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Kinds of Patents Terms modified by Patents Selected AbstractsINNOVATION CYCLES AND LEARNING AT THE PATENT OFFICE: DOES THE EARLY PATENT GET THE DELAY?,THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2010PIERRE RÉGIBEAU We study the relationship between the length of patent review and the importance of inventions. We build a simple model of the U.S. patent review process. Among the model predictions are that, controlling for a patent's position in a new technology cycle, more important innovations would be approved more quickly. Also, the approval delay is likely to decrease as an industry moves from the early stages of an innovation cycle to later stages. These predictions are in line with the evidence we obtain from a data set on U.S. patents granted in the field of genetically modified crops from 1983 to 1999. We also show that failing to account for the innovation lifecycle , as previous studies have done , is likely to bias upwards the estimates of the relationship between delay and importance. [source] BUSINESS METHOD PATENTS AND U.S. FINANCIAL SERVICESCONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 3 2010ROBERT M. HUNT A decade after the State Street decision, more than 1,000 business method patents are granted each year. Yet, only 1 in 10 is obtained by a financial institution. Most business method patents are also software patents. Have these patents increased innovation in financial services? To address this question, we construct new indicators of research and development intensity based on the occupational composition of financial industries. The financial sector appears more research intensive than official statistics would suggest but less than the private economy taken as a whole. There is considerable variation across industries but little apparent trend. There does not appear to be an obvious effect from business method patents on the sector's research intensity. Looking ahead, three factors suggest that the patent system may affect financial services as it has electronics: (1) the sector's heavy reliance on information technology, (2) the importance of standard setting, and (3) the strong network effects exhibited in many areas of finance. Even today litigation is not uncommon; we sketch a number of significant examples affecting financial exchanges and consumer payments. The legal environment is changing quickly. We review a number of important federal court decisions that will affect how business method patents are obtained and enforced. We also review a number of proposals under consideration in the U.S. Congress. (JEL O31, O34, G20) [source] Experimental investigation into cavity-type inertial separators,a novel technique for development of subcompact circulating fluidized bed boilersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 14 2005Animesh Dutta Abstract Cavity-type inertial separators developed by GRI (Patent no. 2, 159, 949, Canada, 2002) were tested in a semi-industrial size circulating fluidized bed pilot plant operated at room temperature. Three rows of separators were hung from the roof of the pilot plant where one row was kept inside the riser and the others were kept in the primary separation chamber, located between the back-pass and the riser. Parameters measured were axial pressure drops along the height of the riser, vertical solids flux on the separator walls, lateral outwards solids flux in the riser with and without separator and local temperatures on the separator walls. A net downwards solids flux is on the inner wall of the separators; however, no downwards solids flux is on the outer walls of the separators. Heat transfer coefficients on the outer wall are found higher than those on the inner walls of the separator. It is also found that the presence of inertial separators not only provides additional heat transfer surfaces but also indirectly increases the heat transfer coefficients on the riser wall. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A combined first-/second-order sliding-mode technique in the control of a jet-propelled vehicleINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBUST AND NONLINEAR CONTROL, Issue 4-5 2008G. Bartolini Abstract This note concerns the design and practical implementation of a position/attitude sliding-mode controller for a surface vessel prototype. The prototype is equipped with a special, recently patented (Italian Patent, 2005), propulsion system based on hydro-jets with adjustable output section. The sliding-mode control design is based on the combination between three instances of a second-order sliding-mode velocity observer (Automatica 1998; 34:379,384) and a simplex-based sliding-mode controller (Int. J. Robust Nonlinear Control 1997; 7(4):321,335). We first describe the structure and the working principle of the prototype. Then, we detail the derivation of the motion observer/controller. Finally, we discuss the major implementation issues and show some experimental results. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Supply-Side Innovation and Technology CommercializationJOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 4 2009Gideon D. Markman abstract The majority of research and practice tends to conceptualize innovation as a vertically coupled, intra-organizational process. We expand this perspective by conceptualizing innovation as a vertically decoupled, inter-organizational process and by studying the role of research universities as suppliers of discoveries to this market for innovation. We combined logic from agency and real options theories to explain why the outcomes of technology commercialization are a function of licensing strategies, the autonomy of technology licensing offices (TLOs), and the incentives bestowed on scientists, research departments, and TLO officers. We rely on data from licensing surveys, interviews with 128 TLO directors, and , for convergent validity , from web-based searches of the TLOs of American universities and the US Patent and Trademark Office. Results suggest that commercialization outcomes (in this case, revenue and start-up creation) are enhanced when TLOs employ diverse licensing strategies, TLOs enjoy greater autonomy, universities share revenues with scientists' departments, and universities compensate TLOs officers well. Results also show that late entrants , typically underperforming universities , inflate royalty shares to scientists as a means to rectify their commercialization record. We conclude with a discussion of this study's contribution to the literature on innovation and technology commercialization. [source] A system for the diagnosis, placement, and prosthetic restoration of root form implants (U.S. Patent #5,769,636)JOURNAL OF PROSTHODONTICS, Issue 1 2003Francesco Di Sario DDS It is difficult to achieve a high degree of reproducibility when using a diagnostic wax-up as the template for fabrication of a definitive implant restoration. Here a method for implant prosthesis treatment planning is described that allows fabrication of the provisional restoration before surgical placement of the implant. The method involves 6 steps: (1) determining the mesiodistal inclination of the implant, (2) determining the buccolingual dimension of the alveolar ridge, (3) determining the proper position of the implant, (4) fabricating the surgical guide, (5) fabricating the provisional restoration, and (6) performing surgical placement of the implant followed by immediate placement of the provisional restoration. [source] Development of Low-Firing B-Fluxed Stoneware TilesJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 11 2009Alessandro F. Gualtieri In a global period of economic recession, innovation is a key requisite to get over this critical phase and prompt an upturn in the economy. Even the market of traditional ceramics is in a stalemate and producers desperately seek for new ideas which may supersede the long-used stoneware tiles. This paper presents the full characterization of a new potential class of ceramics named low-temperature stoneware tiles, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. The body formulation and the firing process are both covered by an Italian Patent. This innovative product exhibits technological and esthetical features analogous to those of the traditional stoneware tile bodies but is fired at a maximum temperature of 950°C, about 250°C lower than the firing temperature of stoneware tiles. This is possible thanks to the addition of a B-rich frit to the mixture composed of quartz, feldspars, and clays. The frit acts as a low-temperature flux and promotes the melting of the feldspars. Within the fired body, the residual phases are quartz and feldspars. The newly formed phases can be ,-spodumene if Li is present in the frit or spinel if Mg is present in the natural materials. The best body formulations have been characterized with mineralogical, microscopic, and technological methods. The major weakness of these ceramic bodies is their unresistance to acids. The chemical nature of the sintered matrix, with a high content of alkalies and B, triggers off the tendency of the ceramic body to react in contact with acidic solutions. Another penalty factor is the cost of the B-rich frit used in the formulation of the ceramic mixture which increases the overall cost of the ceramic body. [source] Co-evolution of invention activities among cities in New England,PAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2006Catherine Y. Co Patent; invention; city; New England Abstract., This article examines how patent activities in metropolitan areas change using New England as a backdrop. Using U.S. patent data from 1975 to 1999, this article uncovers several patterns. First, some patent-lagging cities catch up with patent-leading cities. Second, one contributory factor for catch up is knowledge diffusion. Third, shakeouts in patent specialisations in leading cities are less dramatic compared to those in lagging cities. Fourth, invention activities among cities co-evolve. The co-evolution of invention activities among cities provides an incentive for city and/or state governments to coordinate policies that may affect knowledge creation in their jurisdictions. [source] Product Patent, the Problem of Availability of Patented Drugs and Parallel Trade: A Theoretical ApproachTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 4 2010Mainak Mazumdar This article theoretically examines the potential effect of product patent on the availability of an essential drug in developing countries like India. Previous studies have indicated the possibility of a product patent making a drug unavailable in a developing nation. This has been shown under the uniform pricing policy adopted by the multinational company (MNC) that produces the drug. Allowing for price discrimination and comparing it with the above situation, we have argued that the problem of non-availability of a patented drug is, indeed, much less serious. However, successful price discrimination is not possible when markets are not perfectly segmented and "parallel trade" (a form of arbitrage) by the distributors exists. Our model incorporates such a possibility and establishes that even in the presence of parallel trade, the MNC can earn higher profits by supplying the drug to both the developed and the developing nations than by confining itself to the markets of developed countries. [source] Patents and Innovation in Cancer Therapeutics: Lessons from CellProTHE MILBANK QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2002Avital Bar-Shalom How scientific knowledge is translated into diagnostic and therapeutic tools is important to patients with dread diseases as well as to regulators and policymakers. Patents play a crucial role in that process. Indeed, concern that the fruits of federally funded research would languish without commercial application led to the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act (PL 96-517), which reinforced incentives to patent the results of inventions arising from federally funded research (Eisenberg 1996). Subsequently, rates of patenting among U.S. academic institutions have increased (Henderson, Jaffe, and Trajtenberg 1988). A recent survey by the Association of University Technology Managers counted 20,968 licenses and options from 175 academic institutions and 6,375 patent applications filed in fiscal year 2000 (Pressman 2002). Analysis suggests that the number of academic patents was already rising when the Bayh-Dole Act was passed in 1980 (Mowery et al. 2001), but it is clear that the act reinforced the patenting norm in research universities and mandated a technology transfer infrastructure at those universities that had not yet established a technology licensing office. This article discusses the interaction between intellectual property and cancer treatment. CellPro developed a stem cell separation technology based on research at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center. A patent with broad claims to bone marrow stem cell antibodies had been awarded to Johns Hopkins University and licensed to Baxter Healthcare under the 1980 Bayh-Dole Act to promote commercial use of inventions from federally funded research. CellPro got FDA approval more than two years before Baxter but lost patent infringement litigation. NIH elected not to compel Hopkins to license its patents to CellPro. CellPro went out of business, selling its technology to its competitor. Decisions at both firms and university licensing offices, and policies at the Patent and Trademark Office, NIH, and the courts influenced the outcome. [source] GSK3,: role in therapeutic landscape and development of modulatorsBRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 1 2010S Phukan Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3,) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase which was originally identified as a regulator of glycogen metabolism. It plays a key role in the regulation of numerous signalling pathways including cellular process such as cell cycle, inflammation and cell proliferation. Over the last few years there is a considerable rise in the number of journals and patents publication by different workers worldwide. Many pharmaceutical companies are focusing on GSK3, as a therapeutic target for the treatment of disease conditions. The present review is focused on signalling pathways of different disease conditions where GSK3, is implicated. In this review, we present a comprehensive map of GSK3, signalling pathways in disease physiologies. Structural analysis of GSK3, along with molecular modelling reports from numerous workers are reviewed in context of design and development of GSK3, inhibitors. Patent landscape of the small molecule modulators is profiled. The chemo space for small molecule modulators extracted from public and proprietary Kinase Chembiobase for GSK3, are discussed. Compounds in different clinical phases of discovery are analysed. The review ends with the overall status of this important therapeutic target and challenges in development of its modulators. [source] The Fog of Integration: Reassessing the Role of Economic Interests in European IntegrationBRITISH JOURNAL OF POLITICS & INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Issue 1 2008Patrick Leblond The main theories of European economic integration argue that private economic interests provide the impetus and pressures for integration to move forward. Public policy analyses of the European Union's legislative process, however, show that intense lobbying by such interests can prevent legislative proposals from being adopted, even if economic interests were initially in favour of supranational legislation. How do we explain this apparent contradiction? The answer is that economic interests initially face great uncertainty as to the precise costs and benefits of integrating a particular policy area; only once the ,fog of integration' lifts,as a result of concrete legislative proposals being tabled by the Commission,are economic interests able to calculate these costs and benefits and, consequently, decide whether to lobby for or against the proposal. To provide a first-run validation of the argument, the article examines the cases of the Software Patent and Takeover directives. [source] Patents and R&D as Real OptionsECONOMIC NOTES, Issue 1 2004Eduardo S. Schwartz This article develops and implements a simulation approach to value patents and patent-protected R&D projects based on the Real Options approach. It takes into account uncertainty in the cost-to-completion of the project, uncertainty in the cash flows to be generated from the project, and the possibility of catastrophic events that could put an end to the effort before it is completed. It also allows for the possibility of abandoning the project when costs turn out to be larger than expected or when estimated cash flows turn out to be smaller than anticipated. This abandonment option represents a very substantial part of the project's value when the project is marginal or/and when uncertainty is large. The model presented can be used to evaluate the effects of regulation on the cost of innovation and the amount on innovative output. The main focus of the article is the pharmaceutical industry. The framework, however, applies just as well to other research-intensive industries such as software or hardware development. (J.E.L.:G31, O22, O32). [source] Converting waste gases from pulp mills into value-added chemicalsENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 3 2002Tom L. Burgess A combined sorption/catalytic process has been discovered that converts the methanol and mercaptans in Kraft pulp mill waste gas condensates into formaldehyde. A pilot plant was operated at Georgia-Pacific's Brunswick, GA, mill for two years to optimize both sorbents and catalyst. Patents were issued. Applications within Georgia-Pacific and external licensing opportunities for the process are being investigated. The process gives pulp and paper mills a profitable alternative for converting their waste gases to valuable chemicals, as opposed to incineration or biodegradation in treatment ponds. [source] Currents: Books in BriefGLOBAL BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EXCELLENCE, Issue 3 2001LaRoi Lawton The Roots and Future of Management Theory Profit From the Core: Growth Strategy in an Era of Turbulence 90 Days to Launch: Internet Projects on Time and on Budget The Six Sigma Revolution: How General Electric and Others Turned Process into Profits In Good Company Evolve! Succeeding in the Digital Culture of Tomorrow Lessons from the Heart of American Business: A Roadmap for Managers in the 21st Century The Passion Plan at Work: A Step-by-Step Guide to Building a Passion-Driven Organization The Inner Work of Leaders: Leadership as a Habit of Mind Corporate Sin: Leaderless Leadership and Dissonant Workers The HR Scorecard Place to Space: Migrating to Ebusiness Models Building the Integrated Company Protecting Your Company's Intellectual Property: A Practical Guide to Trademarks, Copyrights, Patents, & Trade Secrets Gaming the System: Stop Playing the Organizational Game [source] Patents Gone Wild: An Ethical Examination and Legal Analysis of Tax-Related and Tax Strategy PatentsAMERICAN BUSINESS LAW JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009Wade M. Chumney First page of article [source] TRP channels as therapeutic targets: hot property, or time to cool down?NEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY & MOTILITY, Issue 8 2006G. A. Hicks Abstract,Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are involved in a wide range of processes ranging from osmoregulation, thermal, chemical and sensory signalling, and potentially in the pathophysiology associated with several diseases. Patents for TRPV1 antagonists alone span diseases ranging across chronic pain, neuropathies, headache, bladder disorders, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), and cough amongst others. Most research is currently focused around those TRP channels involved in sensory processes, with the neurogastroenterology and motility field playing a major role, for example, through recent discoveries of differential roles for TRPV receptor subtypes in chemosensitivity and mechanosensitivity of visceral afferents. At this time, however, the understanding of the role of even TRPV1, let alone most of the other TRP channels in disease pathophysiology is only just beginning, and although enthusiasm around the therapeutic potential for modulators of these channels is understandable, based largely upon the experience of the effects of natural ligands, such as capsaicin, the sheer size and complexity of the TRP family as a whole must serve as a warning against expecting too much too soon from drug discovery efforts. [source] Communication as a determinant of organizational innovationR & D MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2000Mika Kivimäki This study of 32 small and medium-sized industrial enterprises explored eight distinct aspects of communication, as appraised by the staff (n = 493), and innovative performance, assessed by two indicators: perceived innovation effectiveness and patent statistics obtained from the Patent Register at the National Board of Patents and Registration of Trademarks. The results showed that intra-organizational aspects of communication, such as encouragement of initiatives and critical evaluation of performance, were associated with both indicators of innovative performance. In addition, a participative climate and interaction between the personnel in R&D, marketing and production were related to perceived innovative effectiveness, whereas interaction with clients and other firms related to the number of patents in the organization. The link between communication and innovation was interdependent with the organizational and staff characteristics including the number of personnel, administrative and R&D intensity, the level of vocational training, and the age distribution of the staff. [source] Patents, Innovation and GrowthTHE ECONOMIC RECORD, Issue 234 2000MARK CROSBY New growth theories emphasize the role played by innovation in promoting economic growth. Since it is difficult to quantify the amount of innovation undertaken in an economy, there is little available empirical evidence assessing the contribution made by innovation to growth, in contrast to abundant evidence on the role of physical capital accumulation in the growth process. In this paper patent data are used to proxy the amount of innovation undertaken in an economy. The patent data are used to explore two questions. First, how important is innovation to economic growth in Australia, and second, are reductions in innovations sourced in Australia offset by increases in foreign sourced innovations in Australia? [source] An Economic Justification for Open Access to Essential Medicine Patents in Developing CountriesTHE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS, Issue 2 2009Sean Flynn This paper offers an economic rationale for compulsory licensing of needed medicines in developing countries. The patent system is based on a trade-off between the "deadweight losses" caused by market power and the incentive to innovate created by increased profits from monopoly pricing during the period of the patent. However, markets for essential medicines under patent in developing countries with high income inequality are characterized by highly convex demand curves, producing large deadweight losses relative to potential profits when monopoly firms exercise profit-maximizing pricing strategies. As a result, these markets are systematically ill-suited to exclusive marketing rights, a problem which can be corrected through compulsory licensing. Open licenses that permit any qualified firm to supply the market on the same terms, such as may be available under licenses of right or essential facility legal standards, can be used to mitigate the negative effects of government-granted patents, thereby increasing overall social welfare. [source] Interfirm Innovation under Uncertainty: Empirical Evidence for Strategic Knowledge Partitioning,THE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 5 2008Jaegul Lee This paper analyzes how uncertainty and life-cycle effects condition the knowledge boundary between assemblers and suppliers in interfirm product development. Patents associated with automotive emission control technologies for both assemblers and suppliers are categorized as architectural or component innovations, and technology-forcing regulations imposed by the government on the auto industry from 1970 to 1998 are used to define periods of high and low uncertainty. Results confirm that suppliers dominate component innovation whereas assemblers lead on architectural innovation. More importantly, when facing uncertainty firms adjust their knowledge boundary by increasing the knowledge overlap with their supply-chain collaborators. Suppliers clearly expand their knowledge base relatively more into architectural knowledge during such periods. But assemblers' greater emphasis on component innovation in periods of greater uncertainty is only true as a relative deviation from an overall trend toward increasing component innovation over time. This trend results from an observed life-cycle effect, whereby architectural innovation dominates before the emergence of a dominant design, with component innovation taking the lead afterward. Thus, for assemblers life-cycle effects may dominate over task uncertainty in determining relative effort in component versus architectural innovation. This work extends research on strategic interfirm knowledge partitioning as well as on the information-processing view of product development. First, it provides a large-scale empirical justification for the claim that firms' knowledge boundaries need to extend beyond their task boundaries. Further, it implies that overlaps in knowledge domains between an assembler and suppliers are particularly important for projects involving new technologies. Second, it offers a dynamic view of knowledge partitioning, showing how architectural knowledge prevails in the early phase of the product life cycle whereas component knowledge dominates the later stages. Yet the importance of life-cycle effects versus task uncertainty in conditioning knowledge boundaries is different for assemblers and suppliers, with the former dominating for assemblers and the latter more influential for suppliers. Finally, it supports the idea that architectural and component knowledge are critical elements in the alignment of cognitive frameworks between assemblers and suppliers and thus are key for information-exchange effectiveness and resolution of task uncertainties in interfirm innovation. [source] Patents and Pharmaceutical R&D: Consolidating Private,Public Partnership Approach to Global Public Health CrisesTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 4 2010Chidi Oguamanam Intellectual property (IP) is a reward and incentive market-driven mechanism for fostering innovation and creativity. The underlying, but disputed, assumption to this logic is that without IP, the wheel of innovation and inventiveness may grind to a halt or spin at a lower and unhelpful pace. This conventional justification of IP enjoys, perhaps, greater empirical credibility with the patent regime than with other regimes. Despite the inconclusive role of patents as a stimulant for research and development (R&D), special exception is given to patent's positive impact on innovation and inventiveness in the pharmaceutical sector. This article focuses on that sector and links the palpable disconnect between the current pharmaceutical R&D agenda and global public health crises, especially access to drugs for needy populations, to a flaw in the reward and incentive theory of the patent system. It proposes a creative access model to the benefits of pharmaceutical research by pointing in the direction of a global treaty to empower and institutionalize private,public partnerships in health care provisions. Such a regime would restore balance in the global IP system that presently undermines the public-regarding considerations in IP jurisprudence. [source] Scope of Process Patents in Farm Animal BreedingTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 3 2008Morten Walløe Tvedt The number of process patent applications concerning farm animal breeding is growing rapidly. Patent law is general in form and is seldom adapted to specific areas of innovation. It was initially created for the purpose of granting exclusive rights to technical inventions, and it was taken for granted that higher animals, food production and pharmaceuticals were too important for mankind to be included under exclusive private rights. Today, with patent law increasingly used in the animal sector, the question arises: how will the law apply to this particular field of innovation? The degree of legal uncertainty is particularly high because it is not clear how the courts of various countries will apply the general law to this particular field. Patent law has the potential to alter the existing legal conditions for competition and investments in the field of animal breeding, and thus merits greater attention among policy-makers, animal breeders and farmers. [source] Is There a Global Warming of Patents?THE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 1 2008Joseph Straus The worldwide surge of patent applications has recently been called "global warming of patents". In this article an attempt is made to test this equation with a clearly negative connotation by analyzing the multilayered reasons for that surge and its future perspectives. Solutions are sought for the resulting backlog of some three million worldwide pending patent applications. [source] Patents and Access to Antiretroviral Medicines in Vietnam after World Trade Organization AccessionTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 3-4 2007Jakkrit Kuanpoth Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, where they are accessible, have been shown to prolong the lives and increase the health and well-being of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In general terms, whether a country is able to provide affordable ARVs to people in need is determined by the pricing structure of the drugs, which is in turn based on the patent environment that regulates them. Increasing access in many developing countries, including Vietnam, requires a thorough understanding of the patent environment and of the legal options that will allow the production and/or importation of affordable treatments. This article provides an analysis of current patent law in Vietnam with regard to the production and importation of pharmaceuticals. It then reviews the current situation of supply of ARVs with regard to pharmaceutical patents and Vietnam's obligations and practices against international agreements. The study concludes by suggesting options for utilizing current law to improve access to ARVs and makes recommendations for the implementation of Vietnamese patent law. [source] Singapore's Emerging Knowledge Economy: Role of Intellectual Property and its Possible Implications for Singaporean SocietyTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 3 2006Robin Ramcharan This article seeks to take an exploratory and critical look at the role of intellectual property (IP) in the development of Singapore. IP protection has become an important factor in the move to a knowledge-based economy (KBE), in which information is a prized asset. In order to preserve its traditional role as a regional trading entrepôt, its economy has evolved from an initial concentration on heavy industry-based manufacturing to manufacturing in knowledge-intensive products (electronics, chemicals and engineering), and the provision of financial and banking services. IP is now, arguably, a critical factor in the latest attempts by the Singaporean leadership to remain relevant to the regional and global economy. Faced with numerous competitors and cheaper labor markets, an impressive drive has been launched towards the enhancement of knowledge-intensive industries for which IP protection is vital. These include the creative industries strategy (copyright industries) and the provision of biomedical services (pharmaceutical, medical devices, biotechnology and healthcare services), the "fourth pillar" of Singapore's manufacturing sector, in addition to electronics, chemicals and engineering. Singapore seeks a competitive edge in this niche, for which IP protection seems vital. Patents are particularly relevant to the fourth pillar. This article will examine the following: (1) the place of IP historically in its economic development; (2) its role in various aspects of various strategies in its current economic development plans,the creative industries strategy, the intelligent island strategy and the fourth pillar strategy; and (3) critical IP issues for Singapore's economy. It does so with several key questions in mind. (1) Could the drive to an IP intensive knowledge economy generate social dislocations? (2) Which segments of Singaporean society stand to gain or lose in the move to an intensively knowledge-based economy? (3) Can the IP system contribute to softening the blow in any such dislocations? This article seeks to stimulate research into the social and economic impact of IP in Singapore's developmental process, an area thus far understudied. [source] Intellectual Property Creation as Invention Patents for Development and Competitiveness in ASEANTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 5 2005Ngo Van Lam First page of article [source] Patents, Price Controls, and PharmaceuticalsTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 4 2003Considerations from Political Economy First page of article [source] Sharing the Benefits of BiodiversityTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 6 2002Is there a Role for the Patent System? "Patents shield the collective interests of all participants." Jeff Kushan1 ",there is no ,bioprospecting' only ,biopiracy'." Pat Mooney2 [source] Patents and Innovation in Cancer Therapeutics: Lessons from CellProTHE MILBANK QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2002Avital Bar-Shalom How scientific knowledge is translated into diagnostic and therapeutic tools is important to patients with dread diseases as well as to regulators and policymakers. Patents play a crucial role in that process. Indeed, concern that the fruits of federally funded research would languish without commercial application led to the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act (PL 96-517), which reinforced incentives to patent the results of inventions arising from federally funded research (Eisenberg 1996). Subsequently, rates of patenting among U.S. academic institutions have increased (Henderson, Jaffe, and Trajtenberg 1988). A recent survey by the Association of University Technology Managers counted 20,968 licenses and options from 175 academic institutions and 6,375 patent applications filed in fiscal year 2000 (Pressman 2002). Analysis suggests that the number of academic patents was already rising when the Bayh-Dole Act was passed in 1980 (Mowery et al. 2001), but it is clear that the act reinforced the patenting norm in research universities and mandated a technology transfer infrastructure at those universities that had not yet established a technology licensing office. This article discusses the interaction between intellectual property and cancer treatment. CellPro developed a stem cell separation technology based on research at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center. A patent with broad claims to bone marrow stem cell antibodies had been awarded to Johns Hopkins University and licensed to Baxter Healthcare under the 1980 Bayh-Dole Act to promote commercial use of inventions from federally funded research. CellPro got FDA approval more than two years before Baxter but lost patent infringement litigation. NIH elected not to compel Hopkins to license its patents to CellPro. CellPro went out of business, selling its technology to its competitor. Decisions at both firms and university licensing offices, and policies at the Patent and Trademark Office, NIH, and the courts influenced the outcome. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||