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Polymer Chemistry (polymer + chemistry)
Selected AbstractsMerging Organic and Polymer Chemistries to Create Glycomaterials for Glycomics ApplicationsMACROMOLECULAR BIOSCIENCE, Issue 8 2006Géraldine Coullerez Abstract Summary: Oligosaccharides at cell surfaces are known to play a critical role in many biological processes such as biorecognition, interactions between cells and with artificial surfaces, immune response, infection and inflammation. In order to facilitate studies of the role of sugars, an increasing number of novel tools are becoming available. New synthetic strategies now provide much more efficient access to complex carbohydrates or glycoconjugates. Branched carbohydrates and hybrids of carbohydrates conjugated to polymers have been prepared using solution and/or solid-phase synthesis and advanced methods of polymerization. These materials are essential for the development of methodologies to study and map the molecular structure-function relationship at interfaces. This article highlights recent advances in the synthesis of carbohydrates and polymer hybrids mimicking the properties and functionalities of the natural oligosaccharides, as well as selected applications in biology, biotechnology and diagnostics. [source] S. Kumaresan and P. Kannan, "Substituent effect on azobenzene-based liquid-crystalline organophosphorus polymers" Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry (2003) 41(20) 3188,3196JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 23 2003S. Kumaresan The original article to which this Erratum refers was published inJournal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry (2003) 41(20) 3188,3196 No abstract. [source] An Integrated Model-Based Analysis of Polymer Chemistry and Polymerisation ReactorsMACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA, Issue 1 2006Charles D. Immanuel Abstract In this paper, a simple demonstration is presented on the analysis of the combined effect of polymer chemistry and the polymerisation reactor on the polymer properties. The model would ideally account for the raw material and end-product characteristics and properties on the one hand; the polymerisation kinetics and reaction engineering on the other hand. This system-wide model-driven approach enables the interlinking of the widely disparate facets of polymer science and engineering, and thereby provides a tool for rapid and efficient identification and scale-up of new polymeric materials that would be exploited in future studies. The ideas are demonstrated with regard to a hyper-branched polymerisation chemistry. [source] Polymer chemistry in flow: New polymers, beads, capsules, and fibersJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 22 2006Jeremy L. Steinbacher Abstract The union between polymer science and microfluidics is reviewed. Fluids in microreactors allow the synthesis of a wide range of polymeric materials with unique properties. We begin by discussing the important fluid dynamics that dominate the behavior of fluids on the micrometer scale. We then progress through a comprehensive analysis of the polymeric materials synthesized to date. This highlight concludes with an overview of the methods used to make microreactors. We enthusiastically endorse microreactors as a powerful approach to making materials with controlled properties, although we have tried to provide a critical eye to help the nonexpert enter the field. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6505,6533, 2006 [source] Polymer chemistry: innovations from the southwest of FrancePOLYMER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 10 2006Dr Jeanne François Guest Editor No abstract is available for this article. [source] Recent Advances in the Syntheses and Applications of Molybdenum and Tungsten Alkylidene and Alkylidyne Catalysts for the Metathesis of Alkenes and AlkynesADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 1-2 2007Richard Abstract The last several years have produced some key advances in the area of alkene and alkyne metathesis by high oxidation state alkylidene and alkylidyne complexes along with new applications in organic and polymer chemistry. In this review we cover some of these developments and applications. The first part of this review concerns developments in catalyst synthesis and new catalysts. The second part concerns notable applications in organic and polymer chemistry. We discuss only high oxidation state alkylidene and alkylidyne chemistry of relevance to alkene or alkyne metathesis reactions and favor studies in the homogeneous phase. [source] Tandem mass spectrometry of synthetic polymersJOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (INCORP BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY), Issue 9 2009Anna C. Crecelius Abstract The detailed characterization of macromolecules plays an important role for synthetic chemists to define and specify the structure and properties of the successfully synthesized polymers. The search for new characterization techniques for polymers is essential for the continuation of the development of improved synthesis methods. The application of tandem mass spectrometry for the detailed characterization of synthetic polymers using the soft ionization techniques matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), which became the basic tools in proteomics, has greatly been increased in recent years and is summarized in this perspective. Examples of a variety of homopolymers, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethylene glycol), as well as copolymers, e.g. copolyesters, are given. The advanced mass spectrometric techniques described in this review will presumably become one of the basic tools in polymer chemistry in the near future. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Green polymer chemistry using nature's catalysts, enzymesJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 12 2009Judit E. Puskas Abstract The use of enzymes as catalysts for organic synthesis has become an increasingly attractive alternative to conventional chemical catalysis. Enzymes offer several advantages including high selectivity, ability to operate under mild conditions, catalyst recyclability, and biocompatibility. Although there are many examples in the literature involving enzymes for the synthesis of polymers, our search showed that very little had been done in the area of polymer modification. In this article, we will discuss enzyme catalysis in general and highlight our recent results concerning precision polymer functionalization using enzymatic catalysis,"green polymer chemistry." © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2959,2976, 2009 [source] Monolithic biocompatible and biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineeringJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 9 2009Michael R. Buchmeiser Abstract The state of the art in polymeric materials for tissue engineering as well as the needs and concerns for future medical applications are outlined and discussed and brought into relation to recent developments in polymer chemistry. Particularly, the recent developments in micro- and nano-structured polymeric monoliths designed for these purposes will be discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2219,2227, 2009 [source] Hybrid linear dendritic macromolecules: From synthesis to applicationsJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 16 2008Ivan Gitsov Abstract Linear-dendritic copolymers are intriguing macromolecules, which offer challenge and fascination as purely synthetic objects at the crossroad of organic and polymer chemistry and as promising materials for diverse advanced applications. This review traces their discovery and highlights the synthetic strategies used for their construction. The ambivalent character of the linear-dendritic architecture opens numerous avenues towards emerging and potential applications. Specific solution properties enable the construction of nanometer-sized nanoreactors for reactions in environmentally friendly media, and the creation of "nanosponges" for selective passive binding of fluorescent pH-indicators for environmental or biomonitoring. Another structure,property relationship is used for noncovalent and site-specific modification of glycoproteins, which leads to the formation of "semiartificial" enzymes with enhanced and broadened catalytic activity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 5295,5314, 2008 [source] Poly(glycoamidoamine)s: Cationic glycopolymers for DNA deliveryJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 24 2006Theresa M. Reineke Abstract Polymer science is playing an exciting role in inspiring and advancing novel discoveries in the area of genetic drug delivery. Polymeric materials can be synthesized and chemically tailored to bind and compact nucleic acids into viral-like nanoparticles termed polyplexes that can deliver genetic materials into cells. This article highlights our work in this area to synthesize and study a novel class of cationic glycopolymers that we have termed poly(glycoamidoamine)s (PGAAs). The design of these materials has been inspired by many previous works in the literature. Carbohydrate comonomers have been incorporated into these structures to lower the toxicity of the delivery vehicle, and oligoamine moieties have been added to yield a cationic backbone that facilitates strong DNA binding, compaction, cellular uptake, and delivery of genetic material. PGAAs have been designed to vary in the carbohydrate size, the hydroxyl number and stereochemistry, the amine number, and the presence or absence of heterocyclic groups. Through structure,bioactivity studies, we have discovered that these materials are highly biocompatible, and each specific feature plays a large role in the observed delivery efficacy. Such structure,property studies are important for increasing our understanding of how the polymer chemistry affects the biological activity for the clinical development of polymer-based therapeutics. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6895,6908, 2006 [source] Ultrasound in polymer chemistry: Revival of an established techniqueJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 19 2006Jos M. J. Paulusse Abstract The history of ultrasound in polymer chemistry goes back a long way. Initially, its uses were limited to being an alternative method of initiating radical polymerizations through the decomposition of solvents to form radicals or through the breakage of polymers leading to macroradicals. Recently, the raw power of ultrasound has been focused through the use of weak linkages in polymer chains, which enables the production of well-defined macroradicals and coordinatively unsaturated metal complexes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5445,5453, 2006 [source] Challenge of synthetic celluloseJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 4 2005Shiro Kobayashi Abstract This article focuses on why and how the chemical synthesis of cellulose was accomplished. The synthesis of cellulose was an important, challenging problem for half a century in polymer chemistry. For the synthesis, a new method of enzymatic polymerization was developed. A monomer of ,- D -cellobiosyl fluoride (,-CF) was designed and subjected to cellulase catalysis, which led to synthetic cellulose for the first time. Cellulase is a hydrolysis enzyme of cellulose; cellulase, inherently catalyzing the bond cleavage of cellulose in vivo, catalyzes the bond formation via the polycondensation of ,-CF in vitro. It is thought that the polymerization and hydrolysis involve a common intermediate (transition state). This view led us to a new concept, a transition-state analogue substrate, for the design of the monomer. The preparation of cellulase proteins with biotechnology revealed the enzymatic catalytic functions in the hydrolysis and polymerization to cellulose. High-order molecular structures were in situ formed and observed as fibrils (cellulose I) and spherulites (cellulose II). In situ small-angle neutron scattering measurements suggested a fractal surface formation of a synthetic cellulose assembly. The principle of cellulose synthesis was extended to the synthesis of other natural polysaccharides, such as xylan and amylose, and unnatural polysaccharides. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 693,710, 2005 [source] Organic and polymer chemistry of electrophilic tri- and tetrasubstituted ethylenesJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 12 2004H. K. Hall Jr. Abstract A survey of the spontaneous reactions of electrophilic olefins and nucleophilic olefins is presented as an area in which organic chemistry merges with polymer chemistry. The products include both small molecules and polymers, arising via tetramethylene biradical zwitterions that can cyclize or initiate polymerizations. Electrophilic tri- and tetrasubstituted olefins are particularly useful in delineating the transition from radical chemistry to ionic chemistry. A periodic table embodying these results enables predictions. Charge-transfer complexes, although observed in many of these reactions, play no significant role. Various aspects arising from these investigations include new cationic initiators, Lewis acid catalysis, quinodimethane chemistry, and photochemistry. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2845,2858, 2004 [source] Topological polymer chemistry by electrostatic self-assemblyJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 19 2003Yasuyuki Tezuka Abstract Recent developments in topological polymer chemistry are outlined. First, nonlinear polymer topologies are systematically classified on the basis of topological considerations of constitutional isomerism in a series of alkanes (CnH2n+2), monocycloalkanes (CnH2n), and polycycloalkanes (CnH2n,2, CnH2n,4, etc.). Various pairs of topological isomers are identified in randomly coiled, flexible polymer molecules with cyclic and branched structures. An electro- static self-assembly and covalent fixation strategy has subsequently been developed for the efficient synthesis of a variety of topologically unique polymers, including monocyclic and polycyclic polymers, topological isomers, and topological block copolymers. In this process, new telechelics with moderately strained cyclic onium salt groups carrying multifunctional carboxylate counteranions have been designed as key polymeric precursors. Further extensions of topological polymer chem- istry have been achieved by the use of cyclic telechelics (kyklo -telechelics) and cyclic macromonomers, obtainable also by means of the electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation process. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2905,2917, 2003 [source] The fast and the curious: High-throughput experimentation in synthetic polymer chemistryJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 16 2003Richard Hoogenboom Abstract The application of automated synthetic parallel methods in polymer chemistry is described. A brief overview of all different polymerization techniques that have been used is provided. Furthermore, the equipment and methodologies that were used in our approach for automated parallel polymerization reactions are discussed followed by detailed insight into recent developments on automated cationic ring-opening polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization, and emulsion polymerizations. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2425,2434, 2003 [source] The tenth anniversary of Suzuki polycondensation (SPC)JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 10 2001A. D. Schlüter Abstract This article describes the successful transfer of the Suzuki cross-coupling (SCC) reaction to polymer synthesis, one of the major developments within the last decade of polymer synthesis. The polymers prepared by Suzuki polycondensation (SPC) and its Ni-catalyzed reductive counterpart are soluble and processable poly(arylene)s that, because of their rigid and conjugated backbones, are of interest for the materials sciences. Achievable molar masses easily compete with those of traditional polyesters and polyamides. This article also provides insight into some synthetic problems associated with the transfer of SCC from low molar mass organic chemistry to high molar mass polymer chemistry by addressing issues such as monomer purity, stoichiometric balance, achievable molar masses, and defects in the polymer structure. Although the emphasis of this article is synthetic and structural issues, some potential applications of the polyarylenes obtained are briefly mentioned. Together with the enormous developments in the areas of metallocene, ring-opening metathesis, and acyclic diene metathesis polymerization, the success of SPC impressingly underlines the increasing importance of transition-metal-catalyzed CC-bond-forming reactions in polymer synthesis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1533,1556, 2001 [source] An Integrated Model-Based Analysis of Polymer Chemistry and Polymerisation ReactorsMACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA, Issue 1 2006Charles D. Immanuel Abstract In this paper, a simple demonstration is presented on the analysis of the combined effect of polymer chemistry and the polymerisation reactor on the polymer properties. The model would ideally account for the raw material and end-product characteristics and properties on the one hand; the polymerisation kinetics and reaction engineering on the other hand. This system-wide model-driven approach enables the interlinking of the widely disparate facets of polymer science and engineering, and thereby provides a tool for rapid and efficient identification and scale-up of new polymeric materials that would be exploited in future studies. The ideas are demonstrated with regard to a hyper-branched polymerisation chemistry. [source] Contribution of polymer chemistry to dentistry: development of an impermeable interpenetrating polymer network to protect teeth from acid demineralizationPOLYMER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2008Nobuo Nakabayashi The purpose of this review article is to show how polymer science can contribute to the further improvement of modern dentistry. It has long been believed that the development of strong dental materials is essential to improve dentistry, and polymeric materials might not be reliable compared to metals and ceramics. It was hypothesized that the bonding of restoration materials to the tooth structure is required in order to inhibit the detachment of prostheses. However, bonding of artificial materials to natural tissues is difficult. It has been found that a polymer network interpenetrated with dental hard tissues resolves this problem, that formal bonding is not required and that protection of prepared dentin against lactic acid demineralization with an impermeable barrier is a requisite for prevention of caries. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry [source] | |||||||||||||