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Periodontal Diseases (periodontal + diseases)
Selected AbstractsPeriodontal diseases and health: Consensus Report of the Sixth European Workshop on PeriodontologyJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2008Denis Kinane Abstract Introduction: The remit of this group was to update the knowledge base on periodontal diseases and health. Material and Methods: The literature was systematically searched and critically reviewed in five specific topics. Results: Prevalence of periodontitis: The data suggest a trend towards a lower prevalence of periodontitis in recent years. Adverse pregnancy outcome: The findings indicate a likely association between periodontal disease and an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. There is no evidence that treating periodontal disease decreases the rate of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Prevalence and distribution of periodontal pathogens: Genetic analysis of bacteria has demonstrated an unanticipated diversity within species. Carriage rates and particular subsets of these species vary between ethnic groups. Few of these differences can be related to differences in disease prevalence. Diabetes mellitus: Evidence on the association supports the concept of increased severity but not extent of periodontitis in subjects with poorly controlled diabetes. It is inconclusive that periodontal treatment results in improved metabolic control. Cardiovascular diseases: Evidence suggests that having periodontitis contributes to the total infectious and inflammation burden and may contribute to cardiovascular events and stroke in susceptible subjects. The impact of periodontal therapy must be further investigated. [source] Periodontal diseases: current and future indications for local antimicrobial therapyORAL DISEASES, Issue 2003L Trombelli The microbial etiology of gingivitis and periodontitis provides the rationale for use of adjunctive antimicrobial agents in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Although mechanical removal of supra- and subgingival calcified and non-calcified plaque deposits has been proved effective to control the gingival inflammatory lesions as well as to halt the progression of periodontal attachment loss, some patients may experience additional benefits from the use of systemic or topical antimicrobial agents. Such agents are able to significantly affect supra- and subgingival plaque accumulation and/or suppress or eradicate periodontal pathogenic microflora. Currently, properly selected local antiseptic and systemic antibiotic therapies can provide periodontal treatment that is generally effective, low-risk and affordable. This paper will briefly review the host-related conditions in which the periodontal preventive and therapeutic approaches may be effectively assisted by a local antimicrobial regimen. Potential future indications for adjunctive local antimicrobial therapy will also be discussed. [source] Periodontal diseases in North AmericaPERIODONTOLOGY 2000, Issue 1 2002Jasim M. Albandar First page of article [source] Periodontal diseases in Central and South AmericaPERIODONTOLOGY 2000, Issue 1 2002Per Gjermo First page of article [source] Periodontal diseases in the Australian adult populationAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health. First page of article [source] Diagnosis and classification of periodontal diseaseAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 2009J Highfield Abstract Periodontal diseases have been recognized and treated for at least 5000 years. Clinicians have recognized for many years that there are apparent differences in the presentation of periodontal diseases and have attempted to classify these diseases. Systems of classifications of disease have arisen allowing clinicians to develop structures which can be used to identify diseases in relation to aetiology, pathogenesis and treatment. It allows us to organize effective treatment of our patients' diseases. Once a disease has been diagnosed and classified, the aetiology of the condition and appropriate evidence-based treatment is suggested to the clinician. Common systems of classification also allow effective communication between health care professionals using a common language. Early attempts at classification were made on the basis of the clinical characteristics of the diseases or on theories of their aetiology. These attempts were unsupported by any evidence base. As scientific knowledge expanded, conventional pathology formed the basis of classification. More recently, this has been followed by systems of classification based upon our knowledge of the various periodontal infections and the host response to them. Classification of periodontal diseases has, however, proved problematic. Over much of the last century clinicians and researchers have grappled with the problem and have assembled periodically to review or develop the classification of the various forms of periodontal disease as research has expanded our knowledge of these diseases. This has resulted in frequent revisions and changes. A classification, however, should not be regarded as a permanent structure. It must be adaptable to change and evolve with the development of new knowledge. It is expected that systems of classification will change over time. This review examines the past and present classifications of the periodontal diseases. [source] Bronchopneumonia and oral health in hospitalized older patients.GERODONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2002A pilot study Abstract Aims: To correlate microbial findings obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage in pneumonia patients with the clinical situation of the oral cavity. Method: Quantitative aerobic and anaerobic cultures were carried out in 150 ml samples of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) obtained by means of an endoscope (Video Endoscope Pentax®) inserted per as in the infected bronchus. Material: Twenty consecutive patients with a tentative clinical diagnosis of bronchopneumonia in whom BAL was carried out for diagnostic purposes. A clinical evaluation of the oral health status (oral hygiene, caries, periodontal diseases) was subsequently carried out. Results: In seven edentulous subjects wearing complete dentures the culture of anaerobic microorganisms was negative or yielding less than 100 cfu/ml BAL. Two patients yielded high counts of S. aureus and one high counts of P. aeruginosa. In the 13 subjects with natural teeth left one showed high counts of Veillonella spp. (anaerobic)+P. aeruginosa, one high counts of Veillonella spp. +S. aureus, one high counts of P. aeruginosa + S. aureus and one high counts of E. coli. These four subjects showed poor oral hygiene, periodontal pockets and a BAL microflora consistent with periodontal pathology. Conclusion: The results of this pilot study suggest that microorganisms of denture plaque or associated with periodontal diseases may give rise to aspiration pneumonia in susceptible individuals. [source] Dental hygienists' views on communicative factors and interpersonal processes in prevention and treatment of periodontal diseaseINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE, Issue 3 2010J Stenman To cite this article: Int J Dent Hygiene,8, 2010; 213,218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2010.00459.x Stenman J, Wennström JL, Abrahamsson KH. Dental hygienists' views on communicative factors and interpersonal processes in prevention and treatment of periodontal disease. Abstract:, Objective:, The aim of this study was to explore views of DHs on communicative issues and interpersonal processes of importance in the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease. Method:, The qualitative method of Grounded Theory (GT) was chosen for data sampling and analysis. Audio-taped and open-ended interviews were conducted with 17 dental hygienists. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed in a hierarchical coding process, according to the principles of GT. Result:, In the analysis a core category was identified as ,to be successful in information and oral health education and managing desirable behavioural changes'. The core concept was related to four additional categories and dimensions; (i) ,to establish a trustful relationship with the patient', (ii) ,to present information about the oral health status and to give oral hygiene instructions', (iii) ,to be professional in the role as a dental hygienist' and (iv) ,to have a supportive working environment in order to feel satisfaction with the work and to reach desirable treatment results'. Conclusion:, The results describe a psychosocial process that elucidates the importance of building a trustful relationship with the patient, feeling secure in one's professional role as a DH and last but not least, the importance of having support from colleagues and the clinical manager to be successful in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. [source] Diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseasesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE, Issue 4 2006Maria Perno Goldie No abstract is available for this article. [source] Tooth wear in two ancient populations of the Khazar Kaganat region in the UkraineINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 1 2007W. H. Arnold Abstract Tooth wear is a common phenomenon in archaeological material. It has been related to the abrasiveness of diet and to the tribological attrition of teeth of individuals. Numerous investigations have been carried out in north and middle American samples as well as African anthropological material. Not much is known about tooth wear in European cultures. Eleven skulls from Chervona Gusarovka, and 14 skulls from the Upper Saltov sites of the Khazar Kaganat region (8th,10th centuries AD) in eastern Ukraine, with different diets were examined. A total of 208 teeth were studied for tooth wear, caries prevalence and periodontal status. Abrasion grades were determined according to a standardised classification and statistically evaluated. Periodontal status was measured using the distance between the enamel-cementum junction and alveolar crest and the gingival attachment level respectively. Tooth wear was significantly different (P,<,0.01) between the two populations. A low caries prevalence of 4.2% in the Chervona Gusarovka population and 1.7% in the Upper Saltov population was found. Significantly more alveolar crest bone resorption on the lingual side was found in the premolars and anterior teeth of the Chervona Gusarovka population. No significant differences were found regarding gingival attachment levels and gingival recession. It is concluded that the content and mode of food preparation influenced tooth wear, as reflected by the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal diseases in these ancient populations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Nicotine inhibits myofibroblast differentiation in human gingival fibroblastsJOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2005Yiyu Fang Abstract Cigarette smoking has been suggested as a risk factor for several periodontal diseases. It has also been found that smokers respond less favorably than non-smokers to periodontal therapy. Previous work in our lab has shown that nicotine inhibits human gingival cell migration. Since myofibroblasts play an important role in wound closure, we asked if nicotine affects gingival wound healing process by regulating myofibroblast differentiation. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) from two patients were cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum cell culture medium. Cells were pretreated with different doses of nicotine (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM) for 2 h, and then incubated with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-,1) (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 ng/ml) with or without nicotine for 30 h. The expression level of ,-smooth muscle actin (,-SMA), a specific marker for myofibroblasts, was analyzed by Western blots, immunocytochemistry, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). Phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (Phospho-p38 MAPK) activity was analyzed by Western blots. TGF-,1 induced an increase of ,-SMA protein and mRNA expression, while nicotine (1 mM) inhibited the TGF-,1-induced expression of ,-SMA but not ,-actin. Nicotine treatment down-regulated TGF-,1-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Our results demonstrated for the first time that nicotine inhibits myofibroblast differentiation in human gingival fibroblasts in vitro; supporting the hypothesis that delayed wound healing in smokers may be due to decreased wound contraction by myofibroblasts. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A systematic review of definitions of periodontitis and methods that have been used to identify this diseaseJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Amir Savage Abstract Objective: To perform a systematic review and critical analysis of the definitions of periodontitis and the methods which have been used to identify and measure this disease. Material and Methods: Relevant publications were identified after searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCISEARCH and LILACS electronic databases. Screening of titles and abstracts and data extraction was conducted independently by two reviewers. To be included in the review, studies were required to define periodontitis and to indicate how it was measured. Studies that related purely to gingivitis, and/or intervention studies, and/or studies where prevalence or severity of periodontitis was not a principal outcome were excluded. Results: From a total of 3472 titles and abstracts, 104 potentially relevant full text papers were identified. Of these, 15 met the criteria for inclusion in the final stage of the review. The survey revealed heterogeneity between the studies in the measurement tools used, particularly the types of probes and the sites and areas of the mouth that were assessed. There was also heterogeneity in the use of clinical attachment loss (CAL) and pocket probing depth (PPD) as criteria for periodontitis. In the 15 studies, the threshold for a diagnosis of periodontitis when CAL was the criterion ranged from 2 to 6 mm and when PPD was used, from 3 to 6 mm. Conclusions: This review has confirmed previous work which has suggested that epidemiological studies of periodontal diseases are complicated by the diversity of methodologies and definitions used. The studies that were reviewed utilized a minimum diagnostic threshold defining periodontitis, at a given site in terms of CAL of 2 mm and PPD of 3 mm. [source] Periodontal diseases and health: Consensus Report of the Sixth European Workshop on PeriodontologyJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2008Denis Kinane Abstract Introduction: The remit of this group was to update the knowledge base on periodontal diseases and health. Material and Methods: The literature was systematically searched and critically reviewed in five specific topics. Results: Prevalence of periodontitis: The data suggest a trend towards a lower prevalence of periodontitis in recent years. Adverse pregnancy outcome: The findings indicate a likely association between periodontal disease and an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. There is no evidence that treating periodontal disease decreases the rate of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Prevalence and distribution of periodontal pathogens: Genetic analysis of bacteria has demonstrated an unanticipated diversity within species. Carriage rates and particular subsets of these species vary between ethnic groups. Few of these differences can be related to differences in disease prevalence. Diabetes mellitus: Evidence on the association supports the concept of increased severity but not extent of periodontitis in subjects with poorly controlled diabetes. It is inconclusive that periodontal treatment results in improved metabolic control. Cardiovascular diseases: Evidence suggests that having periodontitis contributes to the total infectious and inflammation burden and may contribute to cardiovascular events and stroke in susceptible subjects. The impact of periodontal therapy must be further investigated. [source] Gingival crevicular fluid levels of RANKL and OPG in periodontal diseases: implications of their relative ratioJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 5 2007Nagihan Bostanci Abstract Aim: Receptor activator of NF-,B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) are a system of molecules that regulate bone resorption. This study aims to compare the levels of RANKL, OPG and their relative ratio in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of healthy and periodontal disease subjects. Material and Methods: GCF was obtained from healthy (n=21), gingivitis (n=22), chronic periodontitis (n=28), generalized aggressive periodontitis (n=25) and chronic periodontitis subjects under immunosuppressant therapy (n=11). RANKL and OPG concentrations in GCF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: RANKL levels were low in health and gingivitis groups, but increased in all three forms of periodontitis. OPG levels were higher in health than all three periodontitis, or gingivitis groups. There were no differences in RANKL and OPG levels between chronic and generalized aggressive periodontitis groups, whereas these were lower in the immunosuppressed chronic periodontitis group. The RANKL/OPG ratio was significantly elevated in all three periodontitis forms, compared with health or gingivitis, and positively correlated to probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level. Conclusion: GCF RANKL and OPG levels were oppositely regulated in periodontitis, but not gingivitis, resulting in an enhanced RANKL/OPG ratio. This ratio was similar in all three periodontitis groups and may therefore predict disease occurrence. [source] Skin colour is associated with periodontal disease in Brazilian adults: a population-based oral health surveyJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Marco Aurélio Peres Abstract Aim: To estimate the prevalence of periodontal disease in Brazilian adults and to test its association with skin colour after controlling for socio-demographic variables. Methods: The periodontal status of 11,342 Brazilian adults was informed by a nationwide oral health survey. Socio-demographic variables included skin colour, gender, schooling, per capita income, age and geographical region. The association between periodontal disease and skin colour was tested by a logistic regression model, adjusting for covariates. Interactions between skin colour and socio-demographic variables were tested. Results: The prevalence of periodontal diseases was 9.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.6,10.3]. Lighter-skinned black people (pardos) and dark-skinned black people (pretos) presented higher levels of periodontal disease when compared with white people [odds ratio (OR)=1.5; 95% CI 1.2; 1.8; OR=1.6; 95% CI 1.2; 2.1, respectively] even after controlling for age, gender, schooling, per capita income and geographic region. No interactions were statistically significant. Conclusion: Skin colour was significantly associated with periodontal disease among Brazilian adults after adjustment for socio-economic and demographic covariates. [source] Nicotine inhibits human gingival fibroblast migration via modulation of Rac signalling pathwaysJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 12 2005Yiyu Fang Abstract Aim: Cigarette smoking is a risk factor in the development of periodontal diseases. In addition, a delayed healing process has been shown in smokers compared with non-smokers after periodontal treatment. Cell migration is a key process of wound healing and it is highly regulated by a variety of signalling pathways. The small G protein, Rac, is necessary for cell migration. Our aim was to determine if nicotine disrupted Rac and its downstream signalling proteins, p21-activated kinase 1/2 (PAK1/2), and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (extracellular regulated kinase 1/2). Material and Methods: Primary human fibroblasts from healthy gingival tissues were cultured and grown to confluence. Cells were serum starved for 24 h, and then treated with nicotine (0 or 0.5 ,M) prior to in vitro wounding. Cell migration was analysed in live cell assays following in vitro wounds. Rac activity, phosphorylation levels of PAK1/2, and p44/42 MAPK were assessed in cultures treated with or without nicotine after multiple wounds. Results: Nicotine decreased cell migration rates by 50% compared with controls. In addition, nicotine altered the activation patterns of Rac and PAK 1/2 and up-regulated p44/42 MAPK. Conclusion: Decreased cell migration in periodontal wounds exposed to nicotine may be mediated through the Rac and PAK1/2 signalling pathways. [source] Is there an association between periodontal disease, prematurity and low birth weight?JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 9 2005A population-based study Abstract Background: The relationship between periodontal diseases in pregnancy and children born prematurely or with low birth weight has been increasingly investigated, showing inconclusive results. Objectives: To test the link between periodontal disease in pregnant women and low birth weight or prematurity. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was carried out in Southern Brazil. The sample consisted of 449 parturients who were interviewed and examined up to 48 h post-partum. Three outcomes were investigated: low birth weight, prematurity and prematurity and/or birth weight. Periodontal disease, the exposure, was defined as (i) at least one site with a periodontal pocket; (ii) the presence of pockets at four or more sites. Socio-demographic information relating to health and maternal habits was collected through a questionnaire and by hospital medical records. Simple and multiple regression analysis was performed. Findings: There was no statistically significant association between periodontal disease and low birth weight. Periodontal pocket was not associated with low birth weight and/or pre-term birth after being adjusted. A periodontal pocket in at least one site was associated with prematurity (odds ratio=2.6; 95% confidence interval 1.0,6.9) even after adjusting for maternal schooling, parity, number of previous children of low birth weight, number of pre-natal consultations and body mass index. After the introduction of variables relating to maternal health during pregnancy, this association disappeared. Conclusions: No association was found between periodontal disease in the mother and the low birth weight. An association between prematurity and periodontal pockets was found but it was confounded by maternal health variables. [source] Occurrence and risk indicators of increased probing depth in an adult Brazilian populationJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2005Cristiano Susin Abstract Background/Aims: There is little information about the occurrence and risk indicators for periodontal diseases in Latin America. The present study describes the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal probing depth (PPD) and assesses the association between demographic, behavioural and environmental risk indicators and the extent and severity of PPD in this population. Materials and Methods: The target population was urban adults aged 30 years in Rio Grande do Sul state in South Brazil. A representative sample was selected using a multi-stage, probability, cluster sampling strategy and included 853 dentate subjects 30,103 years of age. A full-mouth clinical examination was carried out at six sites per tooth on all permanent teeth, excluding third molars, and was conducted in a mobile examination centre. Results: Approximately 65% and 25% of the subjects and 19% and 5% teeth per subject had PPD 5 and 7 mm, respectively. 31.6%, 33.7% and 34.7% subjects had generalized, localized or no PPD 5 mm, respectively. Probing depth increased in prevalence with increasing age, and leveled off at around 50 years of age and beyond. PPD 5 mm was significantly higher in males than in females, and in non-Whites than in Whites. Cigarette smokers had a significantly higher occurrence of PPD 5 mm than non-smokers, and this relationship was dose dependent. A multivariate model showed that generalized PPD 5 mm was associated with subjects aged 40 years, males, non-Whites and moderate or heavy cigarette smokers (relative risk ratios: 2.0, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4 and 6.8, respectively). Conclusion: Moderate and deep probing depth was a common finding in this urban adult Brazilian population. Older age, male gender, non-White race and moderate and heavy cigarette smoking were significant risk indicators of increased PPD, and these may be useful indicators of periodontal disease high-risk groups. [source] Methods of detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis in periodontal microbiology, with special emphasis on advanced molecular techniques: a reviewJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 12 2004Mariano Sanz Abstract Background: Certain specific bacterial species from the subgingival biofilm have demonstrated aetiological relevance in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Among all the bacteria studied, three have shown the highest association with destructive periodontal diseases: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Tannerella forsythensis (Tf). Therefore, the relevance of having accurate microbiological diagnostic techniques for their identification and quantification is clearly justified. Aim: To evaluate critically all scientific information on the currently available microbial diagnostic techniques aimed for the identification and quantification of Aa, Pg and Tf. Summary: Bacterial culturing has been the reference diagnostic technique for many years and, in fact, most of our current knowledge on periodontal microbiology derives from cultural data. However, the advent of new microbial diagnostics, mostly based on immune and molecular technologies, has not only highlighted some of the shortcomings of cultural techniques but has also allowed their introduction as easy and available adjunct diagnostic tools to be used in clinical research and practice. These technologies, mostly polymerase chain reaction (PCR), represent a field of continuous development; however, we still lack the ideal diagnostic to study the subgingival microflora. Qualitative PCR is still hampered by the limited information provided. Quantitative PCR is still in development; however, the promising early results reported are still hampered by the high cost and the equipment necessary for the processing. Conclusion: Quantitative PCR technology may have a major role in the near future as an adjunctive diagnostic tool in both epidemiological and clinical studies in periodontology. However, culture techniques still hold some inherent capabilities, which makes this diagnostic tool the current reference standard in periodontal microbiology. [source] Comparative effectiveness of hand and ultrasonic instrumentations in root surface planing in vitroJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2004Mahmood Khosravi Abstract Background/aims: A variety of techniques are employed for planing and scaling of the superficial root surfaces, of which hand and ultrasonic instrumentations have been preferentially used in routine periodontics clinics. This study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of ultrasonic scalers and hand curettes in facilitating fibroblast attachment to the scaled root surfaces. Materials and Methods: Sixteen patients with periodontally involved teeth and nine subjects without periodontal diseases (control subjects) were selected. Two single-rooted teeth were extracted from each subject. Mesial and distal surfaces of teeth were selected in treated and untreated groups, respectively. The mesial surface of each tooth was randomly chosen to be treated either by hand curettes or ultrasonic instrumentation. The degree of cell attachment on the root surfaces of treated and untreated groups from control subjects and patients was then determined by the use of a gingival fibroblast line established and employed at early passages. The attachment and proliferation of gingival fibroblasts on the root surfaces were evaluated using neutral red assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Fibroblast survival and proliferation on the surfaces of untreated periodontally involved roots were found to be significantly lower compared with control untreated surfaces (p<0.0001) or treated surfaces from patients (p<0.0001). No significant difference, however, was observed between root surfaces treated either by hand curettes or ultrasonic scalers. Conclusion: These results indicate the beneficial effectiveness of both techniques in root treatment and planing. [source] Expression of RNAs encoding for , and , integrin subunits in periodontitis and in cyclosporin A gingival overgrowthJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 11 2003A.-L. Bolcato-Bellemin Abstract Background: Variation of integrin expression in healthy and diseased gingiva revealed a potential biological role for these cell matrix receptors during gingival remodeling. Aim: Here we determined the level of RNA and tissue localization of different integrin subunits in periodontitis and cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth. Methods: The level of expression was determined by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction in 12 periodontitis-affected patients, four patients exhibiting severe cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth and seven healthy patients as controls. Results: The RNA encoding for ,1, ,2 and ,5 integrin subunits were reduced in periodontitis gingiva. The reduction observed was stronger in cyclosporin A-treated patients as compared to the healthy controls, while RNA encoding for ,1 subunit was increased. The RNA encoding for ,6 integrin was only reduced in cyclosporin A-treated gingiva. Immunohistochemistry showed that i) integrin ,2 expression is restricted to the gingival epithelium of cyclosporin A-treated patients, ii) the reduction of ,6 integrin expression in cyclosporin A-treated gingiva is due to loss of expression at focal contacts and iii) ,1 integrin is evenly distributed in the three populations with an intensity decrease in periodontitis and cyclosporin A-treated gingiva. Conclusion: Taken together these results showed a role for the integrin receptors in periodontal diseases and cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth. Zusammenfassung Die Variation der Integrin Expression bei gesunder und erkrankter Gingiva zeigt eine potentielle biologische Rolle für diese Zellmatrixrezeptoren während der gingivalen Erneuerung. Wir bestimmten hier die Level von RNA und die Gewebelokalisation von unterschiedlichen Integrin Untereinheiten bei Parodontitis und Cyclosporin A induzierter gingivaler Wucherung. Die Level der Expression wurden mit der reversen Transscriptase Polymerase Kettenreaktion bei 12 Parodontitis-Patienten, 4 Patienten mit schwerer Cyclosporin A induzierter gingivaler Wucherung und sieben gesunden Kontrollpatienten bestimmt. Die kodierende RNA für ,1, ,2 und ,5 Integrin Untereinheiten waren in der Gingiva mit Parodontitis reduziert. Die beobachtete Reduktion war stärker bei den mit Cyclosporin A behandelten Patienten verglichen mit den gesunden Kontrollen, während kodierende RNA für ,1 Untereinheiten erhöht war. Die kodierende RNA für ,6 Integrin war nur bei der Cyclosporin A behandelten Gingiva reduziert. Die Immunhistochemie zeigte (i) die Integrin ,2 Expression ist auf das gingivale Epithel von Cyclosporin A behandelten Patienten beschränkt, (ii) die Reduktion von ,6 Integrin Expression bei Cyclosporin A behandelter Gingiva ist die Folge von fokalen Expressionverlusten und (iii) ,1 Integrin ist gleichmäßig verteilt in den drei Populationen mit einer Intensitätsabnahme bei Parodontitis und Cyclosporin A behandelter Gingiva. Zusammenfassend zeigen die Ergebnisse eine Rolle für die Integrin Rezeptoren bei den parodontalen Erkrankungen und Cyclosporin A induzierter gingivalen Wucherung. Résumé La variation d'expression des intégrines dans les tissus gingivaux sain et pathologique a démontré le rôle biologique potentiel de ces récepteurs de la matrice extracellulaire au cours du remodelage tissulaire gingival. La quantité d'ARN et la localisation tissulaire de certaines sous-unités d'intégrines dans la parodontite et l'hyperplasie gingivale induite par la ciclosporine A ont été déterminées. Le niveau d'expression a étéévalué par transcription inverse des ARN et réaction de polymérisation en chaine chez douze patients atteints de parodontite, quatre patients présentant une hyperplasie gingivale sévère induite par la ciclosporine A et sept patients sains ayant servi de témoins. L'expression des ARN codant pour les sous-unités ,1, ,2 et ,5était diminuée dans le tissu gingival atteint de parodontite. La diminution observée était plus importante chez les patients traités par la ciclosporine A, comparée aux témoins sains alors que l'expression de l'ARN codant pour la sous-unité,1était augmentée. L'expression de l'ARN codant pour la sous-unité,6était diminuée uniquement dans le tissu gingival traité par la ciclosporine A. L'immohistochimie a montré que (1) l'expression de la sous-unité,2 est limitée à l'épithélium gingival des patients traités par la ciclosporine A, (2) la diminution de l'expression de la sous-unité,6 dans le tissu gingival traité par la ciclosporine A est due à une perte des contacts focaux et (3) la sous-unité,1 est répartie de manière uniforme dans les trois groupes avec une diminution de l'intensité dans les cas de parodontite et d'hyperplasie gingivale induite par la ciclosporine A. Ces résultats montrent un rôle des récepteurs de type intégrine dans la pathologie parodontale et l'hyperplasie gingivale induite par la ciclosporine A. [source] Ultrastructure of the gingiva in cardiac patients treated with or without calcium channel blockersJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 8 2003P. Bullon Abstract Objectives: In the last few years, several studies have suggested that periodontal diseases are related to the development of atherosclerosis and its complications. Our objective was to study the ultrastructural morphology of the gingiva from cardiac patients, some of whom were treated and some not with calcium channel blockers compared to a control group. Material and Methods: Fifty-five patients were studied and grouped in the following way: (a) healthy group (HG) (n=12) healthy patients with at least two pockets between 3 and 5 mm; (b) cardiac group (CG) (n=12) patients with cardiac disease untreated with calcium channel blockers; (c) diltiazem group (DG) (n=13) cardiac patients treated with diltiazem; (d) nifedipine group (NG) (n=18) cardiac patients treated with nifedipine. Results: Ultrastructural studies in the CG showed inflammatory cells, collagen fibers disruption and a more extended morphologically compromised fibroblast mitochondria. Morphometric studies in CG showed mitochondria that were impaired in number but increased in volume, suggesting metabolic cell suffering. In DG and NG, morphometric data were similar to HG. The presence of myofibroblasts and collagen neosynthesis was detected in DG and NG. Conclusions: Our data showed differences in the ultrastructure of the gingival fibroblasts between the studied groups; the DG and NG showed features that could be interpreted as an attempt to restore the cellular metabolic function. Zusammenfassung Ziele: In den letzten Jahren haben einige Studien darauf hingewiesen, dass parodontale Erkrankungen zur Entwicklung von Arteriosklerose und deren Komplikationen in Beziehung stehen. Unser Ziel war das Studium der gingivalen ultrastrukturellen Morphologie von herzkranken Patienten, von denen einige mit Kalzium-Kanal-Blockern und andere ohne diese Medikamente behandelt wurden, und mit Kontrollen zu vergleichen. Material und Methoden: 55 Patienten wurden untersucht und in eine der folgenden Gruppen eingeteilt: a, gesunde Gruppe (HG) (n=12): gesunde Patienten mit mindestens 2 Taschen zwischen 3 und 5 mm, b, herzkranke Gruppe (CG) (n=12): Patienten mit Herzerkrankung und nicht mit Kalzium-Kanal-Blockern behandelt, c, Diltiazem Gruppe (DG) (n=13): Herzkranke Patienten, die mit Diltiazem behandelt wurden, d, Nifedipin Gruppe (NG) (n=18): Herzkranke Patienten, die mit Nifedipin behandelt wurden. Ergebnisse: Die Ultrastruktur bei CG zeigte Entzündungszellen, zerrissene Kollagenfasern und stärker ausgedehnte morphologisch gefährdete Fibroblastenmitochondrien. Morphometrische Studien bei CG zeigten Mitochondrien, die in der Anzahl beeinträchtigt waren, aber im Volumen zugenommen hatten, was auf einen gestörten Zellstoffwechsel deutet. Bei DG und NG waren die morphometrischen Daten ähnlich zu HG. Die Präsenz von Myofibroblasten und Kollagensynthese wurde in DG und NG entdeckt. Schlussfolgerung: Unsere Daten zeigten Differenzen in der Ultrastruktur der gingivalen Fibroblasten zwischen den untersuchten Gruppen. DG und NG zeigten Eigenschaften, die als Versuch zur Restauration der zellulären Stoffwechselfunktion gedeutet werden könnten. Résumé Objectifs: Lors des dernières années, plusieurs études ont suggéré que les maladies parodontales sont liées au développement de l'athérosclérose et de ses conséquences. Notre objectif est d'étudier la morphologie ultrastructurale de la gencive de patients cardiaques traités et non traités par des bloqueurs des flux de calcium comparée à un groupe contrôle. Matériel et méthodes: 55 patients furent étudiés et groupés de la façon suivante: (a) groupe sain (HG) (n=12), patients sains avec au moins 2 poches entre 3 et 5 mm (b) groupe cardiaque(CG) (n=12) patients ayant une maladie cardiaque non traitée par des bloqueurs des flux de calcium (c) groupe diltiazem (DG) (n=13) patients cardiaques traits par diltiazem; (d) groupe nifedipine (NG) (n=18 patients cardiaques traits par nifedipine). Résultats: Des études ultrastructurale du groupe CG montraient des cellules inflammatoires, des interruptions des fibres de collagènes, et un nombre plus important de mitochondries des fibroblastes morphologiquement compromises. Les études morphométriques du groupe CG montraient des mitochondries altérées en nombre mais au volume augmenté ce qui suggérait une souffrance métabolique cellulaire. Dans les groupes DG et NG, les données morphométriques étaient similaires à celles du groupe HG. La présence de myofibroblastes et d'une néo-synthèse de collagène étaient détectées dans les groupes DG et NG. Conclusions: Nos données montrent des différences de l'ultrastructure des fibroblastes gingivaux entre les groupes étudiés, les groupes DG et NG présentant des caractéristiques qui peuvent être interprétées comme une tentative de restauration de la fonction métabolique cellulaire. [source] Recent concepts in plaque formationJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2003J.-P. Bernimoulin Abstract Dental plaque is an adherent, bacterial film, and is the main pathological agent for periodontal diseases. The formation of dental plaque can occur both supragingivally and subgingivally. The development of plaque is a three-step process. Following the formation of a pellicle, pioneer micro-organisms will adhere to it, proliferate and form colonies. The final stage involves the aggregation of filamentous organisms and spirochetes into a cohesive biofilm. Many products of the plaque bacteria reach the subepithelial tissue, causing inflammatory responses such as increased vascularity and leukocyte diapedesis. Both supragingival and subgingival plaque may form a hard, mineralized mass called calculus. The surface of calculus harbours bacteria, which may exacerbate the inflammatory responses. An effective oral antiseptic must be active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species, including streptococci and fusobacteria. Ideally, an effective agent would also penetrate the plaque biofilm. Data show that essential oil and chlorhexidine mouthwashes have the broadest antimicrobial effects. [source] In vitro antioxidant activities of mouthrinses and their componentsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 5 2002M. Battino Abstract Objectives: Several forms of periodontal diseases (PD) are often associated with activated phagocytosing leukocytes and contemporary free radical production. Host antioxidant defenses could benefit from mouthrinses used as adjuncts to counteract plaque-associated bacteria. The aim of the present study was to determine possible antioxidant activity (AA) of a number of antiseptic mouthrinses and of their stated active principles (AP), regardless of their efficacy as antimicrobial agents. Material and Methods: The antioxidant activities of 11 mouthrinses and their active principles were tested with a specific spectrophotometric method. Comet assay was used to test whether pure chemical antioxidant activity actually corresponded to prevention of in vitro DNA fragmentation. Results: Methylsalicylate-containing mouthrinses were the most effective. Several compounds, and some vehicles, behaved as antioxidants. Fibroblast DNA fragmentation was limited by preincubation with methylsalicylate-containing mouthrinse but was unaffected by treatment with chlorexidine. Conclusion: The results described herein indicate that several mouthrinses possess AA; such a property could be ascribed to either AP or vehicles or both. All the data were obtained in systems in vitro and the demonstration of in vivo AA is necessary. These findings could be useful in the treatment of some forms of PD and should be considered when arranging new mouthrinse formulations. Zusammenfassung In vitro antioxidative Aktivitäten von Mundwässern und ihren Komponenten Ziele:,Verschiedene Formen von parodontalen Erkrankungen (PD) sind häufig mit aktivierten phagozytierenden Leukozyten und gleichzeitiger Produktion von freien Radikalen verbunden. Die Antioxydantienabwehr des Wirtes könnte von Mundwässern genützt werden, die als Adjunktive zur Bekämpfung der plaque-assoziierten Bakterien verwendet werden. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Bestimmung der möglichen Antioxydantienaktivität (AA) von einer Anzahl antiseptischer Mundwässer und ihrer angegebenen aktiven Prinzipien (AP), unabhängig von ihrer Effektivität als antimikrobielle Agentien. Material und Methoden:,Die antioxydative Aktivität von 11 Mundwässern und ihre Aktivitätsprinzipien wurden mit einer spezifischen Spektralphotometrie getestet. Ein Assay wurde für die Testung genutzt, ob die reine chemische antioxydative Aktivität tatsächlich mit der Prävention der in vitro DNA Fragmentation korrespondiert. Ergebnisse:,Methylsalicylat enthaltende Mundwässer waren am effektivsten. Verschiedene Bestandteile und einige Vehikel verhielten sich wie Antioxydantien. Fibroblasten DNA Fragmentation wurde durch Präinkubation mit Methylsalicylat enthaltende Mundwässer begrenzt, war aber unbeeinflusst durch Behandlung mit Chlorhexidin. Schlussfolgerung:,Die beschriebenen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass verschiedene Mundwässer über AA verfügen; solch eine Eigenschaft könnte entweder AP oder Vehikeln oder beiden zugeschrieben werden. Alle Daten sind in in vitro Systemen gewonnen worden, aber die Demonstration der in vivo AA ist notwendig. Diese Ergebnisse könnten in der Behandlung von einigen Formen der PD nützlich sein und sollten bei der Entwicklung neuer Mundwasserrezepte beachtet werden. Résumé Activité antioxydante in vitro des bains de bouche et de leurs composants Buts:,Plusieurs formes d'affections parodontales (periodontal diseases, PD) sont souvent associées à des leucocytes phagocytaires activés et à la production de radicaux libres contemporains. L'utilisation de bains de bouche comme adjuvants pourrait être bénéfique aux défenses antioxidantes de l'hôte pour lutter contre les bactéries de plaque. L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer l'activité antioxydante (antioxidant activity, AA) potentielle d'un certain nombre de bains de bouche antiseptiques et de leurs principes actifs reconnus (active principles, AP), indifféremment de leur efficacité en tant qu'agents antimicrobiens. Matériaux et méthodes:,L'activité antioxydante de 11 bains de bouche et de leurs principes actifs a été testée à l'aide d'une méthode spectrophotométrique spécifique. Le test Comet a été utilisé pour voir si l'activité antioxydante chimique pure permet effectivement de prévenir la fragmentation de l'ADN in vitro. Résultats:,Les bains de bouche contenant du méthylsalicylate étaient les plus efficaces. Plusieurs composés et certains vecteurs se comportaient comme des antioxydants. La pré-incubation dans des bains de bouche contenant du méthylsalicylate limitait la fragmentation de l'ADN des fibroblastes, mais le traitement à la chlorhexidine ne l'affectait pas. Conclusion:,Les résultats décrits dans cette étude indiquent que plusieurs bains de bouche possèdent une AA, propriété qui pourrait être attribuée aux AP ou aux véhicules ou aux deux. Toutes les données ont été obtenues sur des systèmes in vitro, et l'AA in vivo reste à démontrer. Ces résultats pourraient s'avérer utiles pour le traitement de certaines formes de PD et devraient être pris en compte lors de l'élaboration de nouvelles formulations de bains de bouche. [source] Adverse effects of arecoline and nicotine on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts in vitroJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2001Yu-Chao Chang Abstract Background, aims: The habit of betel nut chewing impinges on the daily lives of approximately 200 million people. Betel quid chewers have a higher prevalence of periodontal diseases than non-chewers. This study examined the pathobiological effects of arecoline, a major component of the betel nut alkaloids, on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) in vitro. Method: Cell viability, proliferation, protein synthesis, and cellular thiol levels were used to investigate the effects of human PDLF exposed to arecoline levels of 0 to 200 ,g/ml. In addition, nicotine was added to test how it modulated the effects of arecoline. Results: Arecoline significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. At concentrations of 10 and 30 ,g/ml, arecoline suppressed the growth of PDLF by 20% and 50% (p<0.05), respectively. Arecoline also decreased protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner during a 24-h culture period. A 100 ,g/ml concentration level of arecoline significantly inhibited protein synthesis to only 50% of that in the untreated control (p<0.05). Moreover, arecoline significantly depleted intracellular thiols in a dose-dependent manner. At concentrations of 25 ,g/ml and 100 ,g/ml, arecoline depleted about 18% and 56% of thiols (p<0.05), respectively. This suggests that arecoline itself might augment the destruction of periodontium associated with betel nut use. Furthermore, the addition of nicotine acted with a synergistic effect on the arecoline-induced cytotoxicity. At a concentration of 60 ,g/ml, arecoline suppressed the growth of PDLF by about 33%, and 5 mM nicotine enhanced the arecoline-induced cytotoxic response to cause about 66% cell death. Conclusion: During thiol depletion, arecoline may render human PDLF more vulnerable to reactive agents within cigarettes. Taken together, people who combine habits of betel nut chewing with cigarette smoking could be more susceptible to periodontium damage than betel nut chewing alone. Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung: Das Kauen von Betelnüssen gehört zum Alltag von ungefähr 200 Millionen Menschen. Betelnußkauer weisen eine höhere Prävalenz von Parodontalerkrankungen auf als Personen, die keine Betelnüsse konsumieren. In dieser Studie sollte der pathobiologische Effekt des Arekolins, das die Hauptkomponente des Betelnußalkaloides darstellt, auf menschliche Desmodontalfibroblasten (PDLF) in vitro untersuchen. Material und Methoden: Zellvitalität, Proliferationsrate, Proteinsynthese und zelluläre Thiolspiegel wurden genutzt, um zu untersuchen, welche Auswirkungen eine Exposition der PDLF gegenüber Arekolinspiegeln von 0 bis 200 ,g/ml hat. Zusätzlich wurde Nikotin beigefügt, um festzustellen wie das Nikotin den Effekt des Arekolins beeinflußt. Ergebnisse: Arekolin hemmt die Zellproliferation signifikant in dosisabhängiger Weise. Bei Konzentrationen von 10 und 30 ,g/ml unterdrückt Arekolin das Wachstum der PDLF um 20% bzw. 50% (p<0.05). Arekolin unterdrückt ebenfalls dosisabhängig die Proteinsynthese während der 24-stündigen Kultivierungsperiode. Ein Arekolinspiegel von 100 ,g/ml reduzierte die Proteinsynthese auf 50% im Vergleich zur unbehandelten Kontrollkultur (p<0.05). Auch die intrazellulären Thiolspiegel wurden dosisabhängig reduziert. Bei Konzentrationen von 25 und 100 ,g/ml wurden die Thiolspiegel um 18% bzw. 56% reduziert (p<0.05). Bei einer Konzentration von 60 ,g/ml unterdrückte das Arekolin das PDLF-Wachstum um 33%. Die Zugabe von 5 mM Nikotin verstärkte die durch Arekolin induzierte zytotoxische Wirkung, so daß es zum Zelltot von 66% kam. Schlußfolgerungen: Es scheint, daß Arekolin selbst zu der Schädigung des Parodonts beiträgt, die der Betelnuß zugeschreiben wird. Außerdem deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, daß Personen, die Betelnußkauen mit Nikotinkonsum kombinieren, empfindlicher für Schädigungen des Parodonts sind als solche, die nur Betelnüsse kauen. Während der Inaktivierung des Thiols könnte das Arekolin PDLF verletzlicher für andere reaktive Substanzen wie Nikotin machen. Résumé L'habitude de mastiquer de la noix de betel affecte la vie quotidienne de près de 200 millions de personnes. Les mâcheurs de betel présentent une prévalence plus élevée de maladies parodontales. Cette étude examine les effets pathologiques de l'arécoline, un composant majeur des alcaloïdes de la noix de betel, sur des fibroblastes du ligament parodontal humain (PDLF) in vitro. La viabilité cellulaire, la prolifération, la synthèse protéique, et les niveaux cellulaires de thiol ont été utilisés pour observer les effets de l'exposition de PDLF humains à des taux d'arécoline de 0 à 200 ,g/ml. De plus, de la nicotine fut ajouté pour tester la façon dont cela modulait les effets de l'arécoline. L'arécoline inhibait significativement la prolifération cellulaire de façon dose dépendante. A des concentrations de 10 à 30 ,g/ml, l'arécoline supprime la croissance des fibroblastes par 20 et 50% (p<0.05), respectivement. L'arécoline dimunuait également la synthèse des protéines de façon dose dépendante pendant une période de culture de 24 h. Une concentration de 100 ,g/ml d'arécoline inhibit la synthèse protéique à seulement 50% de celle du groupe controle non traité (p<0.05). De plus, l'arécoline réduit les thiols intracellulaires de façon dose dépendante. A des concentrations de 25 ,g/ml et 100 ,g/ml, l'arécoline réduit environ 18 à 56% des thiols, respectivement (p<0.05). Cela suggère que l'arécoline, elle même, peut augmenter la destruction du parodonte en association avec l'utilisation de noix de betel. De plus, l'addition de nicotine entrainait un effet synergique sur la cytotoxicité induite par l'arécoline. A une concentration de 60 ,g/ml, l'arécoline supprimait la croissance des PDLF d'environ 33% et 5 mM de nicotine augmentait cette réponse cytotoxique induite par l'arécoline, jusqu'à entrainer 66% de morts cellulaires. Lors de la réduction des thiols, l'arécoline pourrait rendre les PDLF humains plus vulnérables à des agents réactifs entrant dans la composition des cigarettes. Pris ensemble, les gens qui combinent des habitudes de mastication de noix de betel et de tabagisme, pourrait être plus susceptibles à des dommages parodontaux, que les gens qui utiliserait uniquement la noix de betel, mais sans fumer. [source] Serum IgG reactivity to subgingival bacteria in initial periodontitis, gingivitis and healthy subjectsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 7 2000A. C. R. Tanner Abstract Background/aims: Established periodontal diseases may be associated with antibody responses to periodontal pathogens, but it is not known at which stage of disease this antibody response is initiated. This study aimed to characterize the host systemic response in initial periodontitis, gingivitis, and periodontal health, to evaluate whether elevated serum antibodies to subgingival species could be detected in initial periodontitis. Method: Human systemic immune response were evaluated to 40 subgingival bacterial species in 16 healthy, 21 gingivitis, 11 initial periodontitis and 5 progressing recession adults. Subjects had minimal periodontal attachment level (AL) loss at baseline. Disease categories were determined after 12 months monitoring at three-month intervals. Increased AL loss 1.5 mm (disease activity) at interproximal sites defined initial periodontitis, recession was characterized by AL loss at buccal sites. Serum IgG antibodies were evaluated semi-quantitatively by immunoblot from blood taken at baseline, active and final visits. Results: No antibody was detected from 55% of reactions. When detected, levels were below those reported for advanced periodontitis subjects. There were no major differences in serum antibody levels between healthy, gingivitis and initial periodontitis subjects, despite differences in the subgingival microbiota. Serum antibodies for more species were detected in recession subjects, compared with the other study subjects. No changes in antibody levels were detected between baseline, active, and final visits. No systematic association between species colonization and presence of systemic antibody was observed. Conclusions: This study did not detect differential elevation of mean serum antibody levels in initial periodontitis subjects, suggesting that serum antibody levels are not sensitive risk markers for initial periodontitis. [source] A global perspective on changes in the burden of caries and periodontitis: implications for dentistry,JOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 12 2007V. BAELUM Summary, The structure and contents of most oral health care systems and the contents of dental curricula reflect a deep-rooted tradition for attempting to cure oral diseases by refined technological means. However, better oral health conditions for the world's populations necessitate the application of up-to-date scientific knowledge to control the major oral diseases. This review points out that not only should the structure and contents of oral health care delivery systems be based on state-of-the-art knowledge about the biology of the oral diseases; they must also take into account the trends for change in caries and periodontal diseases within and between populations, and acknowledge the impact of changes in treatment philosophies for these trends. The oral disease profiles for populations in low- and high-income countries are briefly described, and it is concluded that the rapidly changing disease profiles observed in high-income countries necessitate re-thinking of the future role and organization of dentistry in such countries. The priorities for low- and middle-income countries must be to avoid repeating the mistakes made in the high-income countries. Instead, these societies might take advantage of setting priorities based on a population-based common risk factor approach. If such an approach is adopted, the training of personnel with oral health care competence must be rethought. The authors suggest three different cadres of dental care providers to be considered for an approach that allows health care planners in different populations around the world to prioritize appropriate oral health care with due respect for the socio-economic conditions prevailing. [source] A multiplex immunoassay demonstrates reductions in gingival crevicular fluid cytokines following initial periodontal therapyJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2010D. H. Thunell Thunell DH, Tymkiw KD, Johnson GK, Joly S, Burnell KK, Cavanaugh JE, Brogden KA, Guthmiller JM. A multiplex immunoassay demonstrates reductions in gingival crevicular fluid cytokines following initial periodontal therapy. J Periodont Res 2009; doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01204.x. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective:, Cytokines and chemokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. The objective of this study was to quantitatively assess the effect of initial periodontal therapy on gingival crevicular fluid levels of a comprehensive panel of cytokines and chemokines, including several less extensively studied mediators. Material and Methods:, Clinical examinations were performed and gingival crevicular fluid samples obtained from six subjects with generalized severe chronic periodontitis prior to initial periodontal therapy and at re-evaluation (6,8 weeks). Four diseased and two healthy sites were sampled in each subject. Twenty-two gingival crevicular fluid mediators were examined using a multiplex antibody capture and detection platform. Statistical analyses were performed by fitting mixed effects linear models to log-transformed gingival crevicular fluid values. Results:, Gingival crevicular fluid interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-1, were the only cytokines to differ in initially diseased vs. initially healthy sites. Following initial therapy, 13 of the 16 detectable cytokines and chemokines decreased significantly in diseased sites, including IL-1,, IL-1,, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12 (p40), CCL5/regulated on activation, normally T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), eotaxin, macrophage chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1, and interferon-,. At healthy sites, only three of the 16 mediators were significantly altered following therapy. Conclusion:, This is the first study, to our knowledge, to evaluate such an extensive panel of gingival crevicular fluid mediators within the same sample prior to and following initial therapy. The results confirm that periodontal therapy effectively reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including less well-described mediators that may be important in initiation and progression of periodontitis. The multiplex assay will prove useful for future gingival crevicular fluid studies. [source] In vitro and in vivo cytokeratin patterns of expression in bioengineered human periodontal mucosaJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 5 2009I. Garzón Background and Objective:, Development of human oral mucosa substitutes by tissue engineering may provide new therapeutic tools for the management of periodontal diseases. In this study we evaluated a fibrin,agarose human oral mucosa substitute both in vitro and in vivo. Material and Methods:,In vitro bioengineered oral mucosa substitutes were developed from irrelevant biopsy samples of human oral gingiva. In vivo evaluation of the constructed tissues was performed by implantation into athymic nude mice. The expression of several epithelial markers was assessed by microarray analysis and immunohistochemistry. Results:, Bioengineered oral mucosa samples kept in vitro developed a multilayered epithelium that expressed several cytokeratins, including some markers of simple epithelia (cytokeratins 7, 8 and 18), along with markers of stratified epithelia (cytokeratins 5 and 13) and of cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen). Bioengineered tissues grafted in vivo onto nude mice exhibited very good biointegration with the host, showing a cytokeratin expression pattern that was very similar to that of normal native oral mucosa controls. Histological analysis of the artificial tissues demonstrated that oral mucosa substitutes evaluated in vivo were structurally mature, showing some typical structures of human native oral mucosa such as rete ridges and chorial papillae, along with numerous blood vessels at the fibrin,agarose stromal substitute. These structures were absent in samples evaluated in vitro. Conclusion:, The results indicate that this model of human oral mucosa, constructed using fibrin,agarose scaffolds, shows similarities to native oral mucosa controls and imply that bioengineered oral mucosa substitutes could eventually be used clinically. [source] Experimental periodontitis in mice selected for maximal or minimal inflammatory reactions: increased inflammatory immune responsiveness drives increased alveolar bone loss without enhancing the control of periodontal infectionJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2009A. P. F. Trombone Background and Objective:, Inflammatory immune reactions that occur in response to periodontopathogens are thought to protect the host against infection, but may trigger periodontal destruction. However, the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying host susceptibility to periodontal infection and to periodontitis development have still not been established in detail. Material and Methods:, In this study, we examined the mechanisms that modulate the outcome of Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans -induced periodontal disease in mice mouse strains selected for maximal (AIRmax) or minimal (AIRmin) inflammatory reactions. Results:, Our results showed that AIRmax mice developed a more severe periodontitis than AIRmin mice in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans infection, and this periodontitis was characterized by increased alveolar bone loss and inflammatory cell migration to periodontal tissues. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays demonstrated that the levels of the cytokines interleukin-1,, tumor necrosis factor-, and interleukin-17 were higher in AIRmax mice, as were the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-13 and receptor activator of nuclear factor-,B ligand (RANKL) mRNA levels. However, the more intense inflammatory immune reaction raised by the AIRmax strain, in spite of the higher levels of antimicrobial mediators myeloperoxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase, did not enhance the protective immunity to A. actinomycetemcomitans infection, because both AIRmax and AIRmin strains presented similar bacterial loads in periodontal tissues. In addition, the AIRmax strain presented a trend towards higher levels of serum C-reactive protein during the course of disease. Conclusion:, Our results demonstrate that the intensity of the inflammatory immune reaction is associated with the severity of experimental periodontitis, but not with the control of A. actinomycetemcomitans periodontal infection, suggesting that the occurrence of hyperinflammatory genotypes may not be an evolutionary advantage in the complex host,pathogen interaction observed in periodontal diseases. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||