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Particular Circumstances (particular + circumstance)
Selected AbstractsSo You Want to Be a Dermasurgeon: How to Get Training or Choose a FellowshipDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 9 2006MURAD ALAM MD BACKGROUND There are many routes to obtaining training in dermasurgery. OBJECTIVE The objective is to discuss some considerations that may guide selection of dermasurgery training. METHODS Current training options are reviewed. RESULTS Some considerations that may guide selection of type of dermasurgery training include: (1) individual temperament; (2) the subtype of dermasurgery in which training is desired (Mohs, cosmetic surgery, laser); (3) family and geographic factors; (4) preference for private practice versus academic career; and (5) proportion of future practice to be devoted to dermasurgery. CONCLUSIONS There are a growing number of training choices for budding dermasurgeons, with multiple options available for each set of particular circumstances. [source] Agricultural Productivity Growth and Poverty AlleviationDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 4 2001Xavier Irz How important is agricultural growth to poverty reduction? This article first sets out the theoretical reasons for expecting agricultural growth to reduce poverty. Several plausible and strong arguments apply - including the creation of jobs on the land, linkages from farming to the rest of the rural economy, and a decline in the real cost of food for the whole economy - but the degree of impact is in all cases qualified by particular circumstances. Hence, the article deploys a cross-country estimation of the links between agricultural yield per unit area and measures of poverty. This produces strong confirmation of the hypothesised linkages. It is unlikely that there are many other development interventions capable of reducing the numbers in poverty so effectively. [source] SPACES OF DIZZINESS AND DREAD: NAVIGATING ACROPHOBIAGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2007Gavin J. Andrews ABSTRACT As part of emerging disciplinary interests in well-being and emotions, geographers have recently begun to pay attention to common but often neglected psychological conditions that have the potential to impact considerably upon individuals and their daily lives. Specifically extending the scope of geographical inquiry on phobias, this paper considers acrophobia (known as being scared of heights). Through interviews with ten sufferers, the spatial character and intensity of the condition is articulated. The findings tell us that underpinning acrophobia is mathematical height: the vertical elevation from the lowest possible resting point of the body to the point at which the symptoms of acrophobia occur. This point is however - even for each individual - highly variable, context dependant and, in terms of explanatory potential, does not convey personal experiences. Instead, the idea of ,encounter spaces' provides far greater elaboration. Created by sufferers ,dysfunctional' spatial perceptions, these are the occupied spaces of mixed emotional and physical responses (such as fear and rapid breathing) and reactionary practices that are tactical yet somewhat involuntary in nature (such as gripping tighter or getting lower). Depending on the particular circumstances, sufferers might choose to, feel forced to, or might inadvertently enter encounter spaces. Their impacts also extend beyond immediate effects to sufferers' longer term lives and well-being. This might be negatively impacted, for example, through cumulative encounters, worrying about potential encounters or missing out on life events. At this level, reactionary practices - again which are tactical yet somewhat involuntary - are often employed in order to avoid height. Ultimately, the overall impact of acrophobia on an individual depends on a number of factors including the severity of their condition, the attitudes of the people they associate with, their job, lifestyle and the environments which they have to, or would like to, frequent. Consequently, while some sufferers cope with ease, others constantly navigate the altitude of their lives. [source] To whom, and for whom, must I respond?GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2002Negotiating responsibility during the last years of East German state socialism This paper reconsiders the practice of responsibility during the last years of East German state socialism. It treats the matter of responsibility as a kind of dialogue, attending to the various ways in which people were called upon to respond to and account for their actions and those of others across a range of circumstances and predicaments. It addresses several basic questions, among them: What did the ordinary practice of responsibility look like in the East? How did this requirement to respond to and for others affect the arrangements of ordinary living? More specifically, how did the practice of responsibility work out geographically? The approach taken here is both practical and analytic. It attends to the practical and constitutive aspects of dilemmas of responsibility across a range of situations. It is also historical and ethnographic, based on the city and district of Rostock, and drawing upon a range of primary source materials, from security reports to interviews to sermons delivered during the 1980s. The paper shows some of the ways in which the practice of responsibility played itself out in relation to place. For example, residents themselves invoked a rhetoric of responsibility, criticizing local officials for being unresponsive or indifferent to their concerns. Others found ways to generate ambiguity about how the rules of the state were to be applied in particular circumstances. Finally, some residents simply refused to socialize and otherwise assume responsibility for certain others both at work and at home. [source] More Open but Not More Trusted?GOVERNANCE, Issue 4 2010The Effect of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 on the United Kingdom Central Government This article examines the impact of Britain's Freedom of Information (FOI) Act 2000 on British central government. The article identifies six objectives for FOI in the United Kingdom and then examines to what extent FOI has met them, briefly comparing the United Kingdom with similar legislation in Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, and Canada. It concludes that FOI has achieved the core objectives of increasing transparency and accountability, though the latter only in particular circumstances, but not the four secondary objectives: improved decision-making by government, improved public understanding, increased participation, and trust in government. This is not because the Act has "failed" but because the objectives were overly ambitious and FOI is shaped by the political environment in which it is placed. [source] Experience and meaning of user involvement: some explorations from a community mental health projectHEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, Issue 3 2002Carole Truman Abstract With an increased interest in and policy commitment to involving service users in the planning and delivery of health service provision, there is a clear need to explore both the rhetoric and realities of what user involvement entails. In the present paper, by drawing upon an evaluation of a community-based exercise facility for people with mental health problems, the authors explore ways in which the reality of user involvement is subject to a range of configurations within health services. The paper describes a piece of qualitative research that was undertaken within a participatory framework to explore the nature of user involvement within the facility. The data have been analysed using a grounded theory approach to provide insights into: the organisational context in which user involvement takes place; factors which encourage meaningful participation on the part of service users; perceived barriers to user involvement; and issues of sustainability and continuity. This research approach has enabled the authors to explore the views and experiences of users, service providers and referral agencies in relation to the nature and potential for user involvement. The findings illustrate ways in which user involvement may take place under both flexible and formal arrangements across a variety of activities. The present paper provides an account of some of the meanings and experiences of what ,successful' user participation may involve and the conditions which underpin ,success'. The authors conclude that successful and meaningful user involvement should enable and support users to recognise their existing skills, and to develop new ones, at a pace that suits their particular circumstances and personal resources. This process may require adaptation not only by organisations, but also by service providers and non-involved users. [source] On the Consequences of Frequent Applicants in Adverse Impact Analyses: A demonstration studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT, Issue 4 2008Eric M. Dunleavy Electronic résumés, online applications, and automated personnel systems have reduced the effort required for a candidate to apply for employment opportunities like selection and promotion. The nature of these systems may affect analyses of adverse impact. For example, candidates that can easily apply to many positions multiple times could strongly influence analyses of adverse impact under particular circumstances. This study demonstrates some potential consequences of including frequent applicants in adverse impact analyses. Using workforce simulation methodology, we illustrate some conditions where a lesser qualified frequent applicant substantially influences the statistical significance of adverse impact detection. In some cases, the adverse impact against a subgroup may be accounted for by a single frequent applicant; in other cases, statistically significant adverse impact may be disguised by a single frequent applicant. We also consider methods for identifying frequent applicants and present options for handling these cases in analyses. [source] Cellular response to oxidative stress: Signaling for suicide and survival,JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1 2002Jennifer L. Martindale Reactive oxygen species (ROS), whether produced endogenously as a consequence of normal cell functions or derived from external sources, pose a constant threat to cells living in an aerobic environment as they can result in severe damage to DNA, protein, and lipids. The importance of oxidative damage to the pathogenesis of many diseases as well as to degenerative processes of aging has becoming increasingly apparent over the past few years. Cells contain a number of antioxidant defenses to minimize fluctuations in ROS, but ROS generation often exceeds the cell's antioxidant capacity, resulting in a condition termed oxidative stress. Host survival depends upon the ability of cells and tissues to adapt to or resist the stress, and repair or remove damaged molecules or cells. Numerous stress response mechanisms have evolved for these purposes, and they are rapidly activated in response to oxidative insults. Some of the pathways are preferentially linked to enhanced survival, while others are more frequently associated with cell death. Still others have been implicated in both extremes depending on the particular circumstances. In this review, we discuss the various signaling pathways known to be activated in response to oxidative stress in mammalian cells, the mechanisms leading to their activation, and their roles in influencing cell survival. These pathways constitute important avenues for therapeutic interventions aimed at limiting oxidative damage or attenuating its sequelae. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Leasing in Russia: A Case StudyJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTING, Issue 2 2006Sergey V. Pakhtusov As Russia goes through the process of converting from a command to a market economy, many old business processes and standards had to be terminated and new methods implemented. Leasing is an example of a technique long in use in more developed economies that has been transplanted to Russia, with changes made to reflect the particular circumstances there. This paper examines the current state of leasing in Russia by concentrating on the experiences of one leasing company: Volgopromleasing. Interest rates and inflation rates that fluctuate widely and are sometimes extremely high, as well as a legislative environment that may be expected to change are some of the challenges faced by the firm. However, compensating opportunities exist: many Russian firms desperately need to update their equipment, the government is strongly interested in promoting rapid economic growth, and the legislation currently in effect favors leasing over other methods of acquiring fixed assets. Although leasing has the potential to assist Russian firms in modernizing and growing, and, therefore, to help the Russian economy in its effort to rapidly move to a new market economy, this can only occur in conjunction with other economic initiatives that also provide for growth and stabilization. [source] The role of thermodynamics in disc fragmentationMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 3 2009Dimitris Stamatellos ABSTRACT Thermodynamics play an important role in determining the way a protostellar disc fragments to form planets, brown dwarfs and low-mass stars. We explore the effect that different treatments of radiative transfer have in simulations of fragmenting discs. Three prescriptions for the radiative transfer are used: (i) the diffusion approximation of Stamatellos et al.; (ii) the barotropic equation of state (EOS) of Goodwin et al. and (iii) the barotropic EOS of Bate et al. The barotropic approximations capture the general evolution of the density and temperature at the centre of each proto-fragment but (i) they do not make any adjustments for particular circumstances of a proto-fragment forming in the disc and (ii) they do not take into account thermal inertia effects that are important for fast-forming proto-fragments in the outer disc region. As a result, the number of fragments formed in the disc and their properties are different, when a barotropic EOS is used. This is important not only for disc studies but also for simulations of collapsing turbulent clouds, as in many cases in such simulations stars form with discs that subsequently fragment. We also examine the difference in the way proto-fragments condense out in the disc at different distances from the central star using the diffusion approximation and following the collapse of each proto-fragment until the formation of the second core (,, 10,3 g cm,3). We find that proto-fragments forming closer to the central star tend to form earlier and evolve faster from the first to the second core than proto-fragments forming in the outer disc region. The former have a large pool of material in the inner disc region that they can accrete from and grow in mass. The latter accrete more slowly and they are hotter because they generally form in a quick abrupt event. [source] Density-dependent reproduction in the European rabbit: a consequence of individual response and age-dependent reproductive performanceOIKOS, Issue 3 2004Heiko G. Rödel Density dependence of reproduction has generally been proposed to be caused by habitat heterogeneity and by the individual response of reproductive output. However, a further mechanism might generate density dependence of average reproductive rates. High density situations might be associated with a high proportion of first-season breeders which often show a principally lower reproductive performance. We tested for the existence of the latter mechanism as well as for density-dependent individual changes of reproductive effort in a population of European rabbits living in a homogeneous grassland habitat. The study was conducted over a period of eleven years. Overall, a strong relationship between mean reproductive rates and the breeding density of females was apparent. All necessary conditions for the presence of a density-dependent effect caused by age-dependent reproduction were fulfilled: Fluctuations of breeding density were paralleled by variations in the proportion of one-year-old females. These one-year-old, first-season breeders showed a consistently lower reproductive performance than older females, which might be caused by their lower body mass and their lower social rank. However, we also found strong evidence for density-dependent response of individual reproductive effort: Individual changes in fecundity over successive years were explained by changes in the breeding density of females. The results suggest that density dependence of reproduction in European rabbits is due to an interaction of age-dependent reproductive performance together with short-term fluctuations in breeding density, and a density-dependent, individual based response of reproductive rates. We further conclude that the lower reproductive performance of first-season breeders in age-structured animal populations may contribute substantially to interannual, and under particular circumstances to density-dependent variations of mean reproductive rates. [source] Fetal growth and neonatal mortality in KoreaPAEDIATRIC & PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 5 2007Jae S. Hong Summary The fetal growth curve and neonatal mortality rate, based on gestational age and birthweight, are important for identifying groups of high-risk neonates and developing appropriate medical services and health-care programmes. The purpose of this study was to develop a national fetal growth curve for neonates in Korea, and examine the Korean national references for fetal growth and death according to their characteristics. Data of Korean vital statistics linked National Infant Mortality Survey conducted on births in 1999 were used in this study. The total livebirths were 621 764 in 1999, which were grouped into singletons (n = 609 643) and twins (n = 9805) for analysis. Birthweight/gestational age-specific fetal growth curves and neonatal mortality rates were based on 250 g of birthweight and weekly gestational age intervals for each characteristic of the birth. The features of high-risk neonates such as small-for-gestational-age and the limit of viability in Korea were different from those of Western countries. Difference in fetal growth and death was also detected in other characteristics of the fetus (gender and plurality of birth) besides race. The fetal growth curve of males was higher than that of females, and was higher in singleton than in twins. The neonatal mortality rate was higher in males (singleton, 2.6; twin, 23.5) than females (singleton, 2.1; twin, 15.9), and higher in twins (19.8/1000) than in singletons (2.4/1000). However, in neonates with gestational age >29 weeks and birthweight >1000 g, the neonatal mortality rate was lower in twins than in singletons. The limit of viability was gestational age 27 weeks and birthweight 1000 g, which was similar in singletons and twins regardless of gender. To improve the health of neonates in a country, it is imperative to investigate the characteristics of fetal growth and death under the particular circumstances of the country. When risk is defined for neonates account must be taken of differences in race, gender and plurality of birth, as the neonatal mortality rate varies depending on those factors. [source] Reinventing Reforms: How to Improve Program Management Using Performance Measures.PUBLIC BUDGETING AND FINANCE, Issue 3 2010Really This paper looks at the design and use of incentivized performance measures to motivate managerial efficiency and promote greater program effectiveness. It starts off by looking at recent reforms like the Government Performance and Results Act to understand why they were largely unsuccessful in altering the decision-making process of government agencies. One problem was that performance measures have been both numerous and complicated, thereby making their role in management and oversight difficult. Equally important, no external incentives were attached to program accomplishments. The paper then examines what elements would be needed to build a management system that encourages both more efficient and more effective agency behavior. The goal of performance budgeting is to develop performance measures that display the progress of a program toward its stated objectives. Assessments based on these measures may then call for rewards or punishments. As such, it also may encourage program managers toward improved performance. The paper examines the pitfalls and complexities dealt with by Congress and Office of Management and Budget in the process. For example, a performance system must distinguish between funding program needs, as warranted by sectoral indicators, and management concerns. It must also unambiguously tie incentives to performance measures to motivate agencies, while building in commitment devices for the principals. Incentivized performance measures may not be appropriate in all conditions, but may be helpful for motivating managers and improving program performance in particular circumstances. [source] Neurochemical characterization of extrinsic innervation of the guinea pig rectumTHE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 4 2004Catharina Olsson Abstract The presence of markers for parasympathetic, sympathetic, and glutamatergic or peptidergic sensory innervation was investigated by using in vitro tracing with biotinamide, combined with immunohistochemistry, to characterise quantitatively extrinsic axons to myenteric ganglia of the guinea pig rectum. Of biotinamide-filled varicose axons, 3.6 ± 1.3% were immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and 16.0 ± 4.8% for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). TH and vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT1) showed high coexistence (83,100%), indicating that varicosities lacking TH immunoreactivity also lacked VMAT1. VAChT was detectable in 77% of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive varicosities. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was detected in 5.3 ± 1.6% of biotinamide-labeled varicosities, the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT) 1 in 2.8 ± 0.8%, and VGluT2 in 11.3 ± 4.2% of varicosities of extrinsic origin. Varicosities from the same axon showed consistent immunoreactivity. A novel type of nerve ending was identified, with branching, flattened lamellar endings, similar to the intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) of the proximal gut. Rectal IGLEs were frequently immunoreactive for VGluT1 and VGluT2. Thus most varicose axons of extrinsic origin, which innervate rectal myenteric ganglia, lack detectable levels of immunoreactivity for TH, VMAT1, VAChT, ChAT, VGluT1/2, or CGRP, under conditions in which these markers are readily detectable in other axons. Although some unlabeled varicosities may belong to afferent axons that lack detectable CGRP or VGluT1/2 in the periphery, this suggests that a large proportion of axons do not release any of the major autonomic or sensory transmitters. We speculate that this may vary under particular circumstances, for example, inflammation or obstruction of the gut. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:357,371, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Coordination failure, property rights and non-profit organizationsANNALS OF PUBLIC AND COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2000Bernard Enjolras This paper advances a socio-economic theory of nonprofit organizations aiming at conceiving this organizational form in its complexity and at analysing it from both the viewpoints of its economical and political (democratic) dimensions. This theoretical approach accounts for the existence of nonprofit organizations and the reasons why nonprofit organizations are relatively more efficient when compared with for-profit and government organizations in particular circumstances. The various current explanations of the existence of nonprofit organizations (contract failure, government failure, philanthropic failure) are regrouped around the concept of coordination failure. The paper then examines how nonprofit organizations are able to mitigate these coordination failures. The central thesis is that the specific distribution of property rights characterizing nonprofit organizations results in a particular type of governance structure which allows them to mitigate coordination failures. In turn, the ability of the organization to mitigate coordination failures and therefore its efficiency is conditioned on its democratic functioning. [source] Workers compensation and occupational health and safety in the Australian agricultural industryAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 2 2009Robert Guthrie Abstract Objectives:,The objective of this paper is to review the available workers compensation and occupational health and safety data and the legal framework in relation to the agricultural industry to explore whether any factors highlight the need to pay special attention to the particular circumstances of those engaged in the industry. Design:,This paper explores some of the special features of the agricultural industry, looking first at agricultural worker fatalities and injuries as a matter of ongoing concern for all participants in this industry, government, as well as occupational health and workers compensation authorities. The paper analyses how occupational health and workers compensation laws may have special application to this industry. Finally, the paper considers some workers compensation provisions that have particular application to the agricultural industry. Conclusions:,Our survey of the available data and literature leads to the conclusion that the dangerous nature of agricultural work and the special legal and economic framework in which that work is undertaken identify the agricultural industry as presenting Australian Governments and specialist authorities with particular challenges in relation to improving workplace safety and reducing workplace injury. [source] Rückbau einer 400 m langen Autobahnbrücke unter besonderen Rahmenbedingungen , BAB A 6, Neckarbrücke MannheimBAUTECHNIK, Issue 5 2005Martin Osieja Dipl.-Ing. Es wird über den Rückbau der alten Neckarbrücke Mannheim im Zuge der BAB A 6 berichtet. Bei diesem Bauwerk bestand jeder der beiden Überbauten aus sechs Bögen mit einer Gesamtlänge von rund 400 m. Je fünf der sechs Bögen wurden durch Sprengen zum Einsturz gebracht. Die beiden Bögen über der Schiffahrtsstraße Neckar durften nicht gesprengt werden und mußten aus diesem Grunde in einzelnen Schritten abgetragen werden. Beim Rückbau waren bestimmte Bedingungen gebührend zu berücksichtigen. Vor allem durften zwei das Bauwerk querende Gashochdruckleitungen in keiner Weise beschädigt werden. Zu ihrem Schutz wurden sie mit beachtlichen Fallbetten überbaut. Der Weg, der zu diesen Fallbetten führte, wird aufgezeigt. Zudem werden die bei den Sprengungen durchgeführten Erschütterungsmessungen sowie deren Ergebnisse vorgestellt. Die mit diesem Rückbau gewonnenen Erfahrungen werden wiedergegeben. Demolition of a 400-metre long expressway bridge under particular circumstances , BAB A 6, Neckar bridge Mannheim. This text is about the demolition of the former Neckar bridge Mannheim, situated along the German federal expressway A 6. This construction was composed of two superstructures, which respectively consisted of six arches. Five of the six arches of each superstructure were blasted. The two remaining arches above the Neckar channel could not be blown up due to vessel traffic, and for this reason had to be gradually dismantled. There were a number of aspects that had to be carefully considered during the demolition, especially the presence of two high-pressure gas pipes that run across the construction site. To prevent damage to the pipes, abundant mounds of sand were placed on top of them. The way that led to these mounds is illustrated in this article. Furthermore, the vibration measurements as well as their results are also presented. The experiences gained from this demolition are illustrated in this article. [source] Immunohistochemical detection for nuclear ,-catenin in sporadic basal cell carcinomaBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2001F. Yamazaki Background Despite the increasing incidence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), its pathogenesis has remained largely unknown. Recently, it was reported that genes involved in tissue morphogenesis, such as sonic hedgehog or patched, were found to be mutated in BCC, suggesting the involvement of those molecules in the pathogenesis of this tumour. Furthermore, there is evidence that the Wnt-mediated signalling pathway may be one of the downstream targets of sonic hedgehog -mediated signalling, which has led us to focus on molecular events on the Wnt pathway in BCC. Among the signal transducers involved in the Wnt pathway, it is clear that ,-catenin plays a pivotal role in the promotion of morphogenesis and cell growth. In respect to this, it has been reported that, in particular circumstances, as in colorectal cancers, ,-catenin migrates to the nuclei, where it exerts an ability to activate the transcription of various genes. Objectives To investigate the cellular distribution of ,-catenin in skin tumours, in particular, in BCC. Methods Twenty skin biopsy specimens derived from BCC, 10 from inflammatory skin diseases and five from squamous cell carcinomas were immunostained with an antibody directed against ,-catenin. Results Fourteen of the 20 BCC samples tested showed nuclear localization of ,-catenin, while none of the other samples gave rise to positive nuclear staining. Conclusions Nuclear localization of ,-catenin is a characteristic feature of BCC; this suggests its tumorigenic role in this tumour. This gives us a further insight into the molecular pathogenesis of BCC. [source] Has the guest arrived yet?BUSINESS ETHICS: A EUROPEAN REVIEW, Issue 3 2007Emmanuel Levinas, a stranger in business ethics To what extent can business ethics be ,hospitable' to Levinasian ethics? This paper raises questions about how business ethics relates to its guests, in this case the guest called ,Levinas'; the idea of introducing or inviting the work of an author into a field, as its guest, is by no means a simple problem of transference. For Jacques Derrida, there is hospitality only when the stranger's introduction to our home is totally unconditional. Such a conceptualisation of hospitality becomes even more demanding when the ,stranger' that is near our ,home' is an ethics also demanding hospitality, such as the ethics proposed by Levinas. An invitation puts in place particular circumstances that allow only for an arrival of the one invited. These conditions precede the so-called stranger, thereby predetermining the route to be taken, the destination to be reached and the correct manner of self-presentation. An invitation already reduces the Other to that which is expected by the inviter, that is to the Same. The hospitality of the field of business ethics becomes an endorsement of a particular version of the stranger, therefore recognisable by the field. Perhaps conceptualising Levinasian ethics as an ethics that cannot be invited might protect it from procedures that reduce the ,strangeness' of the stranger, making it knowable. That is the argument presented in this paper. [source] New Guinea: A Correlation between Accreting Areas and Dispersing SapindaceaeCLADISTICS, Issue 3 2001Peter C. van Welzen A correlation between accreting (hybridizing) areas and dispersing taxa (several genera of Southeast Asian/Australian Sapindaceae) is theoretically impossible in cladistic biogeography. However, in particular circumstances (primitive absence followed by colonization and speciation) cladistic methods can reconstruct (part of) the historical sequence of accretion. In this example, the phases in the accretion history of more than 30 terranes of the northern half of New Guinea correspond reasonably well with the generalized area cladogram of the Sapindaceae. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||