Peritoneal Fluid (peritoneal + fluid)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Distribution within Medical Sciences


Selected Abstracts


Effect of Age and Abomasal Puncture on Peritoneal Fluid, Hematology, and Serum Biochemical Analyses in Young Calves

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2005
Luiz Claudio N. Mendes
The goals of this study were to evaluate techniques for collection of peritoneal fluid from calves, establish reference ranges for fibrinogen in peritoneal fluid during the 1st month of life, and determine if abomasal puncture would alter peritoneal fluid or hematologic variables. Twenty-two healthy Holstein calves underwent 3 peritoneal fluid collections on day 1, day 15, and day 30 of age. Fibrinogen concentration in peritoneal fluid was 0.20 g/dL and 0.10 g/dL (P < .05) for day 1 and day 30, respectively, and 0.10 at day 15 (P > .05) for calves without abomasal puncture. Plasma fibrinogen concentration was 0.60 g/dL and 0.70 g/dL (P < .05) for days 15 and 30, respectively, in calves without abomasal puncture. There were no significant differences (P, .05) in peritoneal fluid and peripheral blood total protein and fibrinogen concentrations, specific gravity, total and differential cell count, or erythrocyte counts between calves with or without abomasal puncture. We concluded that the reference ranges established for fibrinogen and total protein concentration are important for accurate evaluation of peritoneal fluid in calves for further comparison with similar-aged animals with gastrointestinal-tract or abdominal-cavity disease. Additionally, accidental abomasal puncture does not alter values of fibrinogen, total protein, and nucleated cell count in peritoneal fluid and does not cause apparent clinical abnormalities. [source]


ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effects of Peritoneal Fluid from Endometriosis Patients on Interferon-,-Induced Protein-10 (CXCL10) and Interleukin-8 (CXCL8) Released by Neutrophils and CD4+ T Cells

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
Ji-Yeon Kim
Problem, Intraperitoneal immuno-inflammatory changes may be associated with the pathogenesis of endometriosis. We evaluated the effects of peritoneal fluid obtained from patients with endometriosis (ePF) on the release of interferon-,-induced protein-10 (IP-10/CXCL10) and interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) by neutrophils, CD4+ T cells, and monocytes. Method of study, Neutrophils, CD4+ T cells, and monocytes were cultured with ePF and the chemokine levels in the supernatants were then measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results, The addition of ePF to cultures of CD4+ T cells led to a significant increase in the release of IP-10 when compared with control PF without endometriosis (cPF). There was a positive correlation between the levels of IL-8 and IP-10 in ePF (R = 0.89, P = 0.041), but not between the levels of IP-10 and IL-8 released by neutrophils, CD4+ T cells, and monocytes. The levels of IP-10 in ePF were positively correlated with the release of IP-10 by ePF-treated neutrophils (R = 0.89, P < 0.001), CD4+ T cells (R = 0.93, P < 0.001), and monocytes (R = 0.70, P = 0.01). Moreover, the addition of ePF significantly enhanced the interferon-,-induced release of IP-10 by nuetrophils and CD4+ T cells. Conclusion, These findings suggest that neutrophils and T cells release differential levels of IP-10 and IL-8 in response to stimulation with ePF, and that these cells are a major source of IP-10 in the PF of endometriosis patients. [source]


Beneficial effects of growth hormone on bacterial translocation during the course of acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats

JOURNAL OF DIGESTIVE DISEASES, Issue 1 2001
Wang Xingpeng
OBJECTIVE: Because bacterial translocation from the gut is one of the important sources of bacterial infection in acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP), and growth hormone (GH) has the ability to promote intestinal epithelial proliferation, we investigated the effects of GH on bacterial translocation in a rat ANP model. METHODS: Acute necrotizing pancreatitis was induced in rats via injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct. The rats with ANP were treated with either human recombinant GH or a placebo. Laparotomized animals without ANP induction (sham operation) served as controls. Twenty-four hours after the operation, blood was drawn for bacterial culture and determinations of amylase, lipase and endotoxin. Peritoneal fluid and specimens of mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), liver, pancreas and spleen were taken for bacterial culture by standard techniques. Intestinal mucosal permeability was assessed by measuring the movement of [125I]-labeled albumin from blood to the intestinal lumen. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA was detected in the liver and ileum by reverse transcription,polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Morphological changes in the pancreas and ileum were also analyzed. RESULTS: Administration of GH significantly decreased the activity of serum amylase and lipase, decreased the plasma endotoxin level and reduced the incidence of bacterial translocation. Moreover, the survival rate of ANP rats was improved. The severity of inflammation in the pancreas and ileum was reduced by GH treatment. Ileal mucosal thickness, villus height and crypt depth in GH-treated rats were obviously increased as compared with those of ANP rats. The intestinal permeability was markedly decreased in the GH group as compared with the ANP group. GH treatment resulted in upregulation of IGF-1 mRNA expression in ileum, but not in liver. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that exogenous GH has beneficial effects in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier and reducing the incidence of bacterial translocation in rats with ANP. One of the mechanisms might be the upregulation of IGF-1 mRNA in the intestine by GH. [source]


ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Leptin on Peritoneal Macrophages of Patients with Endometriosis

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2010
Meng-Hsing Wu
Citation Wu M-H, Huang M-F, Chang F-M, Tsai S-J. Leptin on peritoneal macrophages of patients with endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 214,221 Problem, The expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is considered as a marker of macrophage activation and has been implicated in the development of endometriosis. Leptin is an immunomodulator, which may also affect the development of endometriosis. However, how leptin contributes to these pathological processes has not been completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of leptin on peritoneal macrophages and its relationship with endometriosis. Methods of study, Peritoneal fluid from 60 women of reproductive age was obtained while they underwent laparoscopy. Forty patients had endometriosis and 20 patients did not have endometriosis. The concentration of leptin in the peritoneal fluid and prostaglandin F2, levels was measured by ELISA, and the other protein expression using Western blot when peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with leptin. Results, Concentration of leptin in peritoneal fluid was increased in patients with endometriosis compared with disease-free normal control. Functional leptin receptor was present in peritoneal macrophages. Treatment of peritoneal macrophages with leptin induced COX-2 expression. Production of prostaglandin F2, by peritoneal macrophages was increased after leptin stimulation in women with endometriosis. Conclusion, Elevated concentration of leptin in peritoneal fluid may contribute to the pathological process of endometriosis through activation of peritoneal macrophages. [source]


Intraoperative cytology of clear cell carcinoma of the ovary

CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 6 2006
D. Vrdoljak-Mozeti
Objective:, To describe the cytomorphology of clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the ovary in intraoperative samples of peritoneal fluid, imprint and scraping samples of the tumour tissue. Study design:, Fourteen histologically confirmed cases, stained by standard cytological procedures, were analysed by light microscopy. Results:, In 33.3% of peritoneal fluid samples and 92.9% of imprint and scraping cytological samples, besides variable clear cell cellular morphology, one or both distinct cytological characteristics were observed: eosinophilic, hyaline, extracellular, globular substance with or without formation of a ,raspberry' body and an eosinophilic, intracytoplasmic inclusions. These structures were clearly seen only in samples stained by May-Grünwald,Giemsa. Conclusion:, Using cytological analysis of imprint and scraping samples of ovarian tumours it is possible to make a precise intraoperative cytological diagnosis in most cases of CCC of the ovary. [source]


Metastatic epithelioid angiosarcoma of the heart in peritoneal fluid

DIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2004
Anjali Saqi M.D.
Abstract Angiosarcoma is the most common malignant neoplasm of the heart. Recurrent pericardial effusions are a common manifestation of cardiac angiosarcomas. The diagnosis of metastatic disease in effusions is often established histologically; few cases have been described in exfoliative cytology. We report a case of metastatic cardiac epithelioid angiosarcoma in peritoneal fluid. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:350,352. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


Cardiopulmonary, blood and peritoneal fluid alterations associated with abdominal insufflation of carbon dioxide in standing horses

EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 3 2003
F. G. LATIMER
Summary Reasons for performing study: Abdominal insufflation is performed routinely during laparoscopy in horses to improve visualisation and facilitate instrument and visceral manipulations during surgery. It has been shown that high-pressure pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide (CO2) has deleterious cardiopulmonary effects in dorsally recumbent, mechanically ventilated, halothane-anaesthetised horses. There is no information on the effects of CO2 pneumoperitoneum on cardiopulmonary function and haematology, plasma chemistry and peritoneal fluid (PF) variables in standing sedated horses during laparoscopic surgery. Objectives: To determine the effects of high pressure CO2 pneumoperitoneum in standing sedated horses on cardiopulmonary function, blood gas, haematology, plasma chemistry and PF variables. Methods: Six healthy, mature horses were sedated with an i.v. bolus of detomidine (0.02 mg/kg bwt) and butorphanol (0.02 mg/kg bwt) and instrumented to determine the changes in cardiopulmonary function, haematology, serum chemistry and PF values during and after pneumoperitoneum with CO2 to 15 mmHg pressure for standing laparoscopy. Each horse was assigned at random to either a standing left flank exploratory laparoscopy (LFL) with CO2 pneumoperitoneum or sham procedure (SLFL) without insufflation, and instrumented for measurement of cardiopulmonary variables. Each horse underwent a second procedure in crossover fashion one month later so that all 6 horses had both an LFL and SLFL performed. Cardiopulmonary variables and blood gas analyses were obtained 5 mins after sedation and every 15 mins during 60 mins baseline (BL), insufflation (15 mmHg) and desufflation. Haematology, serum chemistry analysis and PF analysis were performed at BL, insufflation and desufflation, and 24 h after the conclusion of each procedure. Results: Significant decreases in heart rate, cardiac output and cardiac index and significant increases in mean right atrial pressure, systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary vascular resistance were recorded immediately after and during sedation in both groups of horses. Pneumoperitoneum with CO2 at 15 mmHg had no significant effect on cardiopulmonary function during surgery. There were no significant differences in blood gas, haematology or plasma chemistry values within or between groups at any time interval during the study. There was a significant increase in the PF total nucleated cell count 24 h following LFL compared to baseline values for LFL or SLFL at 24 h. There were no differences in PF protein concentrations within or between groups at any time interval. Conclusions: Pneumoperitoneum with CO2 during standing laparoscopy in healthy horses does not cause adverse alterations in cardiopulmonary, haematology or plasma chemistry variables, but does induce a mild inflammatory response within the peritoneal cavity. Potential relevance: High pressure (15 mmHg) pneumoperitoneum in standing sedated mature horses for laparoscopic surgery can be performed safely without any short-term or cumulative adverse effects on haemodynamic or cardiopulmonary function. [source]


Pathology associated with retained fishing hooks in blue sharks, Prionace glauca (L.), with implications for their conservation

JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES, Issue 9 2002
J Borucinska
Fishing hooks retained from previous capture events were found in 6 of 211 blue sharks, Prionace glauca (L.), landed in the summers of 1999 and 2000 by recreational fishermen off Long Island (New York, USA). The hooks were embedded within the distal oesophagus (n=3), or perforated the gastric wall (n=3) and lacerated the liver (n=2). The hooks were surrounded by excessive fibronecrotic tissue which ablated the normal anatomical structures and in the three sharks with oesophageal hooks caused partial luminal obstruction. Accompanying lesions included oesophagitis, gastritis, hepatitis and proliferative peritonitis. Aeromonas sp. and Vibrio sp. were isolated from the peritoneal fluid of one shark with peritonitis and intralesional bacteria were seen on histological examination in all sharks. This is the first report of the prevalence and pathology of retained fishing hooks in a large number of wild-caught sharks. [source]


Immunological factors and their role in the genesis and development of endometriosis ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED

JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY RESEARCH (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2006
Charalambos Siristatidis
Abstract The article presents an overview of immunological factors and their role in the genesis and development of endometriosis, with emphasis on inflammatory cytokines and growth and adhesion factors. Although retrograde menstruation is a common phenomenon among women of reproductive age, not all women with retrograde menstruation suffer the disease. Development of endometriosis seems to be a complex process, facilitated by several factors, including quantity and quality of endometrial cells in peritoneal fluid (PF), increased inflammatory activity in PF, increased endometrial,peritoneal adhesion and angiogenesis, reduced immune surveillance and clearance of endometrial cells, and increased production of autoantibodies against endometrial cells. Potential biomarkers like cytokines and autoantibodies, upregulated during development of endometriosis, seem useful in the development of a non-surgical diagnostic tool. In this review work, the immune role in endometriosis is examined through the role of immunological factors in the genesis and development of the disease. Furthermore, it could be concluded that, although endometriosis can be treated using hormonal suppression, there is a need today for non-hormonal drugs, probably to modulate immune function, in order to confront the disease and alleviate pain or infertility without inhibition of ovulation. [source]


Primary omental ectopic pregnancy

JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY RESEARCH (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2004
Wai Chung Wong
Abstract Omental ectopic pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy. Presented here is a case primary omental ectopic pregnancy according to Studdiford's criteria. This patient presented with epigastric pain and anemia without vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal or pelvic pain. Pregnancy status was confirmed after admission. Transvaginal ultrasound examination revealed intrauterine contraceptive device in situ and a large amount of free peritoneal fluid, but no intrauterine sac or adnexal mass. Laparoscopy was performed but pelvic pathology did not account for the 2500 mL of haemoperitoneum. Laparotomy was carried out and partial omentectomy was performed. [source]


Diaphragmatic hernia in horses: 44 cases (1986,2006)

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE, Issue 4 2009
Samantha K. Hart BVMS (Hons)
Abstract Objectives , To present a case series of horses diagnosed with diaphragmatic hernia, and to determine the significance of (1) historical information, examination findings, and laboratory data; and (2) exploratory laparotomy or necropsy findings on short- and long-term outcome. Setting , University Referral Hospital. Design , Retrospective study. Animals , Forty-four horses/foals admitted between 1986 and 2006 with a diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia made either at exploratory laparotomy or necropsy. Interventions , None. Measurements and Main Results , Information from the medical records included history, clinical examination findings at presentation, and findings of exploratory laparotomy or necropsy. Logistic regression or the Fisher exact test was used to determine factors associated with survival. Outcome was defined as survival to discharge (short-term survival), and long-term survival was defined as horses alive at least 1-year post surgery. Of the 44 horses, 18 died or were euthanized before surgery. Twenty-six were taken to surgery, 17 were euthanized. Nine horses recovered from anesthesia, 7 of which survived to hospital discharge. Of these, 5 were alive at long-term follow-up. Survival was significantly associated with the age of the horse (,2 y old) at presentation, presence of normal peritoneal fluid at presentation, amount of compromised viscera at surgery (<50% small intestine), and the size (<10 cm) and location (ventral) of the diaphragmatic tear. Conclusion , This study confirms that size and location of the lesion do play a significant role in prognosis. And, although the prognosis for horses with diaphragmatic hernia is poor, if horses have operable lesions there is a fair prognosis for long-term survival. [source]


The use of clinical findings in the identification of equine peritonitis cases that respond favorably to medical therapy

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE, Issue 4 2007
DACVECC, DACVS, Louise L. Southwood BVSc
Abstract Objective: To compare clinical findings in horses/foals with peritonitis that: (1) had no concurrent (NCA) versus a concurrent abnormality found during hospitalization, (2) survived to discharge versus did not survive to discharge, and (3) survived to discharge without surgery versus did not survive to discharge without surgery. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals at New Bolton Center. Animals: Horses/foals admitted between 1992 and 2002 with a diagnosis of peritonitis. A diagnosis of peritonitis within 4 days of presentation and peritoneal fluid nucleated cell count >10,000/,L were required for study inclusion. Horses/foals were excluded if the peritonitis was secondary to gastrointestinal or reproductive tract perforation, a complication of exploratory celiotomy, or if peritonitis was not diagnosed until surgery or necropsy. Interventions: None. Measurements and main results: Information obtained from the medical records included clinical findings at presentation and during the initial 4 days of hospitalization. Outcome was defined as: (1) NCA (yes/no), (2) survived to discharge (yes/no), and (3) survived to discharge without surgery (yes/no). Forty-two percent (23/55) of horses/foals had NCA; 78% (43/55) survived to discharge, and 68% (36/55) survived to discharge without surgery. Horses/foals with peritonitis that had any one of the following clinical findings were likely to survive to discharge without surgery: no signs of abdominal pain, normal/improved rectal temperature, normal/improved intestinal borborygmi, normal fecal production, no abnormal findings on abdominal palpation per rectum, no nasogastric reflux, or yellow/orange peritoneal fluid. Conclusion: Clinical findings can be used to identify equine peritonitis cases that will respond favorably to medical therapy. [source]


Effects of Lidocaine Infusion during Experimental Endotoxemia in Horses

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 4 2010
J.R. Peiró
Background: The clinical efficacy of IV infusion of lidocaine for treatment of equine endotoxemia has not been studied. Hypothesis: Lidocaine infusion after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) will inhibit the inflammatory response and have inhibitory effects on the hemodynamic and cytokine responses to endotoxemia. Animals: Twelve horses. Methods: Two equal groups (n = 6): saline (GI) and lidocaine (GII). In all animals, endotoxin (500 ng/kg body weight [BW]) was injected intraperitoneally over 5 minutes. Twenty minutes later, animals received a bolus of GI or GII (1.3 mg/kg BW) over 5 minutes, followed by a 6-hour continuous rate infusion of GI or GII (0.05 mg/kg BW/min). Treatment efficacy was judged from change in arterial blood pressure, peripheral blood and peritoneal fluid (PF) variables (total and differential cell counts, enzyme activities, and cytokine concentrations), and clinical scores (CS) for behavioral evidence of abdominal pain or discomfort during the study. Results: Compared with the control group, horses treated with lidocaine had significantly lower CS and serum and PF tumor necrosis factor-, (TNF-,) activity. At several time points in both groups, total and differential cell counts, glucose, total protein and fibrinogen concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, and TNF-, activities were significantly different from baseline values both in peripheral blood and in PF. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Lidocaine significantly decreased severity of CS and inhibited TNF-, activity in PF. [source]


Effect of Age and Abomasal Puncture on Peritoneal Fluid, Hematology, and Serum Biochemical Analyses in Young Calves

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2005
Luiz Claudio N. Mendes
The goals of this study were to evaluate techniques for collection of peritoneal fluid from calves, establish reference ranges for fibrinogen in peritoneal fluid during the 1st month of life, and determine if abomasal puncture would alter peritoneal fluid or hematologic variables. Twenty-two healthy Holstein calves underwent 3 peritoneal fluid collections on day 1, day 15, and day 30 of age. Fibrinogen concentration in peritoneal fluid was 0.20 g/dL and 0.10 g/dL (P < .05) for day 1 and day 30, respectively, and 0.10 at day 15 (P > .05) for calves without abomasal puncture. Plasma fibrinogen concentration was 0.60 g/dL and 0.70 g/dL (P < .05) for days 15 and 30, respectively, in calves without abomasal puncture. There were no significant differences (P, .05) in peritoneal fluid and peripheral blood total protein and fibrinogen concentrations, specific gravity, total and differential cell count, or erythrocyte counts between calves with or without abomasal puncture. We concluded that the reference ranges established for fibrinogen and total protein concentration are important for accurate evaluation of peritoneal fluid in calves for further comparison with similar-aged animals with gastrointestinal-tract or abdominal-cavity disease. Additionally, accidental abomasal puncture does not alter values of fibrinogen, total protein, and nucleated cell count in peritoneal fluid and does not cause apparent clinical abnormalities. [source]


Pharmacokinetics of oral doxycycline and concentrations in body fluids and bronchoalveolar cells of foals

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 3 2007
A. WOMBLE
The objective of this study was to determine the disposition of orally administered doxycycline in foals. Six healthy 4- to 8-week-old foals were used. Doxycycline was administered to each foal via the intragastric (IG) route at dosages of 10 and 20 mg/kg, in a cross-over design. After the first 10 mg/kg dose, five additional doses were administered at 12-h intervals. A microbiological assay was used to measure doxycycline activity in serum, urine, peritoneal fluid, synovial fluid, cerebrospinal (CSF), pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF), and bronchoalveolar (BAL) cells. Following administration at 10 mg/kg, mean ± SD time to peak serum doxycycline activity (tmax) was 3.0 ± 1.2 h, maximum serum activity (Cmax) was 2.54 ± 0.27 ,g/mL, and terminal half-life (t1/2) was 8.5 ± 2.8 h. Administration at a dose of 20 mg/kg resulted in a significantly longer tmax (5.5 ± 1.8 h) as well as a tendency toward higher Cmax (2.89 ± 0.33 ,g/mL) and longer t1/2 (11.9 ± 2.6 h). After multiple IG doses, doxycycline activity in CSF was significantly lower than concurrent serum activity, whereas peritoneal fluid, synovial fluid, and BAL cell doxycycline activity was similar to concurrent serum activity. Doxycycline activity in urine and PELF was significantly higher than that found at other sites. Oral administration at a dosage of 10 mg/kg every 12 h would maintain serum, PELF, and BAL cell activity above the minimum inhibitory concentrations of Rhodococcus equi, , -hemolytic streptococci, and other susceptible bacterial pathogens for the entire dosing interval. [source]


ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Leptin on Peritoneal Macrophages of Patients with Endometriosis

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2010
Meng-Hsing Wu
Citation Wu M-H, Huang M-F, Chang F-M, Tsai S-J. Leptin on peritoneal macrophages of patients with endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 214,221 Problem, The expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is considered as a marker of macrophage activation and has been implicated in the development of endometriosis. Leptin is an immunomodulator, which may also affect the development of endometriosis. However, how leptin contributes to these pathological processes has not been completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of leptin on peritoneal macrophages and its relationship with endometriosis. Methods of study, Peritoneal fluid from 60 women of reproductive age was obtained while they underwent laparoscopy. Forty patients had endometriosis and 20 patients did not have endometriosis. The concentration of leptin in the peritoneal fluid and prostaglandin F2, levels was measured by ELISA, and the other protein expression using Western blot when peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with leptin. Results, Concentration of leptin in peritoneal fluid was increased in patients with endometriosis compared with disease-free normal control. Functional leptin receptor was present in peritoneal macrophages. Treatment of peritoneal macrophages with leptin induced COX-2 expression. Production of prostaglandin F2, by peritoneal macrophages was increased after leptin stimulation in women with endometriosis. Conclusion, Elevated concentration of leptin in peritoneal fluid may contribute to the pathological process of endometriosis through activation of peritoneal macrophages. [source]


ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effects of Peritoneal Fluid from Endometriosis Patients on Interferon-,-Induced Protein-10 (CXCL10) and Interleukin-8 (CXCL8) Released by Neutrophils and CD4+ T Cells

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
Ji-Yeon Kim
Problem, Intraperitoneal immuno-inflammatory changes may be associated with the pathogenesis of endometriosis. We evaluated the effects of peritoneal fluid obtained from patients with endometriosis (ePF) on the release of interferon-,-induced protein-10 (IP-10/CXCL10) and interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) by neutrophils, CD4+ T cells, and monocytes. Method of study, Neutrophils, CD4+ T cells, and monocytes were cultured with ePF and the chemokine levels in the supernatants were then measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results, The addition of ePF to cultures of CD4+ T cells led to a significant increase in the release of IP-10 when compared with control PF without endometriosis (cPF). There was a positive correlation between the levels of IL-8 and IP-10 in ePF (R = 0.89, P = 0.041), but not between the levels of IP-10 and IL-8 released by neutrophils, CD4+ T cells, and monocytes. The levels of IP-10 in ePF were positively correlated with the release of IP-10 by ePF-treated neutrophils (R = 0.89, P < 0.001), CD4+ T cells (R = 0.93, P < 0.001), and monocytes (R = 0.70, P = 0.01). Moreover, the addition of ePF significantly enhanced the interferon-,-induced release of IP-10 by nuetrophils and CD4+ T cells. Conclusion, These findings suggest that neutrophils and T cells release differential levels of IP-10 and IL-8 in response to stimulation with ePF, and that these cells are a major source of IP-10 in the PF of endometriosis patients. [source]


Myeloperoxidase response to peritonitis in an experimental model

ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 12 2003
Veronica Yao
Introduction: Patients with peritonitis often exhibit systemic manifestations of sepsis, especially in the lungs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the local and systemic effects of the neutrophil response to peritonitis in a rat model. Methods: Fifty Wistar rats were randomized to either a control group or a peritonitis group (5 mg zymosan intraperitoneal). Groups of five animals were killed at 4, 18, 24, 48 and 96 h for evaluation of the morphology of the peritoneum (mesothelial imprint), the number and phenotype of cells within peritoneal fluid (flow cytometry), and myeloperoxidase activity within the peritoneal fluid and distant organs (enzyme assay). Results: Zymosan produced macroscopic evidence of peritonitis and on microscopy there was disruption of peritoneal mesothelial cells. This was accompanied by an influx of neutrophils between 4 and 48 h (P < 0.001) and macrophages between 48 and 96 h (P < 0.001). There was also an increase in myeloperoxidase activity within peritoneal fluid between 4 and 48 h (P < 0.05), the lung at 4 h (P < 0.01) and the liver at 48 h (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study has confirmed the validity of using zymosan to create a low-morbidity model of peritonitis. Besides the anticipated peritoneal response, there were distant effects of neutrophil activation within the lungs and liver. In the future, strategies that modulate neutrophil activation within these organs might play a useful adjunctive role in the management of patients with peritonitis. [source]


Different roles of host and bacterial factors in Escherichia coli extra-intestinal infections

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION, Issue 4 2009
M.-C. Wang
Abstract Many host and bacterial factors contribute to the development of different Escherichia coli extra-intestinal infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the roles of host and bacterial factors in different extra-intestinal E. coli infections. A total of 221 E. coli isolates collected from urine, bile and peritoneal fluid were included in this retrospective study. Four main phylogenetic groups of E. coli, 14 genetic determinants, static biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance data were assessed, as well as the immunological status of the hosts. Group B2 was the most common phylogenetic group (30%), especially in cases of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU), urinary tract infection (UTI), acute appendicitis/gastrointestinal perforation, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), and was associated with elevated prevalence of papG III, fimH, sfa, iha, hlyA, cnf1, ompT and usp. Phylogenetic group A was most common in the isolates from asymptomatic bacteriocholia, biliary tract infection, and peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis. There was similarity with respect to both phylogenetic groups and virulence factors in strains from faeces and ABU, and in strains from faeces and SBP/PD-related peritonitis. Host characteristics were important in patients with ABU, UTI, and SBP/PD-related peritonitis. Immunocompetence of hosts was associated with a relatively high prevalence of papG II, afa and iha, and relatively low antimicrobial resistance to fluoroquinolones. This study demonstrates that, in most E. coli extra-intestinal infections, phylogenetic group B2 was predominant and was more virulent than the three other phylogenetic groups in the Taiwanese population studied. The diverse patterns of host and bacterial factors demonstrate that there were different host and bacterial factors dominating in different extra-intestinal E. coli infections. [source]


Consequences of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in liver transplant recipients: a matched control study

CLINICAL TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 6 2005
Michelle Gearhart
Abstract:, Background:, Liver transplant recipients are at high risk for multi-drug resistant infections because of broad-spectrum antibiotic and immunosuppression. This study evaluates the clinical and financial impact of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in liver transplant recipients. Methods:, Liver transplant recipients with VRE from 1995 to 2002 were identified and matched (age, gender, UNOS status, liver disease and transplant date) to controls. Demographics, clinical factors, co-infections, antibiotic use, length of stay, abdominal surgeries, biliary complications, survival and resource utilization were compared with matched controls. Results:, Nineteen patients were found to have 28 VRE infections via evaluation of microbiologic culture results of all liver transplant patients in the transplant registry. Thirty-eight non-VRE patients served as matched controls. The four most common sites VRE was cultured from included blood (35%), peritoneal fluid (35%), bile (20%), and urine (12%). Median time from transplant to infection was 48 d (range of 4,348). No significant differences in demographics were observed. The VRE group had a higher incidence of prior antibiotic use than the non-VRE group (95% vs. 34%; p < 0.05). The VRE group also experienced more abdominal surgery (20/19 vs. 3/38; p = 0.029), biliary complications (9/19 vs. 9/38; p = 0.018) and a longer length of stay (42.5 vs. 21.7 d; p = .005). Survival in the VRE group was lower (52% vs. 82%; p = 0.048). Six of the 19 VRE patients were treated with linezolid for eight infection episodes, and four of six patients survived. Eight patients were treated with quinupristin/dalfopristin for nine infections, and two of eight survived. Increased cost of care was observed in the VRE group. Laboratory costs were higher in the VRE group ($6500 vs. 1750; p = 0.02) as well. Conclusion:, VRE was associated with prior antibiotic use, multiple abdominal surgeries, biliary complications and resulted in decreased survival compared to non-VRE control patients. VRE patients also utilized more hospital resources. Linezolid showed a trend toward improved survival. [source]


Bacterial translocation in a non-lethal rat model of peritonitis

COLORECTAL DISEASE, Issue 5 2001
V. Yao
Background Bacterial translocation from the gut may occur under a variety of different clinical circumstances and has been implicated in the development of multiple organ failure. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of bacterial translocation occurring in a model of chemically induced peritonitis. We also sought to document the degree of the associated immune and inflammatory response. Methods Though a midline laparotomy, rats were injected with 5 mg of zymosan (in 0.2 ml of saline) into the subomental space. After 4, 18, 24, 48 and 96 h, a number of endpoints evaluated: intraperitoneal cellular influx, TNF-, and interleukin-6 concentrations and myeloperoxidase activity. Bacterial cultures were initiated from the free peritoneal fluid, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, lung, and kidney. Imprints were also made of the peritoneal mesothelial surface to determine its integrity. Results When comparing rats injected with zymosan with the controls, there was evidence of a peritoneal inflammatory response within 4 hours. Facultative gram negative bacteria were found to be growing in the mesenteric lymph nodes and in the peritoneal fluid at 48 h. Anaerobic organisms were also cultured from the peritoneal fluid at 48 h. No organisms were cultured from the liver, lung or kidneys. In addition there was a significant increase in intraperitoneal cell numbers (predominantly neutrophils, P < 0.05), myeloperoxidase activity (P < 0.05) and TNF-, and IL-6 concentrations (P < 0.05). There was extensive loss of the peritoneal mesothelial cells. The peritoneal inflammatory changes and bacterial translocation had resolved by 96 h. Conclusion Bacterial translocation can be induced by the presence of an acute inflammatory focus in the peritoneal cavity. The translocation and inflammatory changes were associated with extensive loss of mesothelial cells. Nonetheless, these changes all resolved, indicating that the peritoneal cavity has a significant capacity to deal with such insults. A clearer understanding of the cellular and molecular events involved in the resolution phase could lead to improvements in the treatment of peritonotis. [source]


Mycobacterial infection in a series of 1261 renal transplant recipients

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION, Issue 6 2003
J. A. Queipo
Objective To describe the incidence and clinical characteristics of mycobacterial infection in renal transplant recipients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the cases of mycobacterial infection in a series of 1261 renal transplants carried out in our Unit of Renal Transplantation from 1980 to 2000. Demographic parameters and clinical antecedents such as age, cause of end-stage renal disease, time of follow-up of the graft, previous renal function and type of immunosuppression were considered. Moreover, the clinical onset, diagnostic tools, treatment policy and evolution were studied. The pathogenesis of the different types of mycobacteria isolated was also analyzed. Diagnosis was made with the Ziehl,Neelsen staining method. Culture was performed by the conventional Löwenstein,Jensen method and the Bactec-460 radiometric method. Results We found mycobacterial infection in 27 patients (2.1%), due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 20 cases, M. kansasii in five patients, and M. fortuitum in two patients. The mean elapsed time from the renal transplant was 20.5 months; the infection appeared in 18 patients during the first eight months after transplantation. The clinical onset was pulmonary infection in 17 cases (12 M. tuberculosis and five M. kansasii); five had urinary symptoms (three M. tuberculosis and two M. fortuitum); three cases of M. tuberculosis infection had abdominal symptoms; another one began with a perineal tuberculous abscess; the rest of the patients were asymptomatic. The types of specimen on which microbiological identification was carried out were, in decreasing order: sputum and/or bronchial washing/pleural aspiration, urine, feces, gastric and peritoneal fluids, bone marrow and blood. The first-line drug isoniazid had the highest resistance index in the susceptibility test. Clinical dissemination was observed in eight patients, four of whom died. Another three patients had a significant impairment in renal function, and in one of these patients an allograft nephrectomy was necessary due to a severe septic syndrome. Conclusions Mycobacterial infection, mainly by M. tuberculosis, has an important impact on kidney transplant recipients, particularly during the first year after surgery. Diagnosis often presents some difficulties, and a delay in treatment represents a determinant factor for the evolution, with a risk of death or permanent damage in renal function. Therefore, early diagnosis is mandatory. When the Mantoux reaction is positive, antituberculous prophylaxis seems advisable. [source]