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Participants Used (participant + used)
Selected AbstractsEstimation of Food Guide Pyramid Serving Sizes by College StudentsFAMILY & CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL, Issue 2 2000Gretchen Knaust The utility of the Food Guide Pyramid (FGP) as a guide to quantity of consumption and serving sizes was investigated. Participants used the FGP model to assist them in selecting serving sizes on a 10-item questionnaire. Overall mean scores (31% correct) indicated that participants generally did not know the serving sizes recommended for use with the FGP, despite having access to the model, and having had some previous instruction (73% of participants). Those who had previously read about or received instruction on serving sizes had higher mean scores than those who had not (p < .004). The utility of the FGP as a guide for quantity of consumption requires further attention. [source] Boundaries of Britishness in British Indian and Pakistani young adultsJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Kiren Vadher Abstract This study explored what it means to be British from the perspective of young British Indian and Pakistani adults. Fifteen respondents were interviewed using a semi-structured schedule in order to explore their self-descriptions and self-categorizations, how different contexts influence their identifications as British and as Indian/Pakistani, their sense of patriotism, and their perceptions of racism, discrimination and multiculturalism. Grounded theory methodology was used to analyse the interviews. The respondents' identifications and the role of context, threat and racism were studied in detail, and a model of how these individuals defined the boundaries of Britishness, and how they positioned themselves in relationship to these boundaries, was derived from the data. Six boundaries of Britishness were identified, these being the racial, civic/state, instrumental, historical, lifestyle and multicultural boundaries. Participants used these boundaries flexibly, drawing on different boundaries depending on the particular context in which Britishness was discussed. The implications of these multiple boundaries for the conceptualization of national identification are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Lifetime multiple substance use pattern among heroin users before entering methadone maintenance treatment clinic in Yunnan, ChinaDRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 4 2010LEI LI Abstract Introduction and Aims. Multiple substance use leads to greater levels of psycho-behavioural problems, unsafe sex, and therefore a high risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, and is also more difficult to treat. This study aims to determine pattern of lifetime multiple substance use among Chinese heroin users before entering methadone maintenance treatment clinic. Design and Methods. A survey to obtain retrospective longitudinal data on lifetime multiple substance use was conducted among 203 heroin users in two of the biggest methadone maintenance clinics in Kunming City, Yunnan province. Results. All participants used more than one substance in their lifetime. Most of them used four or more substance groups (range two to seven groups). The most common substance patterns in lifetime use were alcohol, tobacco, opiates and depressants. Approximately 80% of them had a history of simultaneous substance use (co-use). The most common combination of co-use pattern was heroin with depressant. Common reasons for co-use were to get high, to experiment, to sleep and to increase the potency of other drugs. Determinants of co-use were education, marital status and family relationship. Discussion and Conclusions. Multiple substance use is highly prevalent among Chinese heroin users. Depressants are the most common substances used in combination with heroin.[Li L, Sangthong R, Chongsuvivatwong V, McNeil E, Li J. Lifetime multiple substance use pattern among heroin users before entering methadone maintenance treatment clinic in Yunnan, China. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010] [source] User preference: A measure of query-term qualityJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2006Nina Wacholder The goal of this research is to understand what characteristics, if any, lead users engaged in interactive information seeking to prefer certain sets of query terms. Underlying this work is the assumption that query terms that information seekers prefer induce a kind of cognitive efficiency: They require less mental effort to process and therefore reduce the energy required in the interactive information-seeking process. Conceptually, this work applies insights from linguistics and cognitive science to the study of query-term quality. We report on an experiment in which we compare user preference for three sets of terms; one had been preconstructed by a human indexer, and two were identified automatically. Twenty-four participants used a merged list of all terms to answer a carefully created set of questions. By design, the interface constrained users to access the text exclusively via the displayed list of query terms. We found that participants displayed a preference for the human-constructed set of terms eight times greater than the preference for either set of automatically identified terms. We speculate about reasons for this strong preference and discuss the implications for information access. The primary contributions of this research are (a) explication of the concept of user preference as a measure of query-term quality and (b) identification of a replicable procedure for measuring preference for sets of query terms created by different methods, whether human or automatic. All other factors being equal, query terms that users prefer clearly are the best choice for real-world information-access systems. [source] Summary report of a national conference: Evolving concepts in liver allocation in the MELD and PELD eraLIVER TRANSPLANTATION, Issue S10 2004Kim M. Olthoff A national conference was held to review and assess data gathered since implementation of MELD and PELD and determine future directions. The objectives of the conference were to review the current system of liver allocation with a critical analysis of its strengths and weaknesses. Conference participants used an evidence-based approach to consider whether predicted outcome after transplantation should influence allocation, to discuss the concept of minimal listing score, to revisit current and potential expansion of exception criteria, and to determine whether specific scores should be used for automatic removal of patients on the waiting list. After review of data from the first 18 months since implementation, association and society leaders, and surgeons and hepatologists with wide regional representation were invited to participate in small group discussions focusing on each of the main objectives. At the completion of the meeting, there was agreement that MELD has had a successful initial implementation, meeting the goal of providing a system of allocation that emphasizes the urgency of the candidate while diminishing the reliance on waiting time, and that it has proven to be a powerful tool for auditing the liver allocation system. It was also agreed that the data regarding the accuracy of PELD as a predictor of pretransplant mortality were less conclusive and that PELD should be considered in isolation. Recommendations for the transplant community, based on the analysis of the MELD data, were discussed and are presented in the summary document. (Liver Transpl 2004;10:A6,A22.) [source] Motivations, Goals, Information Search, and Memory about Political CandidatesPOLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2001Li-Ning Huang This study investigated the ways in which motivations and goals affect patterns of political information-seeking and the consequent structure of memory about candidates. Undergraduate participants used a computerized system that displayed different layers of information about fictional political candidates; the system recorded the strategies they used to search through this information. Results showed that motivations to engage in effortful processing produced tendencies to engage in within-candidate searches, better recall, and memory structures clustered by candidate. The goal of forming impressions of the candidates, which was expected to lead to within-candidate searching, was in fact modestly associated with weaker tendencies to do so, once effort was taken into account. Impression-formation goals, however, were associated with less attribute-based memory structures. The findings confirm that the manner in which people acquire candidate information has important consequences for the way they store that information in memory, and that these processes vary according to individual motivations and goals. [source] Optimising learning using flashcards: Spacing is more effective than crammingAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 9 2009Nate Kornell The spacing effect,that is, the benefit of spacing learning events apart rather than massing them together,has been demonstrated in hundreds of experiments, but is not well known to educators or learners. I investigated the spacing effect in the realistic context of flashcard use. Learners often divide flashcards into relatively small stacks, but compared to a large stack, small stacks decrease the spacing between study trials. In three experiments, participants used a web-based study programme to learn GRE-type word pairs. Studying one large stack of flashcards (i.e. spacing) was more effective than studying four smaller stacks of flashcards separately (i.e. massing). Spacing was also more effective than cramming,that is, massing study on the last day before the test. Across experiments, spacing was more effective than massing for 90% of the participants, yet after the first study session, 72% of the participants believed that massing had been more effective than spacing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Language use predicts phenomenological properties of Holocaust memories and healthAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 9 2009Adriel Boals Twenty Holocaust survivors gave extensive interviews about their experiences in the Holocaust and their lives since. This study affords a rare opportunity to explore language use and trauma using a within-subjects design. Consistent with past research which has shown that cognitive word use typically increases when describing stressful experiences, participants used a higher percentage of cognitive words when describing their Holocaust experiences, in comparison to describing non-Holocaust experiences. Four years after the interviews, participants completed memory questionnaires in relation to their Holocaust experiences and measures of physical health and cognitive functioning. The extent to which participants used an elevated use of insight words when describing their Holocaust experiences 4 years earlier was related to lower ratings of visceral emotional reactions, less avoidance and better lifetime physical health. The results are discussed in terms of how use of cognitive words when describing traumatic memories reflects adaptive psychological and coping processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Individual differences in use of external visualisations to perform an internal visualisation taskAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Cheryl A. Cohen Thirty participants performed a novel spatial inference task, which required them to imagine and draw the cross section of a three-dimensional (3-D) object. While performing the task, participants could interactively control two computer visualisations (animations) of the object. There were large individual differences in how frequently participants used the computer visualisations, which were related to spatial ability. Use of the interactive visualisations was highly predictive of performance on the cross-section task and mediated the correlation between spatial ability and performance. These findings suggest that interactive computer visualisations can aid performance on spatial inference tasks, but that they do so only for a subset of individuals who can discover how to best use the additional information that they provide. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Water conservation in surgery: A comparison of two surgical scrub techniques demonstrating the amount of water saved using a ,taps on/taps off' techniqueAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 4 2009Joshua Petterwood Abstract Objective:,Australia finds itself in the grip of its worst drought on record. The surgical profession has a responsibility to conserve water where possible. We tried to show how much water we saved through the simple measure of turning taps off while not in use during the surgical scrub. Design:,We conducted a prospective analysis of two different scrub techniques at the Gold Coast Hospital in Queensland, Australia. Ten participants completed two 5-min scrubs using standard ,elbow on' taps. In the first, they left the taps running throughout the scrub; in the second, they turned the taps on and off so that water ran only when rinsing the hands. Water was collected and the amount of time the hands spent under running water was recorded. Main outcome measure:,Amount of water used during the surgical scrub. Results:,A mean of 15.5 L was used during the ,taps on' scrub, with participants spending a mean of 47 s rinsing the hands. During the ,taps on/off' scrub, participants used a mean of 4.5 L, spending 40 s rinsing the hands. This represents a water saving of 11 L or 71% for each scrub (P < 0.001). There was a difference of 7 s in time rinsing the hands (P = 0.16). Conclusion:,A taps on/off technique is a simple and effective way of conserving large amounts of water during the surgical scrub. The technique should be adopted as standard practice. [source] Reflections on training in child abuse and neglect prevention: Experiences in BrazilCHILD ABUSE REVIEW, Issue 6 2007Victoria Gabrielle Lidchi Abstract In cooperation with an international partner, Brazilian professionals based in Rio de Janeiro designed a training programme in child protection to respond to the particular challenges to effective practice posed by the local environment and to address obstacles to its achievement in the existing child protection system. Training participants used a structured process to identify and address such external challenges and internal obstacles. The use of the framework included an exploration of beliefs held by Brazilian child protection professionals. The training was itself envisaged as an intervention opportunity for participants to promote ,bottom up' processes of local systemic change. The programme aimed to provide training that accessed the experience of the international partner's ,community of expertise', but mitigated the risk to effectiveness of a ,transplant' programme that fails to engage with the surrounding social reality and culture. As part of a nine-country international training project initiative (ITPI, International Training Project Initiative by ISPCAN) sponsored by the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN), standardised tools were adopted to monitor and evaluate the training process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Early Functional Loading of Unsplinted Roughened Surface Implants with Mandibular Overdentures 2 Weeks after SurgeryCLINICAL IMPLANT DENTISTRY AND RELATED RESEARCH, Issue 3 2003Alan G.T. Payne BDS, FCD (SA), MDent ABSTRACT Background: Before early functional loading of unsplinted implants with mandibular overdentures can become widespread, more clinical studies are needed to investigate the success of the approach. Purpose: To evaluate the success rates of two types of roughened titanium surface implants with early 2-week functional loading of paired mandibular interforaminal implants with overdentures. Materials and Methods: Random allocation divided 24 strictly selected edentulous participants into two groups, with each group to receive a different implant system (ITI Dental Implant System, Straumann AG, Waldenburg, Switzerland; or Southern Implant System, Southern Implants, Irene, South Africa). Two implants were placed in the anterior mandible of all participants using one-stage standardized surgical procedures. Previously constructed conventional mandibular dentures (opposing maxillary complete dentures) were temporarily relined and worn by the participants for the first 2 weeks; participants used a soft diet. Two weeks after implant surgery and following some mucosal healing, the mandibular dentures had the tissue conditioner removed and the appropriate matrices included for an unsplinted prosthodontic design. Results: No implant from either group was lost. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) indicated higher primary stability at surgery for the Southern group than for the ITI group, with a statistically significant difference between the groups throughout the study period. The drop in RF values between surgery and 6 weeks was significant and was greater for the Southern group. RFA also indicated stabilized osseointegration between 6 to 12 and 12 to 52 weeks, with no participant showing any decrease in those values over time. Participants with type 3 bone showed a significant improvement in RF values between 12 and 52 weeks, eventually matching those of participants with type 2 bone. There were no significant differences in marginal bone loss, periimplant parameters, or prosthodontic maintenance between the groups over the study period. Conclusions: Using only strict patient selection criteria, 1-year follow-up data indicate that early functional loading of ITI and Southern implants with mandibular two-implant overdentures is possible as early as 2 weeks after implant surgery. [source] Vulnerability factors in OCD symptoms: cross-cultural comparisons between Turkish and Canadian samplesCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY (AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY & PRACTICE), Issue 2 2010Orçun Yorulmaz Abstract Recent findings have suggested some potential psychological vulnerability factors for development of obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms, including cognitive factors of appraisal and thought control, religiosity, self-esteem and personality characteristics such as neuroticism. Studies demonstrating these associations usually come from Western cultures, but there may be cultural differences relevant to these vulnerability factors and OC symptoms. The present study examined the relationship between putative vulnerability factors and OC symptoms by comparing non-clinical samples from Turkey and Canada, two countries with quite different cultural characteristics. The findings revealed some common correlates such as neuroticism and certain types of metacognition, including appraisals of responsibility/threat estimation and perfectionism/need for certainty, as well as thought,action fusion. However, culture-specific factors were also indicated in the type of thought control participants used. For OC disorder symptoms, Turkish participants were more likely to utilize worry and thought suppression, while Canadian participants tended to use self-punishment more frequently. The association with common factors supports the cross-cultural validity of some factors, whereas unique factors suggest cultural features that may be operative in cognitive processes relevant to OC symptoms.,Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message: , Despite cross-cultural validity in the cognitive accounts for OCD, there are some evidences implying the impact of cultural characteristics on some cognitive factors across different cultures. Thus, it is important for clinicians who work with people from different cultural backgrounds to be vigilant for possible variations in the cognitive processes during psychotherapy and psychological assessment. [source] | ||||||||||||||||