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Polystyrene Standards (polystyrene + standards)
Selected AbstractsQuantitation of protein particles in parenteral solutions using micro-flow imagingJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 9 2009Chi-Ting Huang Abstract The U.S. and European Pharmacopeias require subvisible (,10 and ,25 µm) and visible particulate testing of therapeutics to ensure their safety and suitability for clinical use. The objective of this article is to compare the sizing and counting accuracies of light obscuration, which is the standard technique used to measure subvisible particulate matter, and Micro-Flow Imaging (MFIÔ), a new imaging-based technology. An immunoconjugate was selected as the model protein for this study since it could be induced to form particulate matter in PBS. Light obscuration was performed as described in USP chapter <788> while MFI measurements were conducted per the manufacturer's procedures. The two techniques yielded similar results when polystyrene standards were analyzed. However, the MFI measurements indicated the presence of significantly more particles in the protein-containing solution compared to the light obscuration measurements. The presence of nonspherical protein particles as well as particles that possess a refractive index similar to the solvent that they are in appear to be detected by MFI, but not by light obscuration, leading to the difference in the results. Imaging-based technologies could aid in developing formulations and processes that would minimize the formation of protein particulates. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:3058,3071, 2009 [source] Radical copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride with 1-bromo-2,2-difluoroethyleneJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 18 2010G. K. Kostov Abstract The radical copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and 1-bromo-2,2-difluoroethylene (BDFE) in 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane solution at different monomer molar ratios (ranging from 96/4 to 25/75 mol %) and initiated by tert -butylperoxypivalate (TBPPI, mainly) is presented. Poly(VDF- co -BDFE) copolymers of various aspects (from white powders to yellow viscous liquids) were produced depending on the copolymer compositions. The microstructures of the obtained copolymers were characterized by 19F and 1H NMR spectroscopy and by elementary analysis and these techniques enabled one to assess the contents of both comonomers in the produced copolymers. VDF was shown to be more incorporated in the copolymer than BDFE. From the extended Kelen and Tudos method, the kinetics of the radical copolymerization led to the determination of the reactivity ratios, ri, of both comonomers (rVDF = 1.20 ± 0.50 and rBDFE = 0.40 ± 0.15 at 75 °C) showing that VDF is more reactive than BDFE. Alfrey-Price's Q and e values of BDFE monomer were calculated to be 0.009 (from QVDF = 0.008) or 0.019 (from QVDF = 0.015) and +1.22 (vs. eVDF = 0.40) or +1.37 (vs. eVDF = 0.50), respectively, indicating that BDFE is an electron-accepting monomer. Statistic cooligomers were produced with molar masses ranging from 1,800 to 5,500 g/mol (assessed by GPC with polystyrene standards). A further evidence of the successful copolymerization was shown by the selective reduction of bromine atoms in poly(VDF- co -BDFE) cooligomers that led to analog PVDF. The thermal properties of the poly(VDF- co -BDFE) cooligomers were also determined and those containing a high VDF amount exhibited a high thermal stability. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3964,3976, 2010. [source] Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization of 2,5-dialkyl-1,4-divinylbenzene with molybdenum or ruthenium catalysts: Factors affecting the precise synthesis of defect-free, high-molecular-weight trans -poly(p -phenylene vinylene)sJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 23 2005Kotohiro Nomura Abstract Factors affecting the syntheses of high-molecular-weight poly(2,5-dialkyl-1,4-phenylene vinylene) by the acyclic diene metathesis polymerization of 2,5-dialkyl-1,4-divinylbenzenes [alkyl = n -octyl (2) and 2-ethylhexyl (3)] with a molybdenum or ruthenium catalyst were explored. The polymerizations of 2 by Mo(N -2,6-Me2C6H3) (CHMe2 Ph)[OCMe(CF3)2]2 at 25 °C was completed with both a high initial monomer concentration and reduced pressure, affording poly(p -phenylene vinylene)s with low polydispersity index values (number-average molecular weight = 3.3,3.65 × 103 by gel permeation chromatography vs polystyrene standards, weight-average molecular weight/number-average molecular weight = 1.1,1.2), but the polymerization of 3 was not completed under the same conditions. The synthesis of structurally regular (all- trans), defect-free, high-molecular-weight 2-ethylhexyl substituted poly(p -phenylene vinylene)s [poly3; degree of monomer repeating unit (DPn) = ca. 16,70 by 1H NMR] with unimodal molecular weight distributions (number-average molecular weight = 8.30,36.3 × 103 by gel permeation chromatography, weight-average molecular weight/number-average molecular weight = 1.6,2.1) and with defined polymer chain ends (as a vinyl group, CHCH2) was achieved when Ru(CHPh)(Cl)2(IMesH2)(PCy3) or Ru(CH-2-OiPr-C6H4)(Cl)2(IMesH2) [IMesH2 = 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene] was employed as a catalyst at 50 °C. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6166,6177, 2005 [source] Controlled radical polymerization of a trialkylsilyl methacrylate by reversible addition,fragmentation chain transfer polymerizationJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 22 2005M. N. Nguyen Abstract The reversible addition,fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of a hydrolyzable monomer (tert -butyldimethylsilyl methacrylate) with cumyl dithiobenzoate and 2-cyanoprop-2-yl dithiobenzoate as chain-transfer agents was studied in toluene solutions at 70 °C. The resulting homopolymers had low polydispersity (polydispersity index < 1.3) up to 96% monomer conversion with molecular weights at high conversions close to the theoretical prediction. The profiles of the number-average molecular weight versus the conversion revealed controlled polymerization features with chain-transfer constants expected between 1.0 and 10. A series of poly(tert -butyldimethylsilyl methacrylate)s were synthesized over the molecular weight range of 1.0 × 104 to 3.0 × 104, as determined by size exclusion chromatography. As strong differences of hydrodynamic volumes in tetrahydrofuran between poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene standards, and poly(tert -butyldimethylsilyl methacrylate) were observed, true molecular weights were obtained from a light scattering detector equipped in a triple-detector size exclusion chromatograph. The Mark,Houwink,Sakurada parameters for poly(tert -butyldimethylsilyl methacrylate) were assessed to obtain directly true molecular weight values from size exclusion chromatography with universal calibration. In addition, a RAFT agent efficiency above 94% was confirmed at high conversions by both light scattering detection and 1H NMR spectroscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5680,5689, 2005 [source] High-Throughput Investigation of Polymerization Kinetics by Online Monitoring of GPC and GCMACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 1 2004Richard Hoogenboom Abstract Summary: Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and gas chromatography (GC) were successfully introduced into a high-throughput workflow. The feasibility and limitations of online GPC with a high-speed column was evaluated by measuring polystyrene standards and comparison of the results with regular offline GPC measurements. The reliability of the online GC characterization was investigated by monitoring the cationic ring-opening-polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline, whose polymerization kinetics were determined by both online and offline GC. [source] Fast Liquid Chromatography for High-Throughput Screening of PolymersMACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 1 2003Harald Pasch Abstract Liquid chromatography of polymers is traditionally a slow technique with analysis times of typically 30 min per sample. For the application of liquid chromatographic techniques to combinatorial materials research the analysis time per sample must be reduced considerably. Analysis time in SEC can be reduced to about 2 min per sample when high-throughput columns are used. For HPLC small columns with improved separation efficiencies can be used. As compared to conventional technology, time savings of more than 80% are achieved. Chromatogram from conventional SEC column compared to high-speed SEC column tested on an identical instrument with polystyrene standards in THF. [source] | ||||||||||