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Possible Gender Differences (possible + gender_difference)
Selected AbstractsThe effect of tooth clenching on the sensory and pain perception in the oro-facial region of symptom-free men and womenJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 7 2009I. OKAYASU Summary, The aim of this study was (i) to examine the effect of light tooth contact as in diurnal tooth clenching on the tactile detection threshold (TDT), the filament-prick pain detection threshold (FPT) and the pressure pain threshold (PPT) in the oro-facial region and (ii) to examine the possible gender difference in this effect on the tactile and pain perception. Twenty healthy volunteers participated. The TDT and the FPT were measured by means of Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments, on the cheek skin (CS) overlying the masseter muscles (MM) and on the skin overlying the palm side of the thenar skin (TS). The PPT was measured at the central part of the MM using a pressure algometer. Each parameter was measured before and after keeping light tooth contact for 5 min (session 1) and after keeping the jaw relaxed for 5 min (session 2) as a control. Although there were no significant session effects on any of the parameters, there were significant effects of experimental condition on the TDT in both men and women (P < 0·001). Men had a significant higher FPT of the left CS (P < 0·05) and TS (P < 0·01) and a significant higher PPT of the MM than women (P < 0·001). These results illustrate that sensitivity to pain (FPT, PPT) was higher in women than in men. Although there were no significant gender differences in habituation of sensory perception, the increase of TDT after clenching/no clenching was larger in women, which warrants further study. [source] Gender ratios for reading difficultiesDYSLEXIA, Issue 3 2009Jesse L. Hawke Abstract The prevalence of reading difficulties is typically higher in males than females in both referred and research-identified samples, and the ratio of males to females is greater in more affected samples. To explore possible gender differences in reading performance, we analysed data from 1133 twin pairs in which at least one member of each pair had a school history of reading problems and from 684 twin pairs from a comparison sample with no reading difficulties. Although the difference between the average scores of males and females in these two samples was very small, the variance of reading performance was significantly greater for males in both groups. We suggest that a greater variance of reading performance measures in males may account at least in part for their higher prevalence of reading difficulties as well as for the higher gender ratios that are observed in more severely impaired samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Workaholism in organizations: concepts, results and future research directionsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT REVIEWS, Issue 1 2000Ronald J. Burke This review examines the literature on workaholism in organizations. Although the topic of workaholism has received considerable attention in the popular press, relatively little research has been devoted to increasing our understanding of it. Workaholism is acknowledged to be a stable individual characteristic, though how it is distinguished from other characteristics is often unclear. The review addresses the following areas: types of workaholics, definitions of workaholism, measures of workaholism, the prevalence of workaholism, validating job behaviors, antecedents of workaholism, work outcome consequences, health consequences, extra-work satisfactions and family functioning, evaluating workaholism components, possible gender differences, reducing workaholism and future research directions. Research programs begun by Robinson and his colleagues and by Spence and Robbins, though having different emphases, serve as useful starting points for future research efforts. [source] Changes in diets of individual Baltic ringed seals (Phoca hispida botnica) during their breeding season inferred from stable isotope analysis of multiple tissuesMARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2008Tuula Sinisalo Abstract The stable isotope ratios (,13C and ,15N) of three tissues with different metabolic rates (plasma, liver, and muscle) were used to investigate temporal variation in diet among nine individual Baltic ringed seals (Phoca hispida botnica Gmelin) from the Bothnian Bay, northeast Baltic Sea. The isotope values from plasma should reflect the most recent diet, values from liver the diet of the past weeks prior to sampling, and values from muscle should integrate diet over almost the entire breeding season of the ringed seals. In general, ,13C values of liver were more enriched in 13C than were those of either muscle or plasma, suggesting that the diet of the seals may have included a higher proportion of 13C-enriched benthic prey in April. Females showed more variable ,13C values than males, suggesting possible gender differences in diet or in foraging locations. The differences that were apparent between females possibly reflect individual variation in the onset and duration of parturition and lactation, both of which likely restrict female foraging. Previous data from parasite infections and from alimentary tract contents of the same seals were linked to the isotope data to assist in drawing inferences about changes in the diets of individual seals. [source] A comparison of mothers' and fathers' experience of parenting stress and attributions for parent,child interaction outcomesOCCUPATIONAL THERAPY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2003AccOT, SROT, Susan A. Esdaile Ph.D. Abstract Parents of children with disabilities are vulnerable to parenting stress, which may place them at physical and psychological risk. However, it is not clear whether fathers experience stress differently to mothers, or whether their experiences are reported less frequently. Additionally, there is little reported on the relationships and gender differences between mothers' and fathers' attributions for parent,child interaction outcomes. Parenting stress was assessed in this study using Abidin's (1990) Parenting Stress Index (PSI), and parenting attributions were assessed using the original (Bugental et al., 1989; Bugental and Shennum, 1984), and modified versions of the Parenting Attribution Test, also known as the Child Interaction Survey (CIS) (M-CIS: Esdaile and Greenwood, 1995b). Participants were 53 mothers and 25 fathers of children with disabilities. Having a child with a disability was associated with elevated scores on the PSI; some gender differences were found. Only one significant outcome was found on the assessment of parenting attributions. Thus, the findings suggest that further research is indicated to explore differences in mothers' and fathers' experiences of parenting stress, and the assessment of parenting attributions. The fact that having a child with a disability was associated with elevated scores on the PSI for both mothers and fathers indicates the importance of considering stress management as an integral part of occupational therapy programmes that involve parents of children with special needs. Therapists also need to consider possible gender differences when planning stress management programmes including both mothers and fathers of children with disabilities. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source] Bispectral index, predicted and measured drug levels of target-controlled infusions of remifentanil and propofol during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and emergenceACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 9 2000S. C. Høymork Background: Target-controlled infusions (TCI) have been launched as simple, accurate and reliable delivery systems of intravenous drugs. Bispectral index of EEG (BIS) seems promising in measuring hypnotic effect of anaesthetic drugs. The aims of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of TCI systems in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy and to correlate measured drug levels to BIS values. Data were analysed for possible gender differences during emergence. Methods: After written informed consent, 20 patients were enrolled in an open study. Remifentanil was set at 7.5 ng/ml as target throughout the whole procedure, and propofol at 5 ,g/ml at induction and 3 ,g/ml after intubation. Values in blood samples of remifentanil and propofol were correlated to the estimated values and to systolic blood pressure and BIS. BIS values and measured drug levels during emergence and emergence time were compared for the two sexes. Results: Measured drug values varied considerably from the set target with a prediction error of ,22% for remifentanil and 49% for propofol. The anaesthesia level was regarded as quite deep with a mean BIS during stable surgery of 42±7, and at this level we found no correlation between measured values of either of the two drugs and BIS. The emergence time was significantly shorter for women (12.6±2.5 min) than for men (19.0±4.2 min) (P=0.001), with no significant differences in measured levels of propofol or remifentanil or BIS during the emergence period. Conclusion: Present systems for TCI of remifentanil and propofol result in large intra- and interindividual variations in measured drug levels, and measured levels differ from target. There may be possible interaction between the two anaesthetics at a pharmacokinetic level. Within the level of anaesthesia studied here, BIS was not an indicator of the actual drug levels. Women woke up significantly faster than men. [source] | ||||||||||