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Peel
Kinds of Peel Terms modified by Peel Selected AbstractsANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENTS IN PEEL AND PULP OF CHINESE JUJUBE (ZIZIPHUS JUJUBA MILL) FRUITSJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2009ZIPING XUE ABSTRACT Total phenolic contents in peel and pulp of the fruits of three Chinese jujube cultivars (Ziziphus jujuba cv. mayazao, Z. jujuba cv. dongzao and Z. jujuba cv. yuanzao) were determined. The antioxidant activities in peel and pulp of the jujube fruits were measured by different methods, including 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). The total phenolic content in peel was five to six times higher than that in the pulp of all the three cultivars. The phenolics contents in the jujube were different with cultivars. The EC50 (Concentration of lyophilized samples needed to decrease the initial DPPH radical concentration by 50%), FRAP and TEAC values of the peel and pulp were remarkably correlated to their total phenolic contents (R = ,0.922, R = 0.985 and R = 0.997, respectively). The results indicated that the high capacity of antioxidant of Chinese jujube fruit could be attributed to the high phenolic contents in the fruit. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS There was an expanding quest surrounding the use of antioxidant because they have the capacity to protect from the damage because of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. However, the safety of synthetic antioxidant was challenged. Much attention has been focused on the use of natural antioxidant. Interest in food phenolics had increased greatly because of their antioxidant and possible promoting-health role in human health. In this study, total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities in vitro of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill) peel and pulp were researched. The work would help to explore a natural antioxidant for possible application in food and dietary supplemental products for health promotion. [source] KINETICS OF OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION IN ORANGE AND MANDARIN PEELSJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2001M. CHÁFER ABSTRACT The nutritional and health properties of some citrus peel components such as pectin, flavonoids, carotenoids or limonene make interesting developing processing methods to obtain peel stable products, maintaining its quality attributes, increasing its sweetness and improving its sensory acceptability. In this sense, osmotic dehydration represents a useful alternative by using sugar solutions at mild temperature. Kinetics of osmotic treatments of orange and mandarin peels carried out at atmospheric pressure and by applying a vacuum pulse at the beginning of the process were analysed at 30, 40 and 50C, in 65 °Brix sucrose, 55 °Brix glucose and 60 °Brix rectified grape must. Vacuum pulse greatly affected mass transfer behavior of peels due to the greatly porous structure of albedo. So, PVOD treatments greatly accelerate the changes in the product composition in line with an increase in the peel sample thickness. In osmotic processes at atmospheric pressure, sample impregnation occurs coupled with osmotic process, but much longer treatments are required to achieve a reasonable concentration degree which assures sample stability. Low viscosity osmotic solutions seems recommendable in order to promote both diffusional and hydrodynamic transport, in vacuum pulsed pretreatments at mild temperatures. [source] Phenol-Castor Oil: Modified Peel for Dermal MelasmaDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 5 2006THADA PIAMPHONGSANT MD BACKGROUND Deep type of melasma is difficult to treat. Various compositions for peeling have been formulated to accomplish this. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to determine the safe use of the new formula, which was composed of phenol and castor oil. METHODS Different concentrations of phenol and castor oil were mixed in five formulations, and the solutions were tested on the forearms of 10 volunteers. The application time was 1 minute, different from that of the original phenol-croton oil. Formula 4 was found to cause a high effect of peeling with least side effects and was used to treat deep facial melasma in 30 patients. RESULTS Higher concentrations of castor oil produced more inflammation when mixed with phenol. Formula 4 was used to clear two cases of melasma in 1 week despite no effect from prior use of a modified antimelasma cream, while some degree of fading was noted in other cases. The total number of different melasma indices was reduced from 206.4 to 91.2 in 30 patients. Hyperpigmentation was noted in five cases and hypopigmentation in one case. Neither scar formation nor cardiac arrhythmia was observed. CONCLUSION A phenol-castor oil peel with an application time of 1 minute reduces pigments in the deep type of melasma with least side effects and a high efficiency when combined with an antimelasma cream. The safe formula and the technique of application are introduced. [source] Rapid Development of Keratoacanthomas After a Body PeelDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 2 2003SueEllen Cox MD Resurfacing techniques have been traditionally limited to the face because of a lack of predictability and standardization for peeling nonfacial skin. There is a need for medical and surgical intervention for treating nonfacial skin that is actinically damaged. Medium-depth chemical peels (Jessner +35% trichloroacetic acid) remove the photodamaged epidermis to stimulate the production of new collagen in the dermis and remove lesions associated with facial actinic damage, including lentigines and actinic keratoses. Widespread actinic damage is common on the arms and chest. A 70% glycolic acid gel plus 40% trichloroacetic acid peel (Cook Body Peel) is a controlled peel that predictably enables peeling of nonfacial skin in a uniform and safe fashion with specific clinical endpoints. An unusual complication of this body peel is reported. [source] Chemical variability of peel and leaf oils of mandarinsFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006Anne-Laure Fanciullino Abstract Peel and leaf oils of 35 mandarin cultivars, belonging to five different species, were obtained from fruits and leaves collected on mandarin-trees kept at the same pedoclimatic and cultural conditions. Their chemical composition was investigated by capillary GC, GC,MS and 13C-NMR and the results were submitted to a statistical analysis. Two major chemotypes, limonene and limonene/, -terpinene, were distinguished for peel oils, while five chemotypes, linalool, sabinene/linalool, , -pinene/linalool, , -terpinene and methyl N-methylanthranilate, were observed for leaf oils. The results were compared with those already reported by our groups. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Fourth Duke of Newcastle, the Ultra-Tories and the Opposition to Canning's AdministrationHISTORY, Issue 292 2003Richard A. Gaunt This article explores the Ultra-Tory opposition to the formation of George Canning's administration in March,April 1827 and subsequent events leading up to the beginning of the duke of Wellington's ministry in January 1828. It concentrates, in particular, upon the role of Henry, fourth duke of Newcastle (1785,1851) who emerged as the leading Ultra-Tory in the period. The article re-examines the events of the year with two considerations in mind: first, the effect of Canning's appointment on the position of the king and the ,open' status of Catholic Emancipation (given Canning's sympathies for a settlement of that question); secondly, the potential for the formation of a united ,Protestant' party in parliament out of the materials provided by Canning's opponents. It concludes that the events of the year were pivotal in transforming the Ultra-Tories from grumbling, but acquiescent, backwoodsmen into a political group and in demonstrating, well before the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts and Catholic Emancipation, that they were unlikely to find a receptive following from either George IV, Wellington or Peel. [source] A Cosmetic Approach for Pectoral Pacemaker Implantation in Young GirlsPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 9 2000ERIC ROSENTHAL Pectoral placement of pacemaker generators, combined with use of a redundant intravascular lead portion, reduces the need for endocardial lead advancement during growth in children. While the use of small generators and submuscular pockets has contributed to cosmetic acceptability, the conventional subclavicular incision may occasionally form a keloid scar that is unacceptable in young girls. A modified implantation technique was used in five girls (age 2.6,13.3 years) during implantation of VDD (n = 2), VVIR (n = 2), and DDDR (n = 1) pacemakers. A 5-cm incision was made in the axilla along the line of the pec-toralis major and dissection was continued below the muscle to create a pocket for the generator. Subclavian vein puncture was performed from the axillary incision and beneath the pectoralis major muscle using standard or extra long needles with a needle guard. Peel away sheaths were used for lead positioning. The generator was placed in the submuscular pocket and the wound closed with absorbable sutures. At follow-up, pacemaker function was excellent and neither the scars nor pacemakers were visible from the front. In conclusion, the axillary incision with direct subclavian vein puncture from below the pectoralis major muscle offers the advantages of pectoral pacemaker implantation through a single cosmetic incision. [source] Lactic Acid Chemical Peels as a New Therapeutic Modality in Melasma in Comparison to Jessner's Solution Chemical PeelsDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 12 2006KHALIFA E. SHARQUIE MBCHB BACKGROUND Many chemicals have been used in the skin peeling for melasma such as Jessner's solution and glycolic acid. Lactic acid is an ,-hydroxy acid that has not been used before in chemical peeling of melasma. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lactic acid in chemical peeling of melasma in comparison to Jessner's solution chemical peels. METHODS This study was conducted at the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Baghdad Hospital, in the period between April 2001 and August 2002. Thirty patients with melasma were included in this study. They were mostly of skin type IV according to Fitzpatrick's classification, 26 (86.67%) were women, and 4 (13.33%) were men, with an age range from 18 and 50 years (mean±SD, 33.53±6.96 years). Full clinical examination was done to all patients including Wood's light. The severity of melasma was assessed by MASI (Melasma Area Severity Index). Pure lactic acid full strength (92%, pH 3.5) was used as a new peeling agent on the left side of the face while Jessner's solution was applied to the right side of the face. The chemical peeling sessions were done every 3 weeks until the desired response was achieved. Follow-up was carried out for 6 months after the last session. RESULTS Six patients were defaulted from the study after the first session for unknown reasons. Twenty-four patients completed the study. Twenty (83.33%) were women and four were men (16.67%). Wood's light examination showed increased contrast in all patients of mostly epidermal melasma. The number of sessions ranged from 2 to 5. All patients showed marked improvement as calculated by MASI score before and after treatment, and the response was highly statistically significant. No side effect was recorded in all treated patients. CONCLUSION Lactic acid was found to be an effective and safe peeling agent in the treatment of melasma, and it was as effective as Jessner's solution. [source] Tretinoin Peels versus Glycolic Acid Peels in the Treatment of Melasma in Dark-Skinned PatientsDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 5 2004Niti Khunger MD Background. Chemical peels have become a popular method for treating melasma. Although daily topical 0.05 and 0.1% tretinoin have been used for melasma, the therapy takes at least 4 to 6 months to produce clinically significant lightening. In a recent trial, 1% tretinoin peel has shown good clinical and histologic results after biweekly applications in 2.5 weeks only in the treatment of melasma. Objective. Because there is a paucity of studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of 1% tretinoin peel in the treatment of melasma in dark-skinned Asian population, we conducted a pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of this potentially new peeling agent versus a standard peeling agent, 70% glycolic acid, in the treatment of melasma in Indian women. Methods. Ten female patients of melasma, after written consent, were taken up for an open left,right comparison pilot study of 12 weeks. One percent tretinoin peel was applied on one-half of the face, whereas 70% glycolic acid was applied on the other at weekly intervals. The results were evaluated by a clinical investigator by using the modified Melasma Area and Severity Index and with photographs at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks. Results. A significant decrease in the modified Melasma Area and Severity Index from baseline to 6 weeks and then from 6 to 12 weeks was observed on both facial sides (p<0.001). Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant difference between the right and the left sides. Side effects were minimal and 1% tretinoin peel appeared to be well tolerated by the patients. Conclusions. It was concluded from the present trial that serial 1% tretinoin peel is a well tolerated and as effective a therapy for melasma in dark-skinned individuals as a standard and well-tried chemical peel, 70% glycolic acid, although larger trials over longer periods may be necessary to substantiate such findings. [source] Textbook OF Chemical Peels: Superficial, Medium and Deep Peels in Cosmetic PracticeAUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Shawn Richards No abstract is available for this article. [source] Phenol-Castor Oil: Modified Peel for Dermal MelasmaDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 5 2006THADA PIAMPHONGSANT MD BACKGROUND Deep type of melasma is difficult to treat. Various compositions for peeling have been formulated to accomplish this. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to determine the safe use of the new formula, which was composed of phenol and castor oil. METHODS Different concentrations of phenol and castor oil were mixed in five formulations, and the solutions were tested on the forearms of 10 volunteers. The application time was 1 minute, different from that of the original phenol-croton oil. Formula 4 was found to cause a high effect of peeling with least side effects and was used to treat deep facial melasma in 30 patients. RESULTS Higher concentrations of castor oil produced more inflammation when mixed with phenol. Formula 4 was used to clear two cases of melasma in 1 week despite no effect from prior use of a modified antimelasma cream, while some degree of fading was noted in other cases. The total number of different melasma indices was reduced from 206.4 to 91.2 in 30 patients. Hyperpigmentation was noted in five cases and hypopigmentation in one case. Neither scar formation nor cardiac arrhythmia was observed. CONCLUSION A phenol-castor oil peel with an application time of 1 minute reduces pigments in the deep type of melasma with least side effects and a high efficiency when combined with an antimelasma cream. The safe formula and the technique of application are introduced. [source] Botanical Extracts Used in the Treatment of CelluliteDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 2005Doris Hexsel MD Background. Cellulite is defined as skin relief alterations that give the skin an orange peel or mattress appearance. The lesions tend to be asymptomatic and may be considered the anatomic expressions of the structures in the affected area, such as the fat and subcutaneous septa. Objective. The present article reviews the most important botanical extracts used as active ingredients in the treatment of cellulite, as well as the steps to obtain these botanicals as raw material and their standardization and quality control, which are important to guarantee their therapeutic action. Methods. The current literature was reviewed, and we also obtained information from the manufacturers of the prducts that contained botanicals because of the few publications about this subject. Conclusions. The reduction in fat deposits through the continuous use of anticellulite products depends on the availability of the active ingredient at the action site, the concentration of the ingredient in the formulation, and the physiochemical characteristics particular to each active ingredient. The botanicals used in topical products must have standardized extracts, which would permit each phytomedicine to have the same effect anywhere in the world. New scientific research is necessary to verify the efficacy and ideal concentrations of such substances. DORIS HEXSEL, MD, CECILIA ORLANDI, MD, AND DEBORA ZECHMEISTER DO PRADO, PHARM, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS. [source] Tretinoin Peels versus Glycolic Acid Peels in the Treatment of Melasma in Dark-Skinned PatientsDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 5 2004Niti Khunger MD Background. Chemical peels have become a popular method for treating melasma. Although daily topical 0.05 and 0.1% tretinoin have been used for melasma, the therapy takes at least 4 to 6 months to produce clinically significant lightening. In a recent trial, 1% tretinoin peel has shown good clinical and histologic results after biweekly applications in 2.5 weeks only in the treatment of melasma. Objective. Because there is a paucity of studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of 1% tretinoin peel in the treatment of melasma in dark-skinned Asian population, we conducted a pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of this potentially new peeling agent versus a standard peeling agent, 70% glycolic acid, in the treatment of melasma in Indian women. Methods. Ten female patients of melasma, after written consent, were taken up for an open left,right comparison pilot study of 12 weeks. One percent tretinoin peel was applied on one-half of the face, whereas 70% glycolic acid was applied on the other at weekly intervals. The results were evaluated by a clinical investigator by using the modified Melasma Area and Severity Index and with photographs at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks. Results. A significant decrease in the modified Melasma Area and Severity Index from baseline to 6 weeks and then from 6 to 12 weeks was observed on both facial sides (p<0.001). Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant difference between the right and the left sides. Side effects were minimal and 1% tretinoin peel appeared to be well tolerated by the patients. Conclusions. It was concluded from the present trial that serial 1% tretinoin peel is a well tolerated and as effective a therapy for melasma in dark-skinned individuals as a standard and well-tried chemical peel, 70% glycolic acid, although larger trials over longer periods may be necessary to substantiate such findings. [source] Delayed Wound Healing After Three Different Treatments for Widespread Actinic Keratosis on the Atrophic Bald ScalpDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 10 2003Patricia J. F. Quaedvlieg MD Background. Actinic keratosis is an exceedingly common premalignant lesion that can develop into squamous cell carcinoma. There is an increasing prevalence of actinic keratosis with increasing age. Numerous treatment options are available for the treatment of actinic keratosis on the scalp. Although we know that atrophic skin heals slowly, one should be careful but should not hesitate to treat. Objective. We present three patients with widespread actinic keratotic lesions on the atrophic bald scalp who received different treatments. Methods. Patient 1 was treated with medium-depth chemical peel, patient 2 with cryopeel, and patient 3 with CO2 laser resurfacing. In all patients, the entire surface area was treated. Results. Despite the different treatment methods used, all three patients had severly delayed wound healing as a complication. Remarkably, all patients had a prolonged period of re-epithelialization. Conclusion. Care has to be taken in patients with widespread actinic keratosis on the atrophic bald scalp when treating the entire surface area regardless the treatment modality. [source] Rapid Development of Keratoacanthomas After a Body PeelDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 2 2003SueEllen Cox MD Resurfacing techniques have been traditionally limited to the face because of a lack of predictability and standardization for peeling nonfacial skin. There is a need for medical and surgical intervention for treating nonfacial skin that is actinically damaged. Medium-depth chemical peels (Jessner +35% trichloroacetic acid) remove the photodamaged epidermis to stimulate the production of new collagen in the dermis and remove lesions associated with facial actinic damage, including lentigines and actinic keratoses. Widespread actinic damage is common on the arms and chest. A 70% glycolic acid gel plus 40% trichloroacetic acid peel (Cook Body Peel) is a controlled peel that predictably enables peeling of nonfacial skin in a uniform and safe fashion with specific clinical endpoints. An unusual complication of this body peel is reported. [source] Chemical Injury to the Eye from Trichloroacetic AcidDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 7 2002Jason F. Fung MD background. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is frequently utilized for chemical peeling by physicians practicing dermatologic surgery. Ocular complications from TCA have not been reported previously. objective. The purpose of this article is to underscore the irritating and corrosive effects of TCA on the eye. methods. A patient is described who experienced seepage of 35% TCA into the eye during a chemical peel. results. The patient developed marked conjunctivitis of the affected eye and abrasions involving 25% of the cornea. conclusion. TCA must be applied carefully around the eyes to avoid ocular complications, which albeit rare, can be quite grave if not addressed in a timely manner. [source] The Use of Microdermabrasion for Acne: A Pilot StudyDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 4 2001Jenifer R. Lloyd DO Background. Microdermabrasion is a superficial peeling modality that has become quite popular with our patients and the media. Objective. To evaluate the use of microdermabrasion in patients with acne. Methods. Twenty-five patients with grade II,III acne were enrolled into this pilot study. All patients were under dermatologic care and were maintained on their acne medications throughout the study. Patients received eight microdermabrasion treatments at weekly intervals. The results were documented with before and after photographs and evaluated for clinical improvement. Results. Twenty-four patients completed the study with 38% (9/24) having excellent results, 34% (8/24) with good results, 17% (4/24) with fair results, and 12% (3/24) with poor results. Ninety-six percent (23/24) of patients were pleased with their peel results and would recommend this procedure to others. Conclusion. The use of microdermabrasion in this pilot study appeared to produce a positive effect on the improvement of acne. [source] The Efficacy of EMLA versus ELA-Max for Pain Relief in Medium-Depth Chemical Peeling: A Clinical and Histopathologic EvaluationDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 1 2000Robert A. Koppel MD Background. Medium-depth chemical peels are an effective and popular treatment for actinic damage, fine wrinkles, and pigmentary dyschromias. However, they are also uncomfortable. A previous attempt to study the effectiveness of a topical anesthetic gel in 35% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peeling found a reduction in discomfort but an increased depth of penetration and delayed healing. Objective. To evaluate both the efficacy of two topical anesthetic agents in medium-depth combination peeling as well as the histologic result from chemical peeling combined with topical anesthesia. Method. Seventy percent glycolic acid (GA) was applied to the entire face of 10 patients and diluted with water after 2 minutes. This was followed by the sequential application of EMLA cream (lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5%), ELA-Max cream (lidocaine 4%), and placebo to selected areas on the face for 30 minutes without occlusion. These agents were then removed and 35% TCA was applied to the entire face. The level of discomfort felt by the patients during the TCA peel was recorded, clinical photographs were taken, and bilateral preauricular biopsies were performed at baseline, 48 hours, and 90 days postoperatively. Results. Clinically there was a statistically significant decrease in pain felt during the 70% GA-35% TCA peel with topical anesthesia when compared to the control. There was no statistically significant difference in efficacy between EMLA and ELA-Max. There was also no difference in either the clinical or the histopathologic appearance between the medium-depth peel combined with topical anesthesia and the medium-depth peel with control. Conclusion. Both EMLA and ELA-Max decrease the discomfort felt during medium-depth combination chemical peeling without influencing either the clinical or the histopathologic result. [source] Monoterpene biosynthesis in lemon (Citrus limon)FEBS JOURNAL, Issue 13 2002cDNA isolation, functional analysis of four monoterpene synthases Citrus limon possesses a high content and large variety of monoterpenoids, especially in the glands of the fruit flavedo. The genes responsible for the production of these monoterpenes have never been isolated. By applying a random sequencing approach to a cDNA library from mRNA isolated from the peel of young developing fruit, four monoterpene synthase cDNAs were isolated that appear to be new members of the previously reported tpsb family. Based on sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis, these sequences cluster in two separate groups. All four cDNAs could be functionally expressed in Escherichia coli after removal of their plastid targeting signals. The main products of the enzymes in assays with geranyl diphosphate as substrate were (+)-limonene (two cDNAs) (,)-,-pinene and ,-terpinene. All enzymes exhibited a pH optimum around 7; addition of Mn2+ as bivalent metal ion cofactor resulted in higher activity than Mg2+, with an optimum concentration of 0.6 mm. Km values ranged from 0.7 to 3.1 µm. The four enzymes account for the production of 10 out of the 17 monoterpene skeletons commonly observed in lemon peel oil, corresponding to more than 90% of the main components present. [source] Aroma volatiles of ,a la Piedra' TurrónFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2008Laura Vázquez-Araújo Abstract ,A la piedra' turrón is a typical Spanish confection prepared from toasted almonds, sugar, lemon peel and cinnamon; it is the simplest version of turrón. To date, no information has been available on aroma profiles of any type of turrón. The aroma profiles of ,a la piedra' turrón from two different manufacturing companies were studied. A total of 66 compounds were detected, including terpenes (21), terpenoids (16), aldehydes (8), pyrazines (5), furans (3), pyrroles (2), aromatic hydrocarbons (7) and others (4). The predominant volatile compounds were those originated from the lemon peel (,30%), the most characteristic and important ingredient of this food from a flavour point of view. However, descriptive sensory analysis proved that other attributes, such as toasted, nutty, cinnamon, sweet and aftertaste, were also of importance. The low levels of pyrazines (the chemical group most characteristic of toasted nuts) were probably related to a deficient and not optimized toasting process. Thus, further studies are needed to optimize the roasting conditions of almonds. Finally, this study proved that the flavour of this type of turrón was dominated by the lemon peel and cinnamon notes, and that low-toasted almonds were used in its manufacture. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Chemical variability of peel and leaf oils of mandarinsFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006Anne-Laure Fanciullino Abstract Peel and leaf oils of 35 mandarin cultivars, belonging to five different species, were obtained from fruits and leaves collected on mandarin-trees kept at the same pedoclimatic and cultural conditions. Their chemical composition was investigated by capillary GC, GC,MS and 13C-NMR and the results were submitted to a statistical analysis. Two major chemotypes, limonene and limonene/, -terpinene, were distinguished for peel oils, while five chemotypes, linalool, sabinene/linalool, , -pinene/linalool, , -terpinene and methyl N-methylanthranilate, were observed for leaf oils. The results were compared with those already reported by our groups. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Leaf and peel volatile compounds of an interspecific citrus somatic hybrid [Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swing. + Citrus paradisi Macfayden]FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2002Anne-Laure Gancel Abstract The volatile compounds from leaves and peels of an interspecific citrus somatic hybrid, Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swing. + Citrus paradisi Macfayden, obtained by fusion of protoplasts from lime, Citrus aurantifolia (cv. Mexican Lime) and grapefruit, Citrus paradisi (cv. Star Ruby), were extracted by pentane : ether (1 : 1) from liquid nitrogen ball-milled leaves and flavedo and examined by GC,MS in comparison to those of its parents. The hybrid quantitatively retained the ability of the lime parent to synthesize in its leaves the major monoterpene aldehydes (neral, geranial) the monoterpene alcohols (nerol, geraniol), and their acetates, and also the capacity of the grapefruit parent to produce a sesquiterpene aldehyde (,-sinensal) in its leaves and nootkatone in its peel. Conversely, synthesis of most sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and long chain aliphatic aldehydes, which are present in the lime parent leaves and peel, was strongly inhibited in the hybrid, as in the grapefruit parent. In comparison to its parents, the hybrid overproduced citronellal in its leaves and ,-sinensal and ,-sinensal in its peel. Based on these results, the future prospects for a better understanding of the inheritance mechanisms with regards to aroma biosynthesis in citrus leaves and peels are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Original article: Thermal and light degradation kinetics of anthocyanin extracts from mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2010Renan C. Chisté Summary The stability and half-life time of anthocyanin extracts from mangosteen peel were studied under controlled oxygen supply, undergoing the influence of light source (fluorescent, incandescent, infrared and ultraviolet) and storage temperature (5, 28, 40 and 50 °C). The kinetic parameters for anthocyanin degradation, under different illumination conditions fit the first-order reaction model, and the exposition under fluorescent light resulted in a higher half-life time (597 h), followed by incandescent (306 h), ultraviolet (177 h) and infrared (100 h). The kinetic behaviour for the storage in different temperatures also fit the first order, and at 5 °C the highest half-life time (4006 h) was found, followed by 28 °C (370 h), 40 °C (125 h) and 50 °C (93 h). The activation energy was 14.7 Kcal.mol,1, and Q10 values showed that at 5 °C the anthocyanin extracts were more sensitive to storage temperature changes compared to the other tested temperatures. [source] Polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activity of five apple cultivars grown under organic and conventional agricultural practicesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Athanasios Valavanidis Summary The polyphenols and total antioxidant activities of five apple cultivars, grown by organic and conventional agricultural methods in neighbouring farms, were determined and compared. Total polyphenols in the whole fruit and in the peel were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the total antioxidant activity was determined by three established methods, diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP). Polyphenolic content for the whole fruit was in the range of 80,196 and for the peel 165,400 (mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/100 g fresh weight) for both types of agricultural practices. Antioxidant activities of fruit extracts were also relatively similar and well correlated to their polyphenolic content. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the most important polyphenolics (chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1 and B2, cyaniding 3-galactoside, phloridzin, quercetin 3-galactoside and quercetin 3-arabinoside) also showed that concentrations do not differentiate significantly between the organic and conventional apples. Statistical significance of differences in antioxidant activities among the same cultivars was relatively small (flesh + peel or peel only) for both types of apples. These results indicate that organic apples do not present higher antioxidant or nutritional value compared with conventionally grown ones, as far as polyphenolic content and total antioxidant activities are concerned. [source] Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from Diospyros mespiliformis (jackal berry), Flacourtia indica (Batoka plum), Uapaca kirkiana (wild loquat) and Ziziphus mauritiana (yellow berry) fruitsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Ashwell R. Ndhlala Summary Four wild fruits, Diospyros mespiliformis, Flacourtia indica, Uapaca kirkiana and Ziziphus mauritiana, were extracted with methanol and analysed for radical-scavenging effect of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, reducing power and anion radical effect on superoxide anion using colorimetric method. There was an increase in the radical-scavenging effect, reducing power and superoxide anion radical-scavenging effect as the concentration of sample increased. Diospyros mespiliformis had high DPPH radical-scavenging capacity. The peels of F. indica and U. kirkiana had higher DPPH radical-scavenging effects, reducing power and superoxide-scavenging effects compared with the pulp while the pulp of Z. mauritiana had high DPPH radical-scavenging effects, reducing power and superoxide-scavenging effects compared with the peel. [source] Production of gliotoxin on natural substrates by Trichoderma virensJOURNAL OF BASIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2005R. Anitha Dr. Gliotoxin, an epithiodiketopiperazine toxin produced by the ,Q' strain of Trichoderma virens is essential for curtailing growth and multiplication of phytopathogens (Howellet al. 1993, Fravel 1988). Three isolates (Gv, Gv-A and Gv-V) of Trichoderma virens were grown on natural substrates such as bengal gram hull, gingelly cake, green gram hull, rice bran, soya meal, sugarcane bagasse, soyameal + tapioca, tapioca powder, tapioca peel and wheat bran). It was evident from this study that maximum gliotoxin (64 mg/l) was produced on tapioca powder by the alien isolate Gv. However sugarcane bagasse significantly enhanced gliotoxin production (36 mg/l) in the native isolate Gv-A, when compared to other substrates like greengram hull and rice bran. So far, studies on production of gliotoxin on synthetic media has been reported. We report the production of gliotoxin by T. virens on natural substrates "in vitro" for the first time. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Microdermabrasion followed by a 5% retinoid acid chemical peel vs. a 5% retinoid acid chemical peel for the treatment of photoaging , a pilot studyJOURNAL OF COSMETIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2005Doris Hexsel Summary Background, Both retinoid acid (RA) chemical peeling and microdermabrasion are minimally invasive procedures recently developed for the treatment of photoaging. The efficacy of each procedure has been proved, but the results of the combination of these two methods have not been studied until now. Objectives, To assess and compare the efficacy of microdermabrasion followed by a 5% RA chemical peel with that of a 5% RA chemical peel alone. Methods, Six female patients with moderate degrees of photodamage were evaluated. Three submitted to microdermabrasion followed by the application of a 5% RA chemical peel and three submitted to a 5% RA chemical peel alone. Each patient underwent three treatment sessions, with intervals of 7,10 days. Photographs were taken, and both biopsies and histological assessments were carried out, before treatment and 7 days after the final treatment session. Results, In the opinion of the patients, in both groups there was improvement in the texture, pigmentation, and appearance of the treated skin, and this was confirmed with the assessment of the pre- and post-treatment photographs. The combination of microdermabrasion followed by a 5% RA peel showed slightly greater improvement in the histological alterations resulting from photoaging. Conclusion, Both methods, microdermabrasion followed by a 5% RA chemical peel and a 5% RA chemical peel alone are effective in the treatment of photoaging. [source] ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENTS IN PEEL AND PULP OF CHINESE JUJUBE (ZIZIPHUS JUJUBA MILL) FRUITSJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2009ZIPING XUE ABSTRACT Total phenolic contents in peel and pulp of the fruits of three Chinese jujube cultivars (Ziziphus jujuba cv. mayazao, Z. jujuba cv. dongzao and Z. jujuba cv. yuanzao) were determined. The antioxidant activities in peel and pulp of the jujube fruits were measured by different methods, including 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). The total phenolic content in peel was five to six times higher than that in the pulp of all the three cultivars. The phenolics contents in the jujube were different with cultivars. The EC50 (Concentration of lyophilized samples needed to decrease the initial DPPH radical concentration by 50%), FRAP and TEAC values of the peel and pulp were remarkably correlated to their total phenolic contents (R = ,0.922, R = 0.985 and R = 0.997, respectively). The results indicated that the high capacity of antioxidant of Chinese jujube fruit could be attributed to the high phenolic contents in the fruit. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS There was an expanding quest surrounding the use of antioxidant because they have the capacity to protect from the damage because of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. However, the safety of synthetic antioxidant was challenged. Much attention has been focused on the use of natural antioxidant. Interest in food phenolics had increased greatly because of their antioxidant and possible promoting-health role in human health. In this study, total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities in vitro of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill) peel and pulp were researched. The work would help to explore a natural antioxidant for possible application in food and dietary supplemental products for health promotion. [source] INVOLVEMENT OF PEROXIDASE AND POLYPHENOL OXIDASE IN MANGO SAP-INJURYJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2002K. SABY JOHN ABSTRACT Sap (latex) that oozes out from mango during harvest, upon contact with the fruit, causes dark spots (sap-injury) on the peel and reduces consumer acceptance and shelf-life of fruit. In this investigation different components responsible for sap-injury were identified. Mango saps from four Indian varieties were collected and separated into aqueous and nonaqueous phases. Whole sap, aqueous phase and nonaqueous phase were tested for their ability to cause sap-injury (browning) on mangoes. The nonaqueous phase caused maximum injury and the extent of injury caused by nonaqueous phases from different varieties was varied. Limonene, ocimene and ,-myrcene, the major terpenoids identified in saps of Indian varieties, caused injury. Similar type of injury on mangoes was also caused by organic solvents. Damage on Totapuri mango fruit was significantly lower compared to other varieties, whereas Totapuri nonaqueous phase caused injury on all other varieties. The peel of Totapuri variety had very low level of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and polyphenols compared to other varieties. Thus, a clear relation was found between the peel polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase activities, the polyphenol content in the peel and the extent of injury. Further, nonaqueous phase applied on peels previously heat-treated at 95C for 5 min, neither caused injury nor showed any enzyme activity. Thus, the results indicated that the terpenoid components of sap and polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, polyphenols of peel are involved in sap-injury. [source] RADIO FREQUENCY-HOT WATER DIPS FOR POSTHARVEST CODLING MOTH CONTROL IN APPLES,JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 6 2006J.D. HANSEN ABSTRACT A combination radio frequency-hot water dip method was examined as a potential quarantine treatment against fifth instars of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apples, Malus sylvestris (L.) var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf., which were intended for export to Japan. The apples were initially exposed to 27.12-MHz radio frequency energy at 12 kW for 2.75 min and were then submerged in a range of hot water dips (48,50C) for different durations. Efficacious tests were at 48C for >2 h, at 49C for >50 min and at 50C for >40 min. Fruit quality tests indicated that the best hot water parameters were at 50C for 40 min. Fruit quality after 2 weeks was cultivar dependent where "Fuji" apples tolerated heat treatment better than "Delicious" and "Gala" apples. None of the treated fruits were acceptable after 60 days. Regardless of cultivar, heat treatment resulted in loss of both peel and fresh colors, coupled with reduced firmness and increased external and internal damage. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||