two places for the attachment of an Al3N3H6 ring. At temperatures of 1000 K, the ,G value for this attachment is only slightly negative, which suggests that the molecules can move relatively freely on the surface. This might be of importance for a defect-free growth process. Up to four layers are built on top of the first Al12N12H12 layer leading to Al24N24H24 (two layers), Al36N36H36 (three layers) and Al48N48H48 (four layers). The structures are compared with that of solid AlN in its most stable Wurzit-type structure. [source] The oxidation metabolites of endomorphin 1 and its fragments induced by free radicalsJOURNAL OF PEPTIDE SCIENCE, Issue 5 2009Pin Gong Abstract Endomorphin 1 (EM1), an endogenous µ-opioid receptor agonist, acts as a free radical scavenger in vitro and an antioxidant in vivo. The modification of EM1 by ROS and the properties of the OM attracted our attention. In vitro assays were performed via RP-HPLC, spectrophotometric measurements, EPR and amino acid analysis, Schmorl's reaction to define the formation of melanin-like compounds transformed from EM1, collectively named EM1,melanin and by solubility assay, radioligand-binding assay, NADH oxidation, superoxide anion scavenging assay to study some physical and chemical properties of EM1,melanin. Possible pathways of the formation of EM1,melanin were proposed. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Oxidative stress and hippocampus in a low-grade hepatic encephalopathy model: protective effects of curcuminHEPATOLOGY RESEARCH, Issue 11 2008Diego Martín Roselló Aim:, The present study was performed on prehepatic portal hypertensive rats, a model of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy, designed to evaluate whether oxidative stress was a possible pathway implicated in hippocampal damage and if so, the effect of an anti-oxidant to prevent it. Methods:, Prehepatic portal hypertension was induced by a regulated portal vein stricture. Oxidative stress was investigated by assessing related biochemical parameters in rat hippocampus. The effect of the anti-oxidant curcumin, administered in a single i.p. dose of 100 mg/kg on the seventh, ninth and eleventh days after surgery, was evaluated. Results:, Oxidative stress in the rat hippocampal area was documented. Curcumin significantly decreased tissue malondialdehyde levels and significantly increased glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the hippocampal tissue of portal hypertensive rats. Conclusion:, Oxidative stress was found to be implicated in the hippocampal damage and curcumin protected against this oxidative stress in low-grade hepatic encephalopathic rats. These protective effects may be attributed to its anti-oxidant properties. [source] Psychological Stress and Oxidative Damage in Lymphocytes of Aerobically Fit and Unfit Individuals,JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOBEHAVIORAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2008Kelly Z. Knickelbein Habitual aerobic exercise has a beneficial effect on many systems of the body, and psychological stress has a negative influence on several of the same systems. One possible pathway is through those systems that account for the detrimental effects of stress; by buffering these harmful effects, exercise may reduce the consequences of stress. This study examined increased resistance of cells to stress-induced oxidative damage as a result of fitness. Forty healthy participants were assigned to either a stress group or a no-stress control group, and measures of stress and oxidative damage were collected. Variation in fitness level across participants was also measured. Oxidative damage increased as a function of stress, but this was not buffered by fitness level. These results should be interpreted with caution because of the small sample size and the limited variability of cardiorespiratory fitness levels in the sample. [source] Determination of binding sites in carboplatin-bound cytochrome c using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometryJOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (INCORP BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY), Issue 8 2005Gaosheng Yang Abstract Interaction of carboplatin with cytochrome c (Cyt. c) has been investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). ESI-MS studies revealed that the ring-opened adducts of carboplatin with Cyt. c were formed in the stoichiometric ratio of 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 at pH 5.0 and 37 °C and in the stoichiometric ratio of 1 : 1 only at pH 7.0 and 37 °C. It was also found that Cyt. c could be cleaved by carboplatin at pH 2.5 and 50 °C. The cleaved fragments of Cyt. c were determined by ESI-MS and MS/MS analysis to be Glu66,Met80, Ac-Gly01,Met65, Glu66,Glu104, Ac-Gly01,Met80 and Ile81,Glu104. The carboplatin prefers to anchor to Met65 first, then to Met80. To further confirm the binding site of Met, AcMet-Gly was used as the model molecule to investigate its interaction with carboplatin and its hydrolysis reaction. On the basis of species detected during the reaction monitored by ESI-MS, a possible pathway of the cleavage reaction was proposed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Loss of Ammine from Platinum(II) Complexes: Implications for Cisplatin Inactivation, Storage, and Resistance,CHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 9 2005Justin Kai-Chi Lau Abstract Potential consequences of the binding of the anticancer drug cisplatin to various biomolecules in the cell have been investigated by using a combined density functional theory and continuum dielectric model approach. Since the ammine ligands remain coordinated at the metal upon formation of the most frequent DNA adducts, whereas they were found to be displaced from the metal upon formation of drug metabolites, we have analyzed the factors governing ammine loss from platinum(II) complexes as a possible pathway of cisplatin inactivation. The calculations systematically show the effect of 1) the trans ligand, 2) the charge of complex, 3) the nucleophile, and 4) the environment on the thermodynamic instability and kinetic lability of the platinum,ammine bonds. After initial binding of cisplatin hydrolysis products to thioethers or thiols, loss of the ammine trans to this sulfur ligand rather than replacement of the sulfur ligand itself by other nucleophiles like guanine-N7 is predicted to be the predominant reaction. The results of this study contribute to an understanding of the modes of cisplatin inactivation prior to DNA binding, for example, by elevated glutathione levels in cisplatin-resistant cancer cells. [source] Mental health in infants with esophageal atresia,INFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009Anne Faugli Chronic somatic illness in infancy may challenge the development of mental health and impinge the infant's capability to form close interpersonal relationships. Esophageal atresia (EA) is a congenital anomaly requiring neonatal surgery, medical aftertreatment, and extended hospitalization. The aim of the study was to assess mental health and to find prognostic factors for mental health among infants with EA. Thirty-nine infants treated consecutively during 2000 to 2003 and their mothers were included. Infant mental health was assessed by Diagnostic Classification: 0,3 (Zero to Three, 1994). Medical and environmental data were collected from medical records and semistructured interview with the mothers. Child development was assessed with the Bayley scales, second edition (N. Bayley, 1993). Maternal psychological distress, anxiety, and child temperament were assessed by self-report questionnaires: the General Health Questionnaire, 30-item version (D. Goldberg & P. Williams, 1988); the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (C.D. Spielberger, R. Gorsuch, & R. Lushene, 1970); and the Infant Behaviour Questionnaire (M.K. Rothbart, 1981). Thirty-one percent of the infants with EA showed mental health disorders by 1 year of age. Prognostic factors predicting mental health were posttraumatic symptoms reported by mother, more than one operation, mechanical ventilation beyond 1 day, and moderate/severe chronic family strain. Relational trauma, vulnerable attachment, and impaired self-development are highlighted as possible pathways for psychopathology. Children with EA are vulnerable to mental health disorders, and this study may help clinicians to identify children at risk. [source] A study to evaluate the relationship between periodontitis, cardiovascular disease and serum lipid levelsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE, Issue 2 2009R Sridhar Abstract:, Background:, The search for cellular mechanisms linking periodontitis to changes in systemic health has resulted in the evolution of a new area of lipid research. So far the causality and possible pathways of the association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease is obscure. Method:, A total of 120 subjects were included in the study with 30 subjects in each of the following groups: healthy group (A), chronic periodontitis group (B), coronary heart disease (CHD + periodontitis group) (C) and CHD , periodontitis group (D). All subjects underwent oral examination and their Gingival Index, Oral Hygiene Index, Periodontal Disease Index scores and attachment loss were recorded. Two millilitres of fasting venous blood sample was drawn and tested for the level of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride level. Results and Conclusion:, The results revealed no significant difference with respect to the lipid profile levels between the four groups. Interpreting the results of the study, periodontal disease did not cause an increase in total CHL, LDL or triglyceride levels or a decrease in the HDL levels in an otherwise systemically healthy individual or in a CHD patient. Periodontitis in a CHD patient did not seem to exacerbate the destruction of periodontal tissue. Higher triglyceride levels did not have any correlation with the severity of attachment loss in a periodontitis subject. [source] Aluminium Powder-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Aminobromination of ,,,-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds and Simple Olefins with the p -Toluenesulfonamide/ N -Bromosuccinimide (TsNH2 -NBS) SystemADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 14-15 2009Zhan-Guo Chen Abstract The regio- and stereoselective aminobromination of ,,,-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and simple olefins catalyzed by elementary aluminium powder has been established by using p -toluenesulfonamide (TsNH2) and N -bromosuccinimide (NBS) as the nitrogen/bromine sources. The reaction was convenient to carry out with a loading of 1,mol% catalyst at room temperature without inert gas protection. This method provides an easy approach to trans vicinal haloamino derivatives of ,,,-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and simple olefins in high yields (up to 99.8%) and in excellent regio- and stereoselectivities. The electron-rich and electron-deficient olefins show significant differences in activity to the aminobromination reaction and give the opposite regioselectivities. Two possible pathways involving separately a bromonium or an aziridinium intermediate have been proposed. [source] Ab initio direct dynamics studies on the reactions of chlorine atom with CH3,nFnCH2OH (n = 1,3)JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, Issue 16 2007Ying Wang Abstract The hydrogen abstraction reactions of Cl atom with a series of fluorinated alcohols, i.e., CH3,nFnCH2OH + Cl (n = 1,3) (R1,R3) have been studied systematically by ab initio direct dynamics method and the canonical variational transition state theory (CVT). The potential energy surface information is calculated at the MP2/6-311G(d,p) level. Energies along the minimum energy paths are improved by a series of single-point calculations at the higher modified GAUSSIAN-2 (G2M) level of theory. Theoretical analysis shows that three kinds of hydrogen atoms can be abstracted from the reactants CH2FCH2OH and CHF2CH2OH, and for CF3CH2OH, two possible pathways are found. The rate constants for each reaction channel are evaluated by CVT with the small-curvature tunneling correction (SCT) over a wide range of temperature from 200 to 2000 K. The calculated CVT/SCT rate constants are in good agreement with the available experimental values for the reactions CHF2CH2OH + Cl and CF3CH2OH + Cl. However, for the reaction CH2FCH2OH + Cl, there is negative temperature dependence below 500 K, which is different from the experimental fitted. It is shown that in the low temperature ranges, the three reactions all proceed predominantly via H-abstraction from the methylene positions, and with the increase of the temperature the H-abstraction channels from the fluorinated-methyl positions should be taken into account, while the H-abstraction channels from the hydroxyl groups are negligible over the whole temperature ranges. Also, the reactivity decreases substantially with fluorine substitution at the methyl position of alcohol. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007 [source] Pathways to false allegations of sexual harassmentJOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND OFFENDER PROFILING, Issue 1 2006William O'Donohue Abstract A sexual harassment allegation is either true or false. Whether specific allegations are true or false is important to questions of epidemiology, clinical diagnosis and treatment, administrative and legal proceedings, as well as the welfare of actual victims and innocent alleged perpetrators. It is naïve and harmful to operate with the heuristic: ,All claims are true'. However, the truth of many allegations is very difficult to determine, particularly as is often the case when there are no witnesses, no conclusive hard evidence, and the presence of a situation where both parties have divergent accounts of the alleged occurrence. There has been little theoretical or empirical work on what would cause a person to make a false allegation of sexual harassment. This paper gives an overview of the intricacies associated with sexual harassment investigations and enumerates 14 possible pathways to false allegations: lying; borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, psychosis, gender prejudice, substance abuse, dementia, false memories, false interpretations, biased interviews, sociopathy, personality disorders not otherwise specified, investigative mistakes, and mistakes in determination of the degree of harassment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The musculotendinous system of an anguilliform swimmer: Muscles, myosepta, dermis, and their interconnections in Anguilla rostrataJOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Nicole Danos Abstract Eel locomotion is considered typical of the anguilliform swimming mode of elongate fishes and has received substantial attention from various perspectives such as swimming kinematics, hydrodynamics, muscle physiology, and computational modeling. In contrast to the extensive knowledge of swimming mechanics, there is limited knowledge of the internal body morphology, including the body components that contribute to this function. In this study, we conduct a morphological analysis of the collagenous connective tissue system, i.e., the myosepta and skin, and of the red muscle fibers that sustain steady swimming, focusing on the interconnections between these systems, such as the muscle-tendon and myosepta-skin connections. Our aim is twofold: (1) to identify the morphological features that distinguish this anguilliform swimmer from subcarangiform and carangiform swimmers, and (2) to reveal possible pathways of muscular force transmission by the connective tissue in eels. To detect gradual morphological changes along the trunk we investigated anterior (0.4L), midbody (0.6L), and posterior body positions (0.75L) using microdissections, histology, and three-dimensional reconstructions. We find that eel myosepta have a mediolaterally oriented tendon in each the epaxial and hypaxial regions (epineural or epipleural tendon) and two longitudinally oriented tendons (myorhabdoid and lateral). The latter two are relatively short (4.5,5% of body length) and remain uniform along a rostrocaudal gradient. The skin and its connections were additionally analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stratum compactum of the dermis consists of ,30 layers of highly ordered collagen fibers of alternating caudodorsal and caudoventral direction, with fiber angles of 60.51 ± 7.05° (n = 30) and 57.58 ± 6.92° (n = 30), respectively. Myosepta insert into the collagenous dermis via fiber bundles that pass through the loose connective tissue of the stratum spongiosum of the dermis and either weave into the layers of the stratum compactum (weaving fiber bundles) or traverse the stratum compactum (transverse fiber bundles). These fiber bundles are evenly distributed along the insertion line of the myoseptum. Red muscles insert into lateral and myorhabdoid myoseptal tendons but not into the horizontal septum or dermis. Thus, red muscle forces might be distributed along these tendons but will only be delivered indirectly into the dermis and horizontal septum. The myosepta-dermis connections, however, appear to be too slack for efficient force transmission and collagenous connections between the myosepta and the horizontal septum are at obtuse angles, a morphology that appears inadequate for efficient force transmission. Though the main modes of undulatory locomotion (anguilliform, subcarangiform, and carangiform) have recently been shown to be very similar with respect to their midline kinematics, we are able to distinguish two morphological classes with respect to the shape and tendon architecture of myosepta. Eels are similar to subcarangiform swimmers (e.g., trout) but are substantially different from carangiform swimmers (e.g., mackerel). This information, in addition to data from kinematic and hydrodynamic studies of swimming, shows that features other than midline kinematics (e.g., wake patterns, muscle activation patterns, and morphology) might be better for describing the different swimming modes of fishes. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Fabrication of Artificial Petal Sculptures by Replication of Sub-micron Surface Wrinkles,MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Issue 2 2010Alexandra Schweikart Abstract In this contribution, we discuss wrinkling as a process resulting in well-defined periodic micron-sized structures, as known from the interface of several plant cells. We show possible pathways to transfer this principle to artificial materials such as epoxy resins or polymers. While topographical structuring of surfaces by wrinkling is meanwhile well established for elastomers like poly (dimethyl siloxane), so far the step towards other classes of materials has not been taken. This puts several limitations to potential applications of artificial wrinkled structures, as elastomers show poor dimensional stability, low optical quality, and tend to swell in organic solvents. As well, artificial structures formed by wrinkling are not tension-free on the microscopic level, which makes them metastable. Residual mechanical tensions can affect dimensional stability on long timescales. We introduce two processes, micro thermoforming and molding, as means to overcome these restrictions and to pattern non-elastomeric materials by using wrinkled elastomers as templates. The two approaches allow the formation of negative and positive replicas and allow the transfer of sub-micron features with high fidelity. [source] Behaviour of sulcotrione and mesotrione in two soilsPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 1 2008Hanène Chaabane Abstract The behaviour of sulcotrione, a recently introduced triketone herbicide, in various soil types was studied under laboratory conditions. In particular, degradation and sorption processes were examined on Ghent and Perpignan soils. Kinetics showed that the degradation of sulcotrione was influenced by biotic and/or abiotic factors. Half-lives ranged between 45 and 65 days. Among the degradation compounds identified were 1,3-cyclohexanedione (CHD) and 2-chloro-4-mesyl benzoic acid (CMBA), previously described as hydrolysis products, and, under special conditions, a derivative of phenylheptanoic acid (PHD). This new degradation product suggested that sulcotrione could follow two possible pathways in the soil, as in water. During the sorption study, a moderate retention of sulcotrione and CMBA relative to CHD and PHD, which were highly adsorbed whatever the soil type, was reported. Experiments carried out under the same conditions for sulcotrione and mesotrione, another triketone herbicide recommended in maize culture, made it possible to compare the two triketones and to conclude that they exhibited relatively similar behaviour in the soil, i.e. that their leaching potential needs to be properly addressed and risks evaluated. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry [source] What moderates the too-much-choice effect?PSYCHOLOGY & MARKETING, Issue 3 2009Benjamin Scheibehenne Core theories in economics, psychology, and marketing suggest that decision makers benefit from having more choice. In contrast, according to the too-much-choice effect, having too many options to choose from may ultimately decrease the motivation to choose and the satisfaction with the chosen option. To reconcile these two positions, we tested whether there are specific conditions in which the too-much-choice effect is more or less likely to occur. In three studies with a total of 598 participants, we systematically investigated the moderating impact of choice set sizes, option attractiveness, and whether participants had to justify their choices. We also tested the moderating role of search behavior, domain-specific expertise, and participants' tendency to maximize, in a within-subject design. Overall, only choice justification proved to be an effective moderator, calling the extent of the too-much-choice effect into question. We provide a theoretical account for our findings and discuss possible pathways for future research. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] On the fragmentation pathway of the ionized enol of glycine in the gas phaseRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 8 2001T. Marino Density functional and second-order many body perturbation approaches were used to compute the potential energy surface for the fragmentation of the ionized enol of glycine [H2NCH,=,C(OH)2]+· into water and aminoketene radical cation [H2N-HC,=,CO]+·. Two possible pathways were considered. The potential energy surfaces obtained are very similar and both predict the existence of a molecular complex in which the water is coordinated to the aminoketene moiety in two different fashions with a noticeable binding energy. The fragmentation is kinetically controlled by the step in which the molecular complex is formed from the most stable cation enol of glycine. Our quantum-mechanical data confirm the hypothesis that the ylide ion [H3NCHCOOH]+· is an intermediate in the water loss. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Do delay aversion and executive function deficits make distinct contributions to the functional impact of ADHD symptoms?THE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 11 2007A study of early academic skill deficits Background:, The present study examined the distinct properties of executive functioning in relation to ADHD symptoms, as well as functional outcomes associated with ADHD. In line with the dual-pathway model of ADHD, executive functioning and delay aversion were expected to show independent effects on ADHD symptoms. Furthermore, relations to early academic skills were examined, and it was hypothesized that the two processes of the dual-pathway model can be differentiated in terms of their effect on academic skill deficits, such that EF deficits, but not delay aversion, mediate the link between ADHD and academic functioning. Results:, As hypothesized, both EF deficits and delay aversion were independently related to ADHD symptoms. However, when conducting separate analyses for the two ADHD symptom domains, only the effect of EF deficits was independently related to symptoms of inattention, whereas only the effect of delay aversion was independently related to symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity. The mediation analysis showed that EF deficits, but not delay aversion, act as a mediator in the relation between symptoms of inattention and both mathematics and language skills. In addition, there was also a significant direct effect of inattention on early academic skills. Conclusions:, The findings of the present study are of importance for current models of heterogeneity in ADHD as they 1) provide further support for the notion that EF deficits and delay aversion are two possible pathways to ADHD, 2) add new interesting knowledge by showing that EF deficits and delay aversion can be differentiated in terms of their relations to the two ADHD symptom domains, and 3) indicate that the two processes of the dual-pathway model can also be differentiated in terms of their effect on functional impairments associated with ADHD. [source] Synthons and design in metal phosphates and oxalates with open architecturesACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, Issue 1 2001C. N. R. Rao We briefly describe the structures of open-framework metal phosphates with different dimensionalities, such as the one-dimensional linear-chain and ladder structures, two-dimensional layer structures and three-dimensional structures with channels. We demonstrate the role of the zero-dimensional four-membered ring monomer and of the one-dimensional ladder structure as the starting building units or synthons involved in the formation of the complex architectures. Thus, we show how the one-dimensional ladder structure transforms to two- and three-dimensional structures under mild conditions. The two-dimensional layer structures also transform to three-dimensional structures, while the zero-dimensional monomer transforms to layered and three-dimensional structures under ordinary reaction conditions. These transformations provide an insight into the possible pathways involved in the building up of the complex structures of metal phosphates. The isolation of amine phosphates during the hydrothermal synthesis of metal phosphates and also the facile reactions between amine phosphates and metal ions to yield a variety of open-framework materials have thrown light on the mechanism of formation and design of these structures. The existence of a hierarchy of open-framework metal oxalates and their ready formation by employing amine oxalates as intermediates provides additional support to the observations made earlier with regard to the phosphates. [source] Psychosocial factors and interleukin-6 among women with advanced ovarian cancerCANCER, Issue 2 2005Erin S. Costanzo M.A. Abstract BACKGROUND Relations among psychological stress, depression, social support, and interleukin-6 (IL-6, a proinflammatory cytokine) have been documented in humans and animals. Because elevated IL-6 is associated with a poorer prognosis among ovarian cancer patients and has been implicated in the metastasis of ovarian cancer, the current study examined relations between psychosocial factors and IL-6 among women with advanced-stage ovarian cancer. METHODS Sixty-one ovarian cancer patients completed assessments of social support, distressed mood, and quality of life before surgery. Peripheral blood was drawn preoperatively, and the plasma was assayed for IL-6. Ascites samples were also assayed for IL-6 for a subset of patients. RESULTS Both IL-6 levels and distressed mood were elevated among patients. After statistically adjusting effects of age and disease stage, social attachment was associated with lower levels of IL-6 in peripheral blood (P = 0.03), whereas poorer health-related quality of life was associated with higher IL-6 (P values ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 on different measures). This pattern of relations was also found in the ascites. Moreover, IL-6 levels in peripheral blood plasma correlated significantly with IL-6 in the ascites (P < 0.001), suggesting that peripheral IL-6 reflects IL-6 levels at the site of the tumor. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that social support may play a protective role with respect to IL-6 elevations, and IL-6 may be an independent marker of health-related quality of life among ovarian cancer patients. Processes involving IL-6 represent possible pathways by which behavioral factors may contribute to disease outcomes among women with ovarian cancer. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society. [source] The enigma of the welfare state: excellent child health prerequisites , poor subjective healthACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 6 2010C Lindgren Abstract The rate of subjective health complaints among Swedish children is increasing by age and over time, and more so than among children in other Scandinavian countries. In contrast, the somatic health and prerequisites for wellbeing are excellent. This paradoxical situation, The Enigma of the Welfare State, is the focus of this viewpoint. We argue that one important background factor may be late adverse effects of the welfare society itself and some of its inherent values. We have identified several possible pathways. We have given them names of diseases , on the society level , like health obsession, stress panic, welfare apathy and hyper-individualism. Together with other factors such as a dysfunctional school and an unsatisfactory labour market for youth, these diseases are involved in an interplay that is constantly inducing anxiety and low self-esteem. Conclusion:, The gradually deteriorating self-reported health among Swedish youth may, to some degree, be explained as a late adverse effect of the welfare society itself and its inherent values. [source] Regioselectivity Control in the Metal-Catalyzed Functionalization of ,-Allenols, Part,2: Theoretical Study,CHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 8 2009Benito Alcaide Prof. Abstract Calculating cyclization: Theoretical work directed towards the elucidation of the mechanisms of the gold-, palladium-, and lanthanum-catalyzed oxycyclizations (5- exo versus 6- endo versus 7- endo) of ,-allenols has been pursued in close relationship with the experimental study (Part,1, accompanying paper) and has corroborated the bench results to provide a complete study of the reactivity of ,-allenols under different metal-catalyzed conditions. The gold-, palladium- and lanthanum-catalyzed oxycyclization reactions of azetidin-2-one-tethered ,-allenol derivatives to a variety of fused enantiopure tetrahydrofurans, dihydropyrans, and tetrahydrooxepines have been developed experimentally (Part,1, accompanying paper). The mechanisms of these regiocontrolled metal-catalyzed heterocyclization reactions have now been computationally explored at the DFT level (Part,2). The energies of the reaction intermediates and transition states for different possible pathways have been calculated in various model systems very close to the real system. Additionally, we selected the La[N(SiH3)2]3 complex to simulate the lanthanide amide precatalyst species. The agreement of theoretically predicted and experimentally observed selectivities is very good in all cases La reacción de heterociclación de , -alenoles catalizada por metales es un proceso regiocontrolado que da lugar a una amplia variedad de tetrahidrofuranos, tetrahidropiranos y tetrahidrooxepinas fusionadas enantiopuras, que contienen además un anillo ,-lactámico, que es la unidad estructural clave en productos biológicos relevantes como antibióticos e inhibidores enzimáticos. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio teórico para la elucidación de los mecanismos de estas ciclaciones catalizadas por oro, paladio y lantano, en estrecha relación con el trabajo experimental (Parte,1, artículo anterior), corroborando los resultados obtenidos en el laboratorio. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||