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Plasma Total Cholesterol (plasma + total_cholesterol)
Selected AbstractsA minipig model of high-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced diabetes and atherosclerosisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2004Shoumin Xi Summary Type 2 diabetes is a major risk factor of the development of atherosclerosis in humans. However, studies examining mechanisms underlying diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis have been limited by the lack of suitable humanoid animal models. Pigs have a cardiovascular system that is very similar to that of humans and is useful as a model for human physiology and pathophysiology. In this study, we established a new miniature pig model for studying dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis in diabetes. Chinese Guizhou minipigs were fed a normal control diet or a high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HFSD) for 6 months. Plasma total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), insulin and glucose were quantified at monthly intervals. The induction of insulin resistance and dysfunction of the pancreatic ,-cell were assessed by oral glucose tolerance test and insulin sensitivity test. The aortic fatty streak lesions were quantified following lipid staining with Sudan IV. During the feeding period, mild high plasma TC and TG were induced. At the end of 6 months, in HFSD-fed animals, the adipocytes were hypertrophic, fat deposit in the liver was observed, loss of pancreatic ,-cells was observed, and the aortic fatty streak lesions were clearly present in the animals' aortas. Our study established that miniature pigs that were fed a HFSD without adding dietary cholesterol developed insulin resistance, mild diabetes and atherosclerotic lesions. HFSD-fed miniature pigs may be good animal models for research on the treatment of diabetic dyslipidaemia complicated with atherosclerosis. [source] The influence of dietary linoleic and , -linolenic acid on body composition and the activities of key enzymes of hepatic lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in mice,JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 1-2 2007M. Javadi Summary We have recently suggested that feeding the C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid, , -linolenic acid (ALA), instead of linoleic acid (LA) reduced body fat in mice. However, the difference in body fat did not reach statistical significance, which prompted us to carry out this study using more animals and diets with higher contents of ALA and LA so that the contrast would be greater. The diets contained either 12% (w/w) LA and 3% ALA or 12% ALA and 4% LA. A low-fat diet was used as control. The diets were fed for 35 days. The proportion of body fat was not influenced by the type of dietary fatty acid. Plasma total cholesterol and phospholipids were significantly lower in ALA-fed mice than in mice fed LA. Activities of enzymes in the fatty acid oxidation pathway were significantly raised by these two diets when compared with the control diet. , -Linolenic acid vs. LA did not affect fatty acid oxidation enzymes. In mice fed the diet with LA activities of enzymes of de novo fatty acid synthesis were significantly decreased when compared with mice fed the control diet. , -Linolenic acid vs. LA feeding did not influence lipogenic enzymes. It is concluded that feeding mice for 35 days with diets either rich in LA or ALA did not significantly influence body composition. [source] Cholesterol metabolism in 8 to 12-year-old children born preterm or at termACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 5 2003M Mortaz Studies in animals have indicated that cholesterol metabolism is susceptible to manipulation by diet and growth in early life. In humans, low birthweight has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. Aim: To establish whether plasma lipids and indicators of cholesterol absorption, synthesis and breakdown differ in children born preterm and at term. Methods: Plasma total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triacylglycerols, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, lathosterol (indicator of cholesterol synthesis), campesterol (indicator of cholesterol absorption), 7-, hydroxycholesterol (indicator of cholesterol breakdown) were measured in up to 407 children born preterm and 36 children born at term. Results: Children born preterm had lower cholesterol synthesis (p= 0.002) and lower cholesterol breakdown (p < 0.001) than those born at term, but their plasma cholesterol concentration was not significantly different. After adjusting for current size, birthweight and gestational age were significantly related to plasma lathosterol and 7-, hydroxycholesterol. However, when both birthweight and gestational age were adjusted, only gestational age remained significant. There were no significant differences in plasma campesterol between the two groups. Conclusion: Being born preterm may have a long-term effect on cholesterol metabolism in children 8,12 y later. Those born prematurely had lower cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, but their plasma cholesterol concentration was similar at this age. These parameters need to be studied in older cohorts. [source] G-substrate gene promoter SNP (,1323T>C) modifies plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride phenotype in familial hypercholesterolemia: Intra-familial association study in an eight-generation hyperlipidemic kindredGERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2004Yukiko Nobe Background: Plasma lipid and lipoprotein generally reflect the complex influences of multiple genetic loci, for instance, even familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a representative example of monogenic hyperlipidemia, often presents with phenotypic heterogeneity. Methods: In the course of investigating familial coronary artery disease in Utah, we studied 160 members of an eight-generation extended family of FH, to examine possible genetic modification of lipoprotein phenotype by ,modifier locus'. G-substrate (GSBS) is an endogenous substrate for cGMP-dependent protein kinase. We carried out an intrafamilial correlation analysis of modifier effect of ,1323T>C substitution in the GSBS gene among 85 LDLR-mutation carriers and 75 non-carriers. Results: In the LDLR - mutation carriers, the plasma cholesterol levels were highest among ,1323C homozygotes (mean ± SD = 454 ± 101 mg/dL), lowest among ,1323T homozygotes (mean ± SD, 307 ± 72 mg/dL) and intermediate among ,1323T/C heterozygotes (mean ± SD, 314 ± 62 mg/dL; P = 0.015). Similarly, in the LDLR-mutation carriers, the plasma triglyceride levels were highest among ,1323C homozygotes (mean ± SD, 371 ± 381 mg/dL), lowest among ,323T homozygotes (mean ± SD, 171 ± 94 mg/dL), and intermediate among ,1323T/C heterozygotes (mean ± SD, 218 ± 130 mg/dL; P = 0.003). No such gene-interactive effect was observed among non-carriers of the LDLR-mutation. Conclusion: These results indicate a significant modification of the phenotype of FH with defective LDLR allele, by GSBS-1323C allele in the kindred studied. [source] LIPID-LOWERING EFFECTS OF ARONIA MELANOCARPA FRUIT JUICE IN RATS FED CHOLESTEROL-CONTAINING DIETSJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2007S. VALCHEVA-KUZMANOVA ABSTRACT Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice (AMFJ) is very rich in phenolic antioxidants, mainly flavonoids from the subclass anthocyanins. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of AMFJ on body and liver mass, plasma lipids and lipoprotein profiles, and the histopathology of liver and aorta in rats fed with cholesterol diets. AMFJ was applied orally for 30 days at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mL/kg. In rats fed the cholesterol-containing diets, AMFJ significantly hindered an increase in plasma lipids (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides) because of cholesterol feeding. Body weight gains, liver weights, and liver and aorta histopathology were not influenced either by high-cholesterol diets or by AMFJ treatment. In conclusion, AMFJ showed lipid-lowering effects in rats with experimentally induced hyperlipidemia, and could be valuable in reducing lipidemia as a factor of cardiovascular risk. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Hyperlipidemia characterized by an increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is one of the major risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Plant foods with high contents of phenolic phytochemicals are reported to be inversely correlated with plasma total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol. Aronia melanocarpa fruits are remarkably rich in phenolic substances. They are used for human consumption as juice, syrup, jam and wine. Our research demonstrated that A. melanocarpa fruit juice hindered the dietary-induced elevation of plasma TC, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides in rats. In view of the results from our experiment, we can suppose that the juice may be further tested for reducing hyperlipidemia in humans and possibly approved a valuable dietary supplement. [source] LIPID-LOWERING EFFICACY OF PIPERINE FROM PIPER NIGRUM L. IN HIGH-FAT DIET AND ANTITHYROID DRUG-INDUCED HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC RATSJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2006RAMASAMY SUBRAMANIAM VIJAYAKUMAR ABSTRACT Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control diet group and high-fat diet group (HFD). Both groups were divided into four subgroups, each consisted of 10 animals, and the diets were supplemented with the following ingredients for 10 weeks: (1) 1% carboxymethyl cellulose; (2) 10 mg carbimazole (CM)/kg body weight; (3) 10 mg CM + 40 mg piperine/kg body weight; and (4) 10 mg CM + 2 mg atorvastatin/kg body weight. Feeding HFD to rats significantly (P < 0.05) elevated plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, free fatty acids, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and the activity of 3-hydroxy 3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase in the liver, heart and aorta, while the activities of plasma and tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and plasma lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) and high-density lipoprotein were significantly (P < 0.05) lowered compared to control rats. Supplementing piperine with HFD significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the levels of plasma total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL tissue HMG CoA reductase and significantly (P < 0.05) elevated the levels of LPL and LCAT compared to rats that did not receive piperine. Fecal bile acids and neutral sterols were also elevated in HFD-fed rats as compared to control animals, while simultaneous supplementation of piperine significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced further excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols. The results indicate that piperine can prevent the accumulation of plasma lipids and lipoproteins significantly by modulating the enzymes of lipid metabolism. [source] Impact of maternal circulating cholesterol and gestational diabetes mellitus on lipid metabolism in human term placentaMOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 6 2008Charles Marseille-Tremblay Abstract Maternal hypercholesterolemia (HC) during pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are associated with disturbance of fetal development which may also modify key features of placental functions. In this study, we evaluated the impact of maternal hypercholesterolemia on placental cholesterol and lipid metabolism in 59 women classified in two groups according to the median concentration of plasma total cholesterol (6.42 mM). The impact of GDM was also evaluated on the metabolism of placentas obtained from 7 insulin-treated GDM and 7 non-GDM women. We showed that high maternal circulating cholesterol is associated with a significant increase in the LDL-cholesterol, ApoB-100 and triglyceride concentrations in the maternal blood. However the level of cholesterol in the venous cord blood and placenta remains unchanged in response to modification in maternal cholesterol profile. The levels of Fatty acid synthase (FAS) and SREBP-2 expressions in placenta are significantly increased in the HC group while expression of both sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1 (SREBP-1) and HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) are not modified. GDM is not associated with modification in the maternal lipid profile but it increases the concentration of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, and TNF-,) in placenta which correlates with a dramatic induction of FAS expression without affecting the expression of mature SREBPs proteins. In conclusion, our study suggests that in placenta, expressions of key proteins involved in de novo lipid synthesis are affected by changes in maternal metabolism (HC and GDM) that may subsequently affect fetal development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 1054,1062, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Protective Effect of the Immunosuppressant Sirolimus Against Aortic Atherosclerosis In Apo E-Deficient MiceAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 5 2003M. Merle Elloso Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that develops in response to injury to the vessel wall, and is augmented by hypercholesterolemia. To further delineate the role of the immune system and local factors in this process, we assessed the effects of the immunosuppressant sirolimus (Rapamycin, RAPAMUNE®, Wyeth, Collegeville, PA) on atherosclerosis in the apoE-deficient (apoE KO) mouse, a well-accepted model of cardiovascular disease. ApoE KO mice were fed a high fat diet and sirolimus was administered. After 12 weeks, atherosclerotic lesions and plasma lipoproteins were measured. The expression of cytokines associated with atherosclerosis was also examined. All groups demonstrated plasma total cholesterol (TC) >1100 mg/dL. Sirolimus treatment was associated with a 30% increase in LDL-cholesterol (LDLc) and a dose-dependent elevation in HDL-cholesterol (HDLc). Despite increased LDLc, aortic atherosclerosis was markedly reduced in all sirolimus-treated groups. Sirolimus treatment resulted in decreased expression of IL-12p40, IFN-, and IL-10 mRNA. In contrast, TGF-,1 was elevated. Sirolimus significantly reduced atherosclerosis in apo E-KO mice; this effect is independent of, and obviates, elevated plasma TC and LDLc. Sirolimus might therefore be of benefit on atherosclerosis in patients undergoing therapy, independent of any impact on circulating lipids. [source] Influence of orally administered bovine lactoferrin on lipid metabolism in lipopolysaccharide-injected preruminant calvesANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009Shiro KUSHIBIKI ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of oral lactoferrin (LF) administration on lipid metabolism changes in calves given lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Twenty-one 4-day-old Holstein calves were divided into three groups, with each group receiving one of three oral doses of LF (0, 1, 3 g/day) for 10 consecutive days (day ,10 to day ,1). All calves were intravenously injected with LPS (50 ng/kg BW) on day 0, the day after LF treatment ended. Plasma triglyceride concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) in the LF-treated calves than in the control calves given 0 g/day of LF at 12 and 24 h after LPS injection. Plasma NEFA concentrations were elevated between 6 and 24 h after LPS treatment. At 12 h, the concentration of plasma NEFA was lower (P < 0.05) in the calves given LF 3 g/day than in the control calves. On day 0, plasma total cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations tended to be lower in the LF groups administered 1 and 3 g of LF/day than in the control group, but did not differ significantly among the groups. The plasma very-low-density and low-density lipoprotein concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) at 12, 24, and 72 h in the LF groups than in the control calves. The concentrations of plasma high-density lipoprotein tended to be lower in the LF groups than in the control group between day 0 and 96 h, though there were no significant group differences. The concentration of plasma interleukin-1, was lower (P < 0.05) in the calves fed LF 3 g/day than in the control calves at 2 and 12,48 h after LPS injection. These data suggest that LF inhibits LPS-induced alterations in lipid metabolism in preruminant calves. [source] Effects of Rutin on Lipid Profile in Hypercholesterolaemic RatsBASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Amir Ziaee Rutin is found in many plants and is also an important dietary constituent of food and plant-based beverages. Rutin has several pharmacological properties including antioxidant and cardioprotective activities. Also, it was identified that rutin is the major low-density lipoprotein (LDL) antioxidant compound of mulberry in an in vitro study. The effects of rutin were tested by using it as a supplement in a high-cholesterol diet. Male rats were fed a high-cholesterol diet (1 ml/100 g) for 4 weeks with rutin (10 or 100 mg/kg) or rutin 100 mg/kg and lovastatin supplementation to study the hypocholesterolaemic effects of rutin on plasma lipid levels, hepatic enzyme activity, and liver tissue. Feeding the animals a high-cholesterol diet resulted in marked hypercholesterolaemia and increased the serum level of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). Rutin (at 100 mg/kg) alone or in combination with lovastatin significantly reduced the levels of total cholesterol, and LDL-C and also markedly decreased liver enzymes and weight in animals with a high-cholesterol diet. Our findings show that 100 mg/kg of rutin alone or with lovastatin supplementation lowered liver weight and enzymes as well as plasma total cholesterol and LDL. The hepatic histopathological results reflect the correlation of rutin and lovastatin combination with both liver weight and the levels of plasma total cholesterol and LDL-C. These results indicate that rutin in combination with lovastatin has increased anti-hypercholesterolaemic effects in an animal model. [source] Lipid profiles in untreated severe congenital isolated growth hormone deficiency through the lifespanCLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 1 2002Helena K. Gleeson Summary objective Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is associated with adverse changes in lipid profile. However, changes in lipids through life in a homogeneous group of GHD subjects have not been defined. patients and measurements We examined lipid levels in a group of untreated severely GHD patients with a mutation in the GHRH receptor gene from a rural community in North-east Brazil. Lipid profiles in 15 GHD subjects [eight children and adolescents (one male), age (median [range]) 13·2 (5·4,19·9) years; seven adults (one male), age 47 (33,66) years] were compared with those in 29 indigenous controls from the same extended kindred [17 children and adolescents (six male), age 10·2 (5·3,18·4) years; 12 adults (eight male), age 54·5 (33,80) years]. All GHD subjects had a peak GH response of < 0·5 ng/ml in response to an insulin tolerance test and extremely reduced IGF-1 levels (median 5·5 ng/ml). Data were compared between cohorts and with an age- and sex-matched white American reference population. results Abnormalities were confined to plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. More GHD children had levels of plasma TC and LDL-C above the 95th percentile for our reference population (3/8 and 4/7, respectively) compared to controls (0/17 and 1/15, respectively) (P < 0·05). In the adults, median TC and LDL-C levels were higher in the GHD than controls (P < 0·05) (6·3 vs. 4·1 mmol/l; 4·4 vs. 2·7 mmol/l, respectively). Median Z -scores, calculated using values from the reference population, were not different between GHD children and adults for both TC (+0·8 vs.+0·4) and LDL-C (+1·4 vs.+0·7). conclusions The lipid profile in children as well as in adults with very severe GHD is adversely modified. There would appear to be no significant worsening of the lipid abnormality with duration of GHD or achievement of adulthood. [source] | |||||||||||||