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Pilot Scale (pilot + scale)
Selected AbstractsHydrodistillation of caraway by direct induction heating assisted by a magnetic field processFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2007L. Lagunez Rivera Abstract This paper presents the development of a new method of hydrodistillation of the essential oil of caraway (Carum carvi L.) by direct induction heating assisted by magnetic field (DIHMF) and the development of the required apparatus. Water and food salt (99.8% sodium chloride) were used as electrolyte solutions and at the same time as an extractant solution. The method was tested on caraway fruits as a source of carvone and limonene as the main components. The essential oil of this fruit was also isolated by conventional hydrodistillation as a standard method on both laboratory and pilot scale. The isolated volatile products obtained by the two methods were analysed using gas chromatography (GC). The obtained results were then compared. Even though DIHMF hydrodistillation ensures the isolation of the essential oils as well as conventional hydrodistillation, the time required to obtain the isolated products is remarkably shorter. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Alternatives to pilot plant experiments in cheese-ripening studiesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAIRY TECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2001Shakeel-ur-rehman Experimental studies on cheese have several objectives, from assessing the influence of the microflora and enzymes indigenous to milk to evaluating starters and adjuncts. Several studies have been undertaken to evaluate the influence of an individual ripening agent in the complex environment of cheese. Cheesemaking experiments, even on a pilot scale, are expensive and time-consuming, and when controlled bacteriological conditions are needed, pilot plant experiments are difficult to perform. Cheese curd slurries are simple models that can be prepared under sterile conditions in the laboratory and can be used as an intermediate between test tubes and cheese trials, but probably cannot replace the latter. Miniature model cheeses are similar to pilot plant cheeses and can be manufactured under sterile conditions. Several approaches to assess the role of cheese-ripening agents are reviewed in this paper. [source] Construction of self-cloning industrial brewing yeast with high-glutathione and low-diacetyl productionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2008Zhao-Yue Wang Summary Self-cloning strains of industrial brewing yeast were constructed, in which one allele of ,-acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) gene (ILV2) was disrupted by integrating Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes, ,-glutamylcysteine synthetase gene (GSH1) and copper resistant gene (CUP1) into the locus of ILV2. The self-cloning strains were selected for their resistance to CuSO4 and identified by PCR amplification. The results of AHAS and glutathione (GSH) assay from fermentation with the self-cloning strains in 500-mL conical flask showed that AHAS activity decreased and GSH content increased compared with that of host yeasts. The results of pilot scale brewing in 5-L fermentation tank also indicated that GSH content in beer fermented with self-cloning strains T5-3 and T31-2 was 1.3 fold and 1.5 fold of that of host QY5 and QY31, respectively; and diacetyl content decreased to 64% and 58% of their hosts, respectively. The self-cloning strains do not contain any heterologous DNA, they may be more acceptable to the public. [source] The quality of orange juice processed by coupling crossflow microfiltration and osmotic evaporationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Mady Cisse Summary Crossflow microfiltration (CFM) and osmotic evaporation (OE) were implemented on a semi-industrial pilot scale to obtain clarified orange juice concentrates at 450 and 620 g kg,1 of total soluble solids. The characteristics of the juice were then assessed and compared with fresh juice and commercial concentrates. With CFM, most aroma compounds and vitamin C remained in the permeate while the more apolar compounds such as terpenic hydrocarbons and carotenoids were strongly retained by the membrane. With OE, significant losses of vitamin C and aroma compounds occurred at first, with losses progressively decreasing during treatment. Pre-conditioning the membrane and cold regeneration of the brine reduced losses drastically, with the aroma composition tending towards that of the initial juice. The quality of pulp, a blend of the CFM retentate and OE concentrate, was high and much closer to that of the initial fresh juice than to the commercial thermal concentrate. [source] Cobalt removal from waste-water by means of supported liquid membranesJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Kim Verbeken Abstract BACKGROUND: Supported liquid membranes (SLM) are an alternative technique to remove and recover metals from diluted process solutions and waste-water. In the present work, the removal of Co(II) from a synthetic CoSO4 solution containing initial amounts of cobalt(II) in the range 100,200 ppm (0.1,0.2 g dm,3) has been studied on a pilot scale. By performing batch equilibrium experiments, the optimal settings, i.e. the composition of the organic phase, the pH of the feed, the type and concentration of the stripping agent were determined. RESULTS: It is shown that the equilibrium characteristics of a synergistic extractant mixture containing di-2-ethyl-hexylphosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and 5-dodecylsalicylaldoxime (LIX 860-I) are superior to D2EHPA. Both hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid have been evaluated as stripping solutions in liquid,liquid extraction tests and as the receiving phase in a SLM configuration. Although equilibrium tests showed no difference in stripping characteristics between both chemicals, it was observed that in a SLM configuration the stability of the system when hydrochloric acid is used is poor. With a commercially available SLM module (Liqui-Cel Extra-Flow 4 × 28) having a surface area of 19 m2, a steady Co(II) flux of 0.140 gm,2h,1 has been obtained at influent concentrations of cobalt between 100 and 200 ppm with 3 mol dm,3 sulfuric acid as stripping phase. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained show that a supported liquid membrane containing a synergistic mixture of LIX 860-I and D2EHPA gives the possibility of recovering cobalt from dilute solutions. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Treatment of paper and pulp wastewater and removal of odorous compounds by a Fenton-like process at the pilot scaleJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 8 2006José L Tambosi Abstract A Fenton-like process, involving oxidation and coagulation, was evaluated for the removal of odorous compounds and treatment of a pulp and paper wastewater. The main parameters that govern the complex reactive system [pH and Fe(III) and hydrogen peroxide concentrations] were studied. Concentrations of Fe(III) between 100 and 1000 mg L,1 and of H2O2 between 0 and 2000 mg L,1 were chosen. The main mechanism for color removal was coagulation. The maximum COD, color and aromatic compound removals were 75, 98 and 95%, respectively, under optimal operating conditions ([Fe(III)] = 400 mg L,1; [H2O2] = 500,1000 mg L,1; pH = 2.5; followed by coagulation at pH 5.0). The biodegradability of the wastewater treated increased from 0.4 to 0.7 under optimal conditions and no residual hydrogen peroxide was found after treatment. However, partially or non-oxidized compounds present in the treated wastewater presented higher acute toxicity to Artemia salina than the untreated wastewater. Based on the optimum conditions, pilot-scale experiments were conducted and revealed a high efficiency in relation to the mineralization of organic compounds. Terpenes [(1S)-,-pinene, ,-pinene, (1R)-,-pinene and limonene] were identified in the wastewater and were completely eliminated by the Fenton-like treatment. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Performance of the hydrolyzation film bed and biological aerated filter (HFB,BAF) combined system for the treatment of low-concentration domestic sewage in south ChinaJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2006Xiao Ling Abstract The performance of the hydrolyzation film bed and biological aerated filter (HFB,BAF) combined system in pilot scale (with a daily treatment quantity of 600,1300 m3 d,1), operated for 234 days, for low-strength domestic sewage was assessed using different amounts of aeration, reflux ratios and hydraulic loading rates (HLR). In steady state it was found that the average removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand at 5 days (BOD5) were 82.0% and 82.2% and the average effluent concentrations were 15.8 mg L,1 and 9.4 mg L,1 respectively as the HFB was running at an HLR of 1.25,1.77 m3 m,2 h,1 and the BAF was running at an HLR of 1.56,2.21 m3 m,2 h,1. In general, the removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) fluctuated with the HLR, gas,water ratio and reflux ratio, so the ratio of gas to water should be controlled from 2:1 to 3:1 and the reflux ratio should be as high as possible. The effluent concentration of TN was 10.4 mg L,1 and the TN removal averaged 34.3% when the gas,water ratio was greater than 3:1 and the reflux ratio was 0.5. The effluent concentration and removal efficiency of NH4+ -N averaged respectively 2.3 mg L,1 and 78.5%. The overall reduction of total phosphorus (TP) was 30% and the average effluent concentration was 0.95 mg L,1. The removal efficiency of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) reached 83.8% and the average effluent concentration was almost 0.9 mg L,1. The effluent concentration and removal efficiency of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were 0.0654 µ g L,1 and 37.05% respectively when the influent concentration was 0.1039 µ g L,1. The excess sludge containing water (volume 15 m3) was discharged once every 3 months. The power consumption of aeration was 0.06,0.09 kWh of sewage treated. The results show that the HFB,BAF combined technology is suitable for the treatment of low-concentration municipal sewage in south China. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] LETHALITY CONTRIBUTION FROM THE TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER DURING HIGH-TEMPERATURE SHORT-TIME PROCESSING OF A MODEL LIQUID FOODJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2004G.B. AWUAH ABSTRACT Experiments were conducted using Bacillus stearothermophilus spores in 0.5% w/w carboxymethylcellulose suspension to evaluate come-up contributions from the tubular heat exchanger. A lab-scale UHT/HTST simulator that allowed samples to be collected at the exit of the heat exchanger and holding tube was used with operating temperatures up to 270F. The bulk mean residence time in the heat exchanger ranged from 30 to 89 sec, while that in the holding tube ranged from 4 to 14 sec. It was observed that between 40% and 51% of the cumulative lethality () at the exit of the holding tube, was contributed by come-up in the tubular heat exchanger. This come-up contribution was determined on the basis of having anof 8.5 min in the holding tube alone. It was evident that come-up lethality will depend on product initial temperature, residence time and temperature history in the heat exchanger, with higher temperatures obviously contributing more lethality. Therefore, the entire aseptic system becomes even more complex since several critical parameters need to be monitored, controlled and documented. Experimental data compared favorably with computer-simulated data using the AseptiCALÔ software, with the software package giving more conservative results. Ultimately, come-up credit (CUC) should be tested on a pilot scale or industrial setup by way of reduced residence time (i.e. increased fluid flow rate), reduced holding tube length or temperature in order to determine if CUC can be applied towards the lethality required for the product. Monitoring and control devices become critical to ensure consistency and reproducibility in product residence time and time,temperature history, in the tubular heat exchanger. [source] A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CREAMING VARIABLES IMPACTING PROCESS CHEESE MELT QUALITYJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 4 2003T.A. GLENN III To simulate commercial processing, a pilot scale 10-gallon (0.04m3), dual ribbon blender was equipped with a thermal control system and a 0.75 hp (559.27 W) electrical motor. An experimental design consisted of three temperatures (75, 80, 85C), three mixing rates (50, 100,150 RPM), and six durations (1, 5, 10, 15, 25, 35 min). Quantified process variables included: process strain and thermal history, and total, instantaneous, and change in mechanical energy. The Schreiber melt test was used to examine the relationship between the processing parameters and melt performance. A statistical analysis revealed significant parameter estimates (P < 0.0001) for each quantified variable in a general linear model. The process cheese industry will gain insight into controlled manufacturing conditions to deliver desired melt functionality. [source] Investigations on the Photoinitiator-free Photopolymerization of Acrylates by Vibrational Spectroscopic MethodsMACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA, Issue 1 2005Tom Scherzer Abstract Photopolymerization of acrylates without photoinitiators was carried out by irradiation with short-wavelength UV light from excimer lamps with an emission at 222 or 172 nm. Basic investigations on the reactivity of various acrylates and on the conditions under which they can be UV-cured were performed by real-time FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. Depending on the molar extinction coefficients of a specific acrylate at the wavelength of irradiation, the absorption of the light within the coating leads to a pronounced intensity gradient which significantly influences polymerization rate and conversion. Accordingly, it limits the maximum thickness of the layer that can be cured (ranging from some hundreds of nanometres up to some micrometers). In addition to the basic studies, thin acrylate coatings were also cured on pilot scale. The actual conversion in the layer after UV irradiation was directly monitored by in-line NIR reflection spectroscopy, and the resulting coatings were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and hardness measurements. [source] An evaluation of permeable reactive barrier projects in CaliforniaREMEDIATION, Issue 1 2009John P. Muegge Permeable reactive barriers made of zero-valent iron (ZVI PRBs) have become a prominent remediation technology in addressing groundwater contamination by chlorinated solvents. Many ZVI PRBs have been installed across the United States, some as research projects, some at the pilot scale, and many at full scale. As a passive and in situ remediation technology, ZVI PRBs have many attractive features and advantages over other approaches to groundwater remediation. Ten ZVI PRBs installed in California were evaluated for their performance. Of those ten, three are discussed in greater detail to illustrate the complexities that arise when quantifying the performance of ZVI PRBs, and to provide comment on the national debate concerning the downgradient effects of source-zone removal or treatment on plumes of contaminated groundwater. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] In-Situ and Ex-Situ Bioremediation Options for Treating Perchlorate in GroundwaterREMEDIATION, Issue 2 2002Paul B. Hatzinger Perchlorate has been identified as a water contaminant in 14 states, including California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Texas, and current estimates suggest that the compound may affect the drinking water of as many as 15 million people. Biological treatment represents the most-favorable technology for the effective and economical removal of perchlorate from water. Biological fluidized bed reactors (FBRs) have been tested successfully at the pilot scale for perchlorate treatment at several sites, and two full-scale FBR systems are currently treating perchlorate-contaminated groundwater in California and Texas. A third full-scale treatment system is scheduled for start-up in early 2002. The in-situ treatment of perchlorate through addition of specific electron donors to groundwater also appears to hold promise as a bioremediation technology. Recent studies suggest that perchlorate-reducing bacteria are widely occurring in nature, including in groundwater aquifers, and that these organisms can be stimulated to degrade perchlorate to below the current analytical reporting limit (< 4 ,g/l) in many instances. In this article, in-situ and ex-situ options for biological treatment of perchlorate-contaminated groundwater are discussed and results from laboratory and field experiments are presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Production of indole diterpenes by Aspergillus alliaceusBIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 5 2006B. Junker Abstract Production of two related indole diterpenes (differing by a dimethyl leucine side chain) by Aspergillus alliaceus was improved through several pilot scale fermentations. Media were optimized through focus primarily on initial increases, as well as mid-cycle additions, of carbon and nitrogen sources. Fermentation conditions were improved by varying ventilation conditions using various combinations of air flowrate and back-pressure set points. Production improvements were quantified based on total indole diterpene concentration as well as the ratio of the major-to-minor by-product components. Those changes with a positive substantial impact primarily on total indole diterpene concentration included early cycle glycerol shots and enhanced ventilation conditions (high air flowrate, low back-pressure). Those changes with a significant impact primarily on ratio included higher initial cerelose, soybean oil, monosodium glutamate, tryptophan, or ammonium sulfate concentrations, higher broth pH, and enhanced ventilation conditions. A few changes (higher initial glycerol and monosodium glutamate concentrations) resulted in less notable and desirable titer or ratio changes when implemented individually, but they were adopted to more fully realize the impact of other improvements or to simplify processing. Overall, total indole diterpene titers were improved at the 600 L pilot scale from 125,175 mg/L with a ratio of about 2.1 to 200,260 mg/L with a ratio of about 3.3,4.5. Thus, the ability to optimize total indole diterpene titer and/or ratio readily exists for secondary metabolite production using Aspergillus cultures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Large scale demonstration of a process analytical technology application in bioprocessing: Use of on-line high performance liquid chromatography for making real time pooling decisions for process chromatographyBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 2 2010Anurag S. Rathore Abstract Process Analytical Technology (PAT) has been gaining a lot of momentum in the biopharmaceutical community because of the potential for continuous real time quality assurance resulting in improved operational control and compliance. In previous publications, we have demonstrated feasibility of applications involving use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) for real-time pooling of process chromatography column. In this article we follow a similar approach to perform lab studies and create a model for a chromatography step of a different modality (hydrophobic interaction chromatography). It is seen that the predictions of the model compare well to actual experimental data, demonstrating the usefulness of the approach across the different modes of chromatography. Also, use of online HPLC when the step is scaled up to pilot scale (a 2294 fold scale-up from a 3.4 mL column in the lab to a 7.8 L column in the pilot plant) and eventually to manufacturing scale (a 45930 fold scale-up from a 3.4 mL column in the lab to a 158 L column in the manufacturing plant) is examined. Overall, the results confirm that for the application under consideration, online-HPLC offers a feasible approach for analysis that can facilitate real-time decisions for column pooling based on product quality attributes. The observations demonstrate that the proposed analytical scheme allows us to meet two of the key goals that have been outlined for PAT, i.e., "variability is managed by the process" and "product quality attributes can be accurately and reliably predicted over the design space established for materials used, process parameters, manufacturing, environmental, and other conditions". The application presented here can be extended to other modes of process chromatography and/or HPLC analysis. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010 [source] Rapid optimization of protein freeze-drying formulations using ultra scale-down and factorial design of experiment in microplatesBIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 5 2009Yitzchak Grant Abstract Retaining biopharmaceutical proteins in a stable form is critical to their safety and efficacy, and is a major factor for optimizing the final product. Freeze-dried formulations offer one route for improved stability. Currently the optimization of formulations for freeze-drying is an empirical process that requires many time-consuming experiments and also uses large quantities of product material. Here we describe a generic framework for the rapid identification and optimization of formulation excipients to prevent loss of protein activity during a lyophilization process. Using factorial design of experiment (DOE) methods combined with lyophilization in microplates a range of optimum formulations were rapidly identified that stabilized lactose dehydrogenase (derived from Lactobacillus leichmanii) during freeze-drying. The procedure outlined herein involves two rounds of factorially designed experiments,an initial screen to identify key excipients and potential interactions followed by a central composite face designed optimization experiment. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lactose were shown to have significant effects on maintaining protein stability at the screening stage and optimization resulted in an accurate model that was used to plot a window of operation. The variation of freezing temperatures and rates of sublimation that occur across a microplate during freeze-drying have been characterized also. The optimum formulation was then freeze-dried in stoppered vials to verify that the microscale data was relevant to the effects observed at larger pilot scales. This work provides a generic approach to biopharmaceutical formulation screening where possible excipients can be screened for single and interactive effects thereby increasing throughput while reducing costs in terms of time and materials. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 957,964. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||