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Physiological Aspects (physiological + aspect)
Selected AbstractsPhysiological aspects, indications and contraindications of enteral fluid therapyEQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION, Issue 5 2002M. A. F. Lopes First page of article [source] Oxidative behaviour of fresh-cut ,Fuji' apples treated with stabilising substancesJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 10 2008Dr Christian Larrigaudière Abstract BACKGROUND:Although changes in the quality of fresh-cut products treated with chemical stabilisers have been extensively described in the literature, very little is known about the physiology of these products. This work aims to describe the physiological aspect and particularly the effects of chemical preservatives on the oxidative behaviour of fresh-cut apples. RESULTS:Immediately after treatment, the samples treated with the anti-browning agents (ascorbic acid + cysteine) exhibited a sharp increase in H2O2 levels (a five-fold increase when compared to the other samples) and peroxidative damage, especially at the beginning of the storage period (two-fold increase after 1 day). In line with this result, peroxidase (POX) activity decreased by 50% during the first day of storage, but no significant changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were found between the different samples. H2O2 accumulation was not attributed to the action of cysteine but to a specific action of ascorbic acid, which mainly acted as a pro-oxidant under these conditions. CONCLUSION:The results presented in this work showed that ascorbic acid cause important oxidative damage in fresh-cut Fuji apples. Alternatives are required to prevent detrimental loss of quality resulting from this oxidative action. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] AER lecture: Some reflections on corneal thicknessACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2007N EHLERS The corneal thickness as an object for studies was recognized in the renaissance. A value of 1 mm, representing the maximally swollen human cornea, was reported. Optical in vivo measurements were done by Blix in 1880 reporting a thickness of about 0.5 mm, the value that we today know is correct. Blix lived in "the golden age of physiologic optics". His interest was the contribution of the cornea to the optical refraction of the eye, and was thus the distance between the anterior and the posterior surface rather than the thickness of the cornea as such. A biomechanical interest in corneal thickness was initiated by the studies of tonometry, in particular Hans Goldmann's development of applanation tonometry. He predicted correctly that corneal thickness would influence the estimated pressure reading. Another physiological aspect of the cornea is its transparency. Earlier explanations by equal refractive index was revolutionized by the interference theory by David Maurice. Optical transparency required a regular fiber pattern, and thus a stabilized thickness and stromal hydration. This led to extensive interest in the permeability of the limiting layers, in particular the transport of fluid across the endothelium. The physiological concepts required a regulated or stabilized thickness. The thickness as such became interesting. The human cornea is thinner in the center than more peripherally and the central, presumably regulated central thickness (CCT) became a biometric and clinical study object. The exact individual value became of interest. Several optical and later ultrasonic principles were presented. Questions addressed were: Is CCT a life-long, age independent characteristics. Is CCT diagnostic for certain disease conditions (e.g. Macular dystrophy of Groenouw). Is CCT a useful clinical parameter to follow disease processes (e.g. progression in keratoconus or acute changes in graft rejections). Today refractive surgery has revived the interest in biomechanical and optical properties of the cornea. Modern computer technology allows for a description of the "thickness profile" of the entire cornea. This gives us access to an overwhelming amount of data, and reopen many issues of the past. We must realize, however, that what we see is the pendulum swinging back to the problems of the last century. The machinery is smarter but many of the basic questions remain to be solved. [source] Psychological and emotional aspects of gastroesophageal reflux diseaseDISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 3 2002T. Kamolz SUMMARY. A synergy exists between the psychological and physiological aspects of esophageal and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Based on a biopsychosocial model of disease, several multidisciplinary concepts of interventions in gastrointestinal disorders have been evaluated. The role of psychological factors in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been under study. This article reviews psychological and emotional factors influencing GERD symptoms and treatment. [source] Cytotoxicity assessment of gliotoxin and penicillic acid in Tetrahymena pyriformisENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY, Issue 2 2006C. Gräbsch Abstract Various studies have documented the associations between mold exposure and effects on health. Mycotoxins, which occur in spores and mold fragments, can be involved in processes that have pathological effects, such as adynamia of the immune system, recurrent infections of the respiratory tract, or asthma. Using Tetrahymena pyriformis, a single-cell organism well established as a suitable model for human respiratory epithelium-cell functionalities, we investigated dose,response relationships of the mycotoxins gliotoxin and penicillic acid. Our study focused on the viability (cell count, MTT assay), energy levels (adenosine-5,-triphosphate content), energy-providing processes (MTT reduction per cell), and cell respiration (oxygen consumption). Both mycotoxins acted as cytotoxins in a dose-dependent manner. Gliotoxin had a stronger inhibitory effect (EC50 0.38 ,M) than did penicillic acid (EC50 343.19 ,M). The energy-providing processes were not inhibited or were only weakly inhibited under the influence of gliotoxin, whereas penicillic acid caused stimulation of the physiological parameters. Summarizing the results, it is clear that the two investigated mycotoxins must have different modes of action. They are not only different in the strength of their toxic effects but also in a variety of physiological aspects. In addition, T. pyriformis showed differences in its ability to overcome the negative effects of particular mycotoxin exposures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 21: 111,117, 2006. [source] Aspergillus oryzae in solid-state and submerged fermentationsFEMS YEAST RESEARCH, Issue 2 2002Progress report on a multi-disciplinary project Abstract We report the progress of a multi-disciplinary research project on solid-state fermentation (SSF) of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. The molecular and physiological aspects of the fungus in submerged fermentation (SmF) and SSF are compared and we observe a number of differences correlated with the different growth conditions. First, the aerial hyphae which occur only in SSFs are mainly responsible for oxygen uptake. Second, SSF is characterised by gradients in temperature, water activity and nutrient concentration, and inside the hyphae different polyols are accumulating. Third, pelleted growth in SmF and mycelial growth in SSF show different gene expression and protein secretion patterns. With this approach we aim to expand our knowledge of mechanisms of fungal growth on solid substrates and to exploit the biotechnological applications. [source] Research Agenda for Frailty in Older Adults: Toward a Better Understanding of Physiology and Etiology: Summary from the American Geriatrics Society/National Institute on Aging Research Conference on Frailty in Older AdultsJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 6 2006Jeremy Walston MD Evolving definitions of frailty, and improved understanding of molecular and physiological declines in multiple systems that may increase vulnerability in frail, older adults has encouraged investigators from many disciplines to contribute to this emerging field of research. This article reports on the results of the 2004 American Geriatrics Society/National Institute on Aging conference on a Research Agenda on Frailty in Older Adults, which brought together a diverse group of clinical and basic scientists to encourage further investigation in this area. This conference was primarily focused on physical and physiological aspects of frailty. Although social and psychological aspects of frailty are critically important and merit future research, these topics were largely beyond the scope of this meeting. Included in this article are sections on the evolving conceptualization and definitions of frailty; physiological underpinnings of frailty, including the potential contributions of inflammatory, endocrine, skeletal muscle, and neurologic system changes; potential molecular and genetic contributors; proposed animal models; and integrative, system biology approaches that may help to facilitate future frailty research. In addition, several specific recommendations as to future directions were developed from suggestions put forth by participants, including recommendations on definition and phenotype development, methodological development to perform clinical studies of individual-system and multiple-system vulnerability to stressors, development of animal and cellular models, application of population-based studies to frailty research, and the development of large collaborative networks in which populations and resources can be shared. This meeting and subsequent article were not meant to be a comprehensive review of frailty research; instead, they were and are meant to provide a more-targeted research agenda-setting process. [source] Physiological and molecular analysis of the stress response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae imposed by strong inorganic acid with implication to industrial fermentationsJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010H.F. De Melo Abstract Aims:, This work aimed to identify the molecular mechanism that allows yeast cells to survive at low pH environments such as those of bioethanol fermentation. Methods and Results:, The industrial strain JP1 cells grown at pH 2 was evaluated by microarray analysis showing that most of the genes induced at low pH were part of the general stress response (GSR). Further, an acid-tolerant yeast mutant was isolated by adaptive selection that was prone to grow at low pH in inorganic but weak organic acid. It showed higher viability under acid-temperature synergistic treatment. However, it was deficient in some physiological aspects that are associated with defects in protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Microarray analysis showed the induction of genes involved in inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis. Conclusions:, The results point out that low pH activates GSR, mainly heat shock response, that is important for long-term cell survival and suggest that a fine regulatory PKA-dependent mechanism that might affect cell cycle in order to acquire tolerance to acid environment. Significance and Impact of the Study:, These findings might guide the construction of a high-fermentative stress-tolerant industrial yeast strain that can be used in complex industrial fermentation processes. [source] Hydrocarbon degradation by thermophilic Nocardia otitidiscaviarum strain TSH1: physiological aspectsJOURNAL OF BASIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Majid Zeinali Abstract Indigenous thermophilic hydrocarbon degraders are of special significance for the bioremediation of oil-contaminated desert soils with ambient temperature of 45,50 °C. The first objective of this study was to demonstrate the hydrocarbon-degrading capability of Nocardia otitidiscaviarum TSH1 (DSM 45036) which grows optimally at 50 °C. Analysis of the metabolic profile of the strain TSH1 showed that it could metabolize phenol, intermediate-chain-length n -alkanes and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ranging in size from two to four fused rings efficiently, but not toluene and xylene. N. otitidiscaviarum TSH1 was able to survive and grow at phenol concentrations up to 875 mg l,1. For the first time, the physiological response of a thermophilic Nocardia strain to poorly available hydrophobic compounds was also investigated. When grown on a mineral salt medium with hexadecane, N. otitidiscaviarum TSH1 showed very high affinity for the organic phase. Additionally, PAH-grown cells were considerably hydrophobic. The capacity of PAH-utilizing N. otitidiscaviarum TSH1 isolate to produce biosurfactants was also investigated. Fatty acids (C14,C18) were detected by GC-MS analysis during bacterial growth in PAH supplemented mineral media. High cell surface hydrophobicity and capability of N. otitidiscaviarum TSH1 to degrade different hydrocarbons at 50 °C may make it an ideal candidate to treat oil-contaminated desert soils. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Reversible translocation of p115-RhoGEF by G12/13 -coupled receptorsJOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2008Bruno H. Meyer Abstract G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important targets for medicinal agents. Four different G protein families, Gs, Gi, Gq, and G12, engage in their linkage to activation of receptor-specific signal transduction pathways. G12 proteins were more recently studied, and upon activation by GPCRs they mediate activation of RhoGTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs), which in turn activate the small GTPase RhoA. RhoA is involved in many cellular and physiological aspects, and a dysfunction of the G12/13 -Rho pathway can lead to hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, impaired wound healing and immune cell functions, cancer progression and metastasis, or asthma. In this study, regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) domain-containing RhoGEFs were tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) to detect their subcellular localization and translocation upon receptor activation. Constitutively active G,12 and G,13 mutants induced redistribution of these RhoGEFs from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, a pronounced and rapid translocation of p115-RhoGEF from the cytosol to the plasma membrane was observed upon activation of several G12/13 -coupled GPCRs in a cell type-independent fashion. Plasma membrane translocation of p115-RhoGEF stimulated by a GPCR agonist could be completely and rapidly reversed by subsequent application of an antagonist for the respective GPCR, that is, p115-RhoGEF relocated back to the cytosol. The translocation of RhoGEF by G12/13 -linked GPCRs can be quantified and therefore used for pharmacological studies of the pathway, and to discover active compounds in a G12/13 -related disease context. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 1660,1670, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Differential Growth Inhibition of Diaporthe and Phomopsis Isolates by the Metabolic Activity of Five ActinomycetesJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2000M. Munta ñola-Cvetkovic Fifty-five cultures derived from Diaporthe perithecia and Phomopsis pycnidia found on diverse host plant species collected at different times and sites in Vojvodina, Yugoslavia, showed distinguishing quantitative reactions to the fungistatic activity of five actinomycetes obtained as fortuitous laboratory contaminants coming from field material. Streptomyces albidoflavus, S. albus, S. diastaticus, Streptomyces sp., and Streptoverticillium sp. could be ranked by their growth-inhibitory potential, with S. albus showing the strongest, and Streptomyces sp. the lowest. The responses of the fungi varied depending on the tested actinomycetes, but two major groups could be distinguished: A, which encompased the isolates that were less affected by the proximity of the actinomycetes; and B, with those which exhibited high sensitivity in all the experiments. Group A was typically represented by Diaporthe arctii, Phomopsis longicolla, and the Phomopsis type-1 cultures from Xanthiumitalicum; group B was typically represented by Diaporthe/Phomopsis helianthi,Phomopsis type-2 cultures from X. italicum, and isolates from Lactuca serriola. The results obtained underscore the dissimilarities between D. arctii and D. helianthi, and corroborate the value of the physiological aspects of congeneric isolates in considering taxonomic problems in the coelomicete genus Phomopsis. Zusammenfassung Aus Diaporthe -Perithecien und Phomopsis -Pyknidien von verschiedenen Wirtspflanzenarten, die zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten und an verschiedenen Orten in der jugoslawischen Vojvodina gesammelt worden waren, wurden 55 Kulturen gewonnen. Die Isolate zeigten charakteristische quantitative Reaktionen auf die fungistatische Aktivität von fünf Actinomyceten, die im Labor als Zufallskontaminanten auftraten und von Feldmaterial stammten. Streptomyces albidoflavus, S. albus, S. diastaticus, Streptomyces sp. und Streptoverticillium sp. konntenihrem wachstumshemmenden Potential entsprechend geordnet werden, wobei S. albus die stärkste und Streptomyces sp. die niedrigste Hemmung zeigte. Die Reaktionen der Pilze variierten in Abhängigkeit von den getesteten Actinomyceten, doch zwei Hauptgruppen lie,en sich unterscheiden: Gruppe A umf,te die Isolate, die von der Nähe der Actinomyceten weniger gehemmt wurden, und Gruppe B die Isolate, die bei allen Versuchen eine hohe Sensitivität zeigten. Typische Vertreter der Gruppe A waren Diaporthe arctii, Phomopsis longicolla sowie die von Xanthium italicum stammenden Phomopsis -Kulturen vom Typ 1. Typische Repräsentanten der Gruppe B waren Diaporthe/Phomopsis helianthi, die von X. italicum stammenden Phomopsis -Kulturen vom Typ 2 sowie von Lactuca serriola stammende Isolate. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Unterschiede zwischen D. arctii und D. helianthi und bestätigen die Bedeutung physiologischer Aspekte von Isolaten innerhalb derselben Gattung bei der Betrachtung taxonomischer Probleme in der Coelomyceten-Gattung Phomopsis. [source] A 5-Year Prospective Evaluation of DSM-IV Alcohol Dependence With and Without a Physiological ComponentALCOHOLISM, Issue 5 2003M. A. Schuckit Background: The DSM-III-R removed tolerance and withdrawal as required elements for a diagnosis of alcohol dependence. Although this practice was continued in DSM-IV, the more recent manual asked clinicians to note whether physiological aspects of withdrawal (tolerance and withdrawal) had ever been experienced. Few studies have determined the prognostic meaning of a history of a physiological component to DSM-IV alcohol dependence. Methods: Face-to-face structured interviews were used to evaluate the course of alcohol, drug, and psychiatric problems during the subsequent 5 years for 1094 alcohol-dependent men and women. These subjects had been classified into subgroups at the time of initial interview regarding evidence of tolerance or withdrawal, and all evaluations were based on DSM-IV criteria. At baseline, the application of DSM-IV diagnostic guidelines resulted in 649 (59.3%) individuals having a history of an alcohol withdrawal syndrome, with or without tolerance (group 1); 391 (35.7%) with histories of tolerance but not withdrawal (group 2); and 54 (4.9%) with no lifetime histories of tolerance or withdrawal (group 3). Results: During the 5-year follow-up, both the broad (group 1 plus 2 versus group 3) and narrow (group 1 versus group 2 plus group 3) definitions of physiological dependence were associated with more alcohol and drug problems. However, for most items, this differential primarily reflected differences between groups 1 and 3, with a less impressive effect by group 2. Although no group differences were noted for the rate of independent major depressive episodes, substance-induced depressions did differentiate among groups, a finding also most closely related to the distinction between groups 1 and 3. Conclusions: These data support the prognostic importance of noting the presence of a physiological component in alcohol dependence and indicate the potential relevance of limiting the definition of a physiological component to withdrawal. [source] Cytoplasmic localization during testicular biogenesis of the murine mRNA for Spam1 (PH-20), a protein involved in acrosomal exocytosisMOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2004Carlos R. Morales Abstract The Sperm Adhesion Molecule1 (SPAM1) is the most widely conserved sperm antigen with important roles in mammalian fertilization. Light and electron microscopy were used to localize, by in situ hybridization, the cellular and subcellular sites of Spam1 mRNA in the murine testis. Transcripts were first detected in step 3 round spermatids, gradually increased until step 8 and abruptly decreased between steps 9,11. They were predominantly localized near the ER and were not dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Spam1 is present on both the head and tail of sperm in the seminiferous tubules, and provided support for transcriptional regulation of its transcript. Immunocytochemistry confirmed the location of Spam1 on the tail of testicular sperm and demonstrated that it is localized to both the principal piece and the midpiece. Spam1 on epididymal sperm is localized to the midpiece of the tail and changes from a uniform distribution on the head in the caput to a regionalized pattern, first on the posterior and then on the anterior head, in caudal sperm. Spam1 on the surface of caudal sperm was shown to mediate the increase in acrosome reactions induced by the synergistic effects of HA and progesterone, as confirmed in sperm from the Rb(6.16) translocation-bearing mice which are Spam1 mutants. The similar response of human and mouse sperm to these agonists of the acrosome reaction, underscores the usefulness of the mouse as a model to study physiological aspects of SPAM1 in humans where, unlike the mouse, it is the only sperm hyaluronidase. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 69: 475,482, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Cellular mechanisms of potassium transport in plantsPHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM, Issue 4 2008Dev T. Britto Potassium (K+) is the most abundant ion in the plant cell and is required for a wide array of functions, ranging from the maintenance of electrical potential gradients across cell membranes, to the generation of turgor, to the activation of numerous enzymes. The majority of these functions depend more or less directly upon the activities and regulation of membrane-bound K+ transport proteins, operating over a wide range of K+ concentrations. Here, we review the physiological aspects of potassium transport systems in the plasma membrane, re-examining fundamental problems in the field such as the distinctions between high- and low-affinity transport systems, the interactions between K+ and other ions such as NH4+ and Na+, the regulation of cellular K+ pools, the generation of electrical potentials and the problems involved in measurement of unidirectional K+ fluxes. We place these discussions in the context of recent discoveries in the molecular biology of K+ acquisition and produce an overview of gene families encoding K+ transporters. [source] Some critical issues in environmental physiology of grapevines: future challenges and current limitationsAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF GRAPE AND WINE RESEARCH, Issue 2010H.R. SCHULTZ Abstract The rapidly increasing world population and the scarcity of suitable land for agricultural food production together with a changing climate will ultimately put pressure on grape-producing areas for the use of land and the input of resources. For most grape-producing areas, the predicted developments in climate will be identical to becoming more marginal for quality production and/or to be forced to improve resource management. This will have a pronounced impact on grapevine physiology, biochemistry and ultimately production methods. Research in the entire area of stress physiology, from the gene to the whole plant and vineyard level (including soils) will need to be expanded to aid in the mitigation of arising problems. In this review, we elaborate on some key issues in environmental stress physiology such as efficient water use to illustrate some of the challenges, current limitations and future possibilities of certain experimental techniques and/or data interpretations. Key regulatory mechanisms in the control of stomatal conductance are treated in some detail and several future research directions are outlined. Diverse physiological aspects such as the functional role of aquaporins, the importance of mesophyll conductance in leaf physiology, night-time water use and respiration under environmental constraints are discussed. New developments for improved resource management (mainly water) such as the use of remote sensing and thermal imagery technologies are also reviewed. Specific cases where our experimental systems are limited or where research has been largely discontinued (i.e. stomatal patchiness) are treated and some promising new developments, such as the use of coupled structural functional models to assess for environmental stress effects on a whole-plant or canopy level are outlined. Finally, the status quo and research challenges around the ,CO2 -problem' are presented, an area which is highly significant for the study of ,the future' of the grape and wine industry, but where substantial financial commitment is needed. [source] Fluorene and phenanthrene uptake by Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17514: Kinetics and physiological aspectsBIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 3 2005Ana C. Rodrigues Abstract Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17514 was used as a model strain to investigate the characteristics of bacterial growth in the presence of solid fluorene and phenanthrene. Despite the lower water-solubility of phenanthrene, P. putida degraded this polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) at a maximum observed rate of 1.4 ± 0.1 mg L,1 h,1, higher than the apparent degradation rate of fluorene, 0.8 ± 0.07 mg L,1 h,1. The role of physiological processes on the biodegradation of these PAHs was analyzed and two different uptake strategies were identified. Zeta potential measurements revealed that phenanthrene-grown cells were slightly more negatively charged (,57.5 ± 4.7 mV) than fluorene-grown cells (,51.6 ± 4.9 mV), but much more negatively charged than glucose-grown cells (,26.8 ± 3.3 mV), suggesting that the PAH substrate induced modifications on the physical properties of bacterial surfaces. Furthermore, protein-to-exopolysaccharide ratios detected during bacterial growth on phenanthrene were typical of biofilms developed under physicochemical stress conditions, caused by the presence of sparingly water-soluble chemicals as the sole carbon and energy source for growth, the maximum value for TP/EPS during growth on phenanthrene (1.9) being lower than the one obtained with fluorene (5.5). Finally, confocal laser microscopy observations using a gfp -labeled derivative strain revealed that, in the presence of phenanthrene, P. putida::gfp cells formed a biofilm on accessible crystal surfaces, whereas in the presence of fluorene the strain grew randomly between the crystal clusters. The results showed that P. putida was able to overcome the lower aqueous solubility of phenanthrene by adhering to the solid PAH throughout the production of extracellular polymeric substances, thus promoting the availability and uptake of such a hydrophobic compound. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Inner retinal ischaemia: current understanding and needs for further investigationsACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 4 2009Toke Bek Abstract. Inner retinal ischaemia is involved in the pathogenesis of major vision-threatening diseases such as retinal vein thrombosis, diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. However, the pathogenesis of inner retinal ischaemia has not been fully elucidated, which represents an impediment to the development and improvement of techniques to prevent and treat these diseases on a rational basis. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current knowledge of the pathophysiology of inner retinal ischaemia, including clinical, anatomical and physiological aspects of disease development. It is suggested that chronic inner retinal ischaemia caused by capillary occlusion may develop secondary to an increase in hydrostatic pressure in the vessels. Further knowledge of the pathophysiology of inner retinal ischaemia can be obtained by identifying the mechanisms that lead to increased hydrostatic pressure in the capillary bed and establishing the structural and functional basis for the different response patterns in the central and peripheral areas of the retina that develop secondary to this increased hydrostatic pressure. Further elucidation of these unknown response patterns requires both in vitro and in vivo studies of retinal vascular pathophysiology. It is conceivable that a more detailed knowledge of these response patterns may help in the design of new treatments for retinal ischaemia and its vision-threatening consequences. [source] | ||||||||||||||||