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Pharmaceutical Market (pharmaceutical + market)
Selected AbstractsNew guideline for tramadol usage following adverse drug reactions reported to the Iranian pharmacovigilance center,PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 2 2007K. Gholami Pharm D Abstract Background Tramadol was introduced as injection and oral form to Iranian Pharmaceutical Market in 2002. Shortly after, the injection form of the drug was observed at the top of suspected drug list of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) received monthly by Iranian Pharmacovigilance Center (IPC). Objectives To detect, assess and report total number of Tramadol-induced ADRs received by IPC. To assess the frequency of reported Tramadol-induced ADRs before and after interventions. To design a guideline for prevention of probable ADRs due to Tramadol injection. Methods A descriptive study was conducted on spontaneous reporting received by IPC from April 2002 to February 2005. All ADRs suspected to be induced by Tramadol registered in the database during mentioned period were analysed. To assess the effect of different interventions based on Spontaneous Reporting System, the trend of reporting frequency of Tramadol-induced ADRs was evaluated before and after interventions. Results There were 337 cases of Tramadol-induced ADRs describing 939 reactions, reported to IPC during the study period. Although causal relationship had not been established, three cases of deaths appeared among the reports. The severity of reactions led to implementation of limitations on injectable Tramadol distribution to community pharmacies and the restriction of its use to hospitals only. Since most adverse reactions were dose-dependent, the drug potency of injectable Tramadol available in the country changed from 100,mg to 50,mg. The assessment of ADR reports received by IPC showed that the frequency of adverse reactions registered in the centre was reduced considerably following these interventions. Conclusion Designing a detailed programme by Pharmacovigilance Centres and closely monitoring of newly marketed pharmaceutical products is highly recommended. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Examining the link between price regulation and pharmaceutical R&D investmentHEALTH ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2005John A. Vernon Abstract This paper examines the link between price regulation and pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) investment. I identify two mechanisms through which price regulation may exert an influence on R&D: an expected-profit effect and a cash-flow effect. Using established models of the determinants of pharmaceutical R&D, I exploit a unique fact to quantify firm exposure to pharmaceutical price regulation: relative to the rest of the world, the U.S. pharmaceutical market is largely unregulated with respect to price. Using this fact within the context of a system of quasi-structural equations, I simulate how a new policy regulating pharmaceutical prices in the U.S. will affect R&D investment. I find that such a policy will lead to a decline in industry R&D by between 23.4 and 32.7%. This prediction, however, is accompanied by several caveats. Moreover, it says nothing about the implications for social welfare; therefore, these issues are also discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and Access to Medication: Does Egypt Have Sufficient Safeguards Against Potential Public Health Implications of the AgreementTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 1 2010Heba Wanis The implementation of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) in Egypt raised concerns over public health implications, resulting from pharmaceutical patents, especially because the Egyptian pharmaceutical industry is heavily dependent on generic production. The current level of global competition in the pharmaceutical market, together with the lack of local pharmaceutical research, threaten the industry, and, as a result, access to affordable medication is expected to be impaired. Determinants of access to medicines are analysed. An epidemiological overview of the most prevalent diseases in Egypt has been done in light of the results of surveys about changes in medicine prices and availability, to speculate about potential limitations in access to medicines. Considering domestic pharmaceutical pricing and marketing regulations, which are mainly concerned with affordability, together with the flexibilities in the TRIPS Agreement, short-term solutions to potential access problems will be possible. Egypt has the necessary theoretical safeguards against negative implications of the TRIPS Agreement on access to treatment. However, this does not necessarily mean that these safeguards will be implemented in a way that will protect against the implications of patent protection on medicines in the long term. [source] An overview of pharmaceutical policy in four countries: France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United KingdomINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2005Elias Mossialos The regulation of pharmaceutical markets is an important policy concern in many countries, and is generally undertaken with cost containment, efficiency, quality and equity objectives in mind. This article presents an overview of the demand-side and supply-side regulatory measures that have been introduced in four European countries, namely France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. More specifically, after considering some of the trends in pharmaceutical expenditure in these four countries over recent decades, the article considers the policies that have been introduced to influence patient demand, health care provider behaviour and the pharmaceutical industry. Since many of the policies are concurrently applied, it is difficult to assess the isolated impact of each, particularly because the effect of particular policies may often be country specific. However, it is clear that there is no overriding perfect solution to balancing the cost containment, efficiency, quality and equity objectives in pharmaceutical policy. No one policy or policy combination is right for all countries, and different countries will need to meet their own objectives through policy approaches that reflect their own particular environment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||