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Popular View (popular + view)
Selected AbstractsMEMORY, MEMORIALS, AND COMMEMORATION,HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 3 2008ANITA KASABOVA ABSTRACT According to a popular view, the past is present here and now. This is presentism combined with endurantism: the past continuously persists through time to the present. By contrast, I argue that memories, memorials, and histories are of entities discontinuous with present experiences, and that the continuity between past and present in them is a construct. Memories, memorials, and histories are semantic means for dealing with the past. My presupposition that past and present are different is supported by grammar: as verbal tenses show, the past is not present here and now, for otherwise it would not be past. A failure to note this difference is a lack of chronesthesia, a sense of time specific to human beings. I argue that presentism fails to account for the temporal structures of memory and the changes in perspective as we switch from the present to a past situation. My account is perdurantist in the sense that it allows for temporal parts of things such as memorials or tombstones, as well as events such as wars or commemorations. But my main goal is to outline a semantic approach to the past: the tie between past and present actions and events is the semantic ground,consequence relation: a past event is the antecedent grounding a present situation, explaining why it is the case. In addition, I show how we refer to the past by means of two rhetorical figures of speech: synecdoche, using the (emblematic-) part-whole relation for relating the past to the present by transposing its sense; and anaphor, which has a deictic function,it points back toward the past. In references to the past, the deictic field is a scene visualized by the speaker and addressees: the deictic field is transposed from a perceptual to an imaginary space. [source] Differential activity in left inferior frontal gyrus for pseudowords and real words: An event-related fMRI study on auditory lexical decisionHUMAN BRAIN MAPPING, Issue 2 2005Zhuangwei Xiao Abstract After Newman and Twieg ([2001]: Hum Brain Mapp 14:39,47) and others, we used a fast event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) design and contrasted the lexical processing of pseudowords and real words. Participants carried out an auditory lexical decision task on a list of randomly intermixed real and pseudo Chinese two-character (or two-syllable) words. The pseudowords were constructed by recombining constituent characters of the real words to control for sublexical code properties. Processing of pseudowords and real words activated a highly comparable network of brain regions, including bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, superior, middle temporal gyrus, calcarine and lingual gyrus, and left supramarginal gyrus. Mirroring a behavioral lexical effect, left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) was significantly more activated for pseudowords than for real words. This result disconfirms a popular view that this area plays a role in grapheme-to-phoneme conversion, as such a conversion process was unnecessary in our task with auditory stimulus presentation. An alternative view was supported that attributes increased activity in left IFG for pseudowords to general processes in decision making, specifically in making positive versus negative responses. Activation in left supramarginal gyrus was of a much larger volume for real words than for pseudowords, suggesting a role of this region in the representation of phonological or semantic information for two-character Chinese words at the lexical level. Hum Brain Mapp 25:212,221, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Old-time militancy and the economic realities: towards a reassessment of the dockers' experienceINDUSTRIAL RELATIONS JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009Dan Coffey ABSTRACT This article makes the case for a fundamental reassessment of an important stage in the history of industrial relations in the UK port transport sector vis-à-vis the regulation of employment and the controversial demise of the National Dock Labour Scheme. It argues that the popular view that state regulation combined with trade union organisation and restrictive working practices in the 1970s and 1980s to undermine the competitiveness of the port transport sector lacks convincing empirical foundations. It notes some implications for wider debates around Britain's variety of capitalism. [source] Bargaining and Efficiency in SharecroppingJOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2001Jon Reiersen In this paper the Nash bargaining solution is used to derive solutions for the rental share and labour input in sharecropping. The bargaining is modeled as a two-stage process. First there is a bargain about the rental share, and then a bargain about labour input. The power of the landlord to ensure an outcome favourable to himself may differ in the two stages. By imposing particular assumptions about this bargaining power, some popular models of sharecropping, that have been treated as completely separate in the literature, can be derived as special cases in our model. However, we also generate a new class of models. It is also demonstrated that it is not the tenant's influence in the labour input decision per se which causes inefficiency in sharecropping, but differences in the tenant's influence over different issues in the contract. This is in contrast to the popular view which states that if the tenant controls the level of labour input, sharecropping will result in an inefficient resource allocation. [source] Slotting Allowances and Scarce Shelf SpaceJOURNAL OF ECONOMICS & MANAGEMENT STRATEGY, Issue 3 2010Leslie M. Marx Slotting allowances are payments made by manufacturers to obtain retail shelf space. They are widespread in the grocery industry and a concern to antitrust authorities. A popular view is that slotting allowances arise because there are more products than retailers can profitably carry given their shelf space. We show that the causality can also go the other way: the scarcity of shelf space may in part be due to the feasibility of slotting allowances. It follows that slotting allowances can be anticompetitive even if they have no effect on retail prices. [source] The prevalence of suppression in amblyopic individualsOPHTHALMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS, Issue 1 2008Brendan Barrett Purpose:, A popular view of visual functioning in individuals with amblyopia is that the weaker eye is suppressed in key regions of the binocular visual field. Indeed, some have argued that chronic interocular suppression may represent the cause of amblyopia. Here we evaluate the prevalence of amblyopic-eye suppression in a simple light detection task when the eyes are open, minimally dissociated and in their habitual motor position. Methods:, A custom program on the Humphrey Field Analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA) was used to measure detection thresholds for a blue light on a yellow background along the horizontal meridian at two-degree intervals to an eccentricity of 25 degrees on either side of the fixation mark. The fellow eye was prevented from seeing the target using three different methods: (1) full-occlusion (i.e. no light entered the fellow eye), (2) a translucent occluder (3) a yellow filter in front of the fellow eye. In (3), the yellow filter only prevented the fellow eye from seeing the blue stimulus; the fixation mark and the background remained visible (minimal-dissociation condition). Fourteen amblyopes participated in the study, of whom 11 had strabismus. Results:, Three basic patterns of results were observed. (1) Only three of the fourteen participants (,21%) showed evidence of suppression, where amblyopic-eye sensitivity was lower with the fellow eye open. In these cases, the retinal locations that showed greatest suppression corresponded to the direction and angle of the strabismus. (2) Three participants (,21%) showed the opposite effect to the result in (1); i.e. amblyopic-eye sensitivity was greatest when the fellow was open with minimal dissociation between the eyes. One possible explanation is that the dominance of the fellow eye caused this reduction. (3) Seven participants (50%) exhibited patterns of amblyopic sensitivity that did not depend upon the occlusion status of the fellow eye. The results for one participant did not fit into any of the above patterns. Conclusions:, Suppression appears not to be a universal feature of central amblyopic vision. Our results for this simple detection task suggest that suppression may exist in as few as 20% of amblyopes. These results present a challenge to the view that suppression represents a root cause of amblyopia but they are consistent with the view that the amblyopic eye makes a useful contribution under habitual viewing conditions. [source] The place of suxamethonium in pediatric anesthesiaPEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 6 2009MARCIN RAWICZ MD Summary Suxamethonium is a drug that promotes very strong views both for and against its use in the context of pediatric anesthesia. As such, the continuing debate is an excellent topic for a ,Pro,Con' debate. Despite ongoing efforts by drug companies, the popular view still remains that there is no single neuromuscular blocking drug that can match suxamethonium in terms of speed of onset of neuromuscular block and return of neuromuscular control. However, with this drug the balance of benefit vs risk and side effects are pivotal. Suxamethonium has significant adverse effects, some of which can be life threatening. This is particularly relevant for pediatric anesthesia because the spectrum of childhood diseases may expose susceptible individuals to an increased likelihood of adverse events compared with adults. Additionally, the concerns related to airway control in the infant may encourage the occasional pediatric anesthetist to use the drug in preference to slower onset/offset drugs. In the current environment of drug research, surveillance and licensing, it is debatable whether this drug would achieve the central place it still has in pediatric anesthesia. The arguments for and against its use are set out below by our two international experts, Marcin Rawicz from Poland and Barbara Brandom from USA. This will allow the reader an objective evaluation with which to make an informed choice about the use of suxamethonium in their practice. [source] The Descent of Shame,PHILOSOPHY AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2010HEIDI L. MAIBOM Shame is a painful emotion concerned with failure to live up to certain standards, norms, or ideals. The subject feels that she falls in the regard of others; she feels watched and exposed. As a result, she feels bad about the person that she is. The most popular view of shame is that someone only feels ashamed if she fails to live up to standards, norms, or ideals that she, herself, accepts. In this paper, I provide support for a different view, according to which shame is about failure to live up to public expectations. Such a view of shame has difficulties explaining why an audience is central to shame, why shame concerns the self as a whole, and why the social rank of someone affects their ability to shame others. These features, I argue, are best explained by reference to the descent of shame in the emotion connected with submission in nonhuman animals. The function of submission,to appease relevant social others,also throws light on the sort of emotion that shame is. From the point of view of other people, a subject who experiences shame at her own failing is someone who is committed to living together with others in a socially sanctioned way. The argument is not that we must understand the nature of shame in terms of what it evolved for, but that its heritage is important to understanding the emotion that shame has become. [source] CREATING IDENTITIES, CREATING VALUES?RATIO, Issue 3 2006Oliver Black A popular view is that we create our own identities and values. An attractive version of this is the thesis that the creation of values follows from the creation of identities. The thesis is best supported by a conception of identity in terms of projects and a conception of values that are internal to projects. The line of thought is: I create my projects; in creating my projects, I create values internal to them; so I create those values. This paper argues that the thesis faces a dilemma: it is either true but uninteresting or interesting but false. The dilemma persists whether the values in question are conceived as purpose-relative, as moral, or as both purpose- relative and moral. [source] | ||||||||||||||||