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Terms modified by PVC Selected AbstractsSynthesis and characterization of poly(butyl acrylate- co -ethylhexyl acrylate)/ poly(vinyl chloride)[P(BA-EHA)/PVC] novel core-shell modifier and its impact modification for a poly(vinyl chloride)-based blendPOLYMER ENGINEERING & SCIENCE, Issue 6 2010Mingwang Pan Synthesis of poly(butyl acrylate-co-ethylhexyl acrylate)-core/poly(vinyl chloride)-shell [P(BA-EHA)/PVC] used as a modifying agent of PVC via semicontinuous seeded emulsion copolymerization is reported here. Diameter distributions and morphology of the composite latex particles were characterized with the aid of particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The grafting efficiency (GE) and grafting ratio (GR) of vinyl chloride (VC) grafted onto the P(BA-EHA) with varying content of crosslinking agent and core-shell ratios were investigated. TEM studies indicated that the P(BA-EHA)/PVC latex particles have core-shell structure, and the P(BA-EHA) rubbery particles in blending materials were uniformly dispersed in PVC matrix. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results revealed that the compatibility between the P(BA-EHA) and the PVC matrix was significantly improved due to the presence of the P(BA-EHA)-grafted-VC copolymer. The notched impact strength of the blending material with 3 wt% of rubber content was seven times that of the PVC. Linear regressions of mechanical properties as loading of the modifier were made. The resulting data of notched impact strength and elongation at break for the blending materials deviated significantly from regression lines within 3,4.5 wt% of the P(BA-EHA) content. The PVC blends modified by the modifier exhibited good toughness and easy processability. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers [source] Intravenous catheter infections associated with bacteraemia: a 2-year study in a University HospitalCLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION, Issue 5 2004M. Paragioudaki Abstract The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the incidence and aetiology of central and peripheral venous catheter (C/PVC) infections during a 2-year period (1999,2000) and to determine the susceptibility of isolated microorganisms to various antimicrobial agents. Catheter tips were processed using the semiquantitative method and blood cultures were performed with the BacT/Alert automated system. Antibiotic susceptibilities were performed by disk agar diffusion and MICs were determined by Etest, according to NCCLS standards. During the study period, samples from 1039 C/PVC infections were evaluated, yielding 384 (37.0%) positive cultures. Blood cultures were also available from 274 patients, of which 155 (56.6%) yielded the same microorganism as from the catheter. No bloodstream infections were detected in 104 C/PVC-positive cases. Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequent isolates, followed by Gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Resistance to glycopeptides among staphylococci and enterococci was not detected, whereas 60% of Gram-negative bacilli were resistant to ,-lactams. [source] Mechanical and morphological properties for sandwich composites of wood/PVC and glass fiber/PVC layersJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 6 2010Narudol Mongkollapkit Abstract This work manufactured sandwich composites from glass fiber/poly(vinyl chloride) (GF/PVC) and wood/PVC layers, and their mechanical and morphological properties of the composites in three GF orientation angles were assessed. The effects of K value (or viscosity index) of PVC and Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) loading were of our interests. The GF/PVC was used as core layer whereas wood/PVC was the cover layers. The experimental results indicated that PVC with low K value was recommended for the GF/PVC core layer for fabrication of GF/WPVC sandwich composites. The improvement of PVC diffusion at the interface between the GF and the PVC core layer was obtained when using PVC with K value of 58. This was because it could prevent de-lamination between composite layers which would lead to higher mechanical properties of the sandwich composites, except for the tensile modulus. The sandwich composites with 0° GF orientation possessed relatively much higher mechanical properties as compared with those with 45° and 90° GF orientations, especially for the impact strength. Low mechanical properties of the sandwich composites with 45° and 90° GF orientation angles could be overcome by incorporation of DOP plasticizer into the GF/PVC core layer with the recommended DOP loadings of 5,10 parts per hundred by weight of PVC components. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source] Friction and wear properties of NBR/PVC compositesJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 4 2007Xinwu Huang Abstract Acrylonitrial butadiene rubber (NBR)/Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composites with different PVC content were prepared. The effect of PVC content on the mechanical strength and tribological properties of the NBR/PVC composites was investigated. The morphologies of the worn traces and debris of NBR/PVC composites and worn traces of mating ball were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that the friction and wear of NBR/PVC was lower than that of NBR without PVC. The NBR/PVC composite with 30% PVC content showed the best synthetic mechanical and tribological properties. The inferior elastic properties and the lesser deformation under the applied load of composites with PVC resulted in hysteric force and adhesion force decrease, which leading to a lower friction and wear of NBR/PVC composites. The frictional failure unit of NBR70/PVC30 composite being smaller should be an important reason of the wear of the composite being lowest. The lubricating effect of PVC played an important role in decreasing the friction coefficient and wear of NBR/PVC composites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007 [source] Crystallization of Poly(, -caprolactone)/Poly(vinyl chloride) Miscible Blends Under Strain: The Role of Molecular WeightMACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 18 2006Yubao Zhang Abstract Summary: The effect of poly(, -caprolactone) (PCL) molecular weight on the orientation of crystalline PCL in miscible poly(, -caprolactone)/poly(vinyl chloride) (PCL/PVC) blends, melt crystallized under strain, has been studied by a combination of wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies. An unusual crystal orientation with the b-axis parallel to the stretching direction was observed in miscible PCL/PVC blends with PCL of high molecular weight (>21,000). SAXS showed the presence of nanosize confined PCL in the PCL/PVC blends, which could be preserved at temperatures higher than the Tm of PCL but lower than the Tg of PVC. A mechanism based on the confinement of PCL crystal growth was proposed, which can explain the formation of b-axis orientation in PCL/PVC blends crystallized under strain. SAXS pattern of stretched PCL/PVC blend after annealing at 90,°C for 5 min. [source] Flow-Through Assay of Quinine Using Solid Contact Potentiometric Sensors Based on Molecularly Imprinted PolymersELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 24 2009Ayman Abstract Miniaturized potentiometric membrane sensors for quinine incorporated with molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) were synthesized and implemented. Planar PVC based polymeric membrane sensors containing quinine-methacrylic and/or acrylic acid-ethylene glycol methacrylate were dispensed into anisotropically etched wells on polyimide wafers. The determination of quinine was carried out in acidic solution at pH,6, where positively charged species predominated prevalently. The suggested miniaturized planner sensors exhibited marked selectivity, sensitivity, long-term stability and reproducibility. At their optimum conditions, the sensors displayed wide concentration ranges of 4.0×10,6,1.0×10,2mol L,1 and 1.0×10,5,1.0×10,2 mol L,1 with slopes of about 61.3,55.7,mV decade,1; respectively. Sensors exhibit detection limits of 1.2×10,6 and 8.2×10,6 mol L,1 upon the use of methacrylic and acrylic acid monomers in the imprinted polymer, respectively. Validation of the assay method according to the quality assurance standards (range, within-day repeatability, between-day variability, standard deviation, accuracy, and good performance characteristics) which could assure good reliable novel sensors for quinine estimation was justified. Application of the proposed flow-through assay method for routine determination of quinine in soft drinks was assayed and the results compared favorably with data obtained by the standard fluorimetric method. [source] On-Off PVC Membrane Based Potentiometric Immunosensor for Label-Free Detection of Alpha-FetoproteinELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 11 2007Lu Zhou Abstract A poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) membrane based potentiometric immunosensor for the direct detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has been developed. First, Au colloid particle was chemisorbed upon amino groups of o -phenylenediamine, which were dissolved in plasticized PVC membrane. Then alpha-fetoprotein antibody (anti-AFP) was immobilized upon the surface of the Au colloid particle to prepare a potentiometric AFP immunosensor. The Au colloid particle modified PVC membrane was characterized by digital photo and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The immunosensor exhibited fast potentiometric response (,4,min) and showed specific response to AFP in the range of 4.9 to 158.5,ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9971 and a detection limit of 1.6,ng/mL. The factors influencing the performance of the immunosensor were also studied in detail. Moreover, the proposed method is economical and efficient as well as potentially attractive for clinical immunoassays. [source] Comparative Studies of Tridentate Sulfur and Nitrogen-Containing Ligands as Ionophores for Construction of Cadmium Ion-Selective Membrane SensorsELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 11 2007Ashok, Kumar Singh Abstract New polymeric membrane cadmium-ion selective sensors have been prepared by incorporating nitrogen and sulfur containing tridentate ligands as the ionophores into the plasticized PVC membranes. Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) based membranes of potassium hydrotris[N -(2,6-xylyl)thioimdazolyl) borate] (KTt2,6-xylyl) and potassium hydrotris(3-phenyl-5-methylpyrazolyl) borate (KTpPh,Me) with sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB) as an anionic excluder and dibutylphthalate (DBP), tributylphthalate (TBP), dioctylsebacate (DOS), and o -nitrophenyloctyl ether (o -NPOE) as plasticizing solvent mediators were investigated in different compositions. KTt2,6-xylyl was found to be a selective and sensitive ion carrier for Cd(II) membrane sensor. A membrane composed of KTt2,6-xylyl:NaTPB:PVC:DBP with the % mole ratio 2.3,:,1.1,:,34.8,:,61.8 (w/w) works well over a very wide concentration range (7.8×10,8,1.0×10,2,M) with a Nernstian slope of 29.4±0.2,mV/decades of activity between pH values of 3.5 to 9.0 with a detection limit of 4.37×10,8,M. The sensor displays very good discrimination toward Cd(II) ions with regard to most common cations. The proposed sensor shows a short response time for whole concentration range (ca. 8,s). The effects of the cationic (tetrabutylammonium chloride, TBC), anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) and nonionic (Triton X-100) surfactants were investigated on the potentiometric properties of proposed cadmium-selective sensor. The proposed sensor based on KTt2,6-xylyl ionophore has also been used for the direct determination of cadmium ions in different water samples and human urine samples. [source] Amperometric Sensor for Heparin: Sensing Mechanism and Application in Human Blood Plasma AnalysisELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 13-14 2006Jan Langmaier Abstract Voltammetric measurements of heparin at a rotating glassy carbon (GC) electrode coated with a polyvinylchloride membrane are reported. A spin-coating technique is used to prepare thin membranes (20,40,,m) with a composition of 25% (w/w) PVC, 1,1,-dimethylferrocene as a reference electron donor for the GC|membrane interface, nitrophenyl octyl ether (o -NPOE) or bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS) as a plasticizer, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) borate (HTMATPBCl) or tridodecylmethylammonium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) borate (TDMATPBCl) as a background electrolyte. It is shown that the electrodes coated with either the HTMA+/o -NPOE (DOS) or TDMA+/o -NPOE (DOS) membrane provide a comparable amperometric response towards heparin (1,10,U mL,1) in the aqueous solution of 0.1,M LiCl. However, only the membranes formulated with TDMATPBCl can be used for an amperometric assay of heparin in human blood plasma with a detection limit of 0.2,U mL,1. Effects of membrane composition, heparin concentration, rotation speed and sweep rate on the voltammetric behavior of heparin provide some insight into the sensing mechanism. Theoretical analysis of the amperometric response is outlined, and the numeric simulation of the voltammetric behavior is presented. [source] Amperometry of Heparin Polyion Using a Rotating Disk Electrode Coated with a Plasticized PVC MembraneELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 2 2006Jan Langmaier Abstract Electrochemical method of detection of heparin polyion was developed based on voltammetry of heparin on a rotating glassy carbon (GC) electrode coated with a plasticized PVC membrane. The membrane was deposited on the GC disk by spin-coating technique using a mixture of solutions of PVC in tetrahydrofuran, and 1,1,-dimethylferrocene (DMFc) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate (HTMATPBCl) in o -nitrophenyl octyl ether. UV/vis reflection spectrometry was used to evaluate the membrane thickness, which exhibits a linear correlation with the membrane resistance measured by impedance spectroscopy. It is shown that this electrode can be used for amperometric or coulometric detection of heparin in aqueous samples of medically relevant concentrations (1,10,U mL,1), with a detection limit of 1.4,U mL,1. Evidence is provided indicating that the current determining step is the reversible adsorption of the ion-pair of heparin polyion with HTMA+ cation at the membrane/aqueous electrolyte interface, which is driven by oxidation of DMFc at the GC/membrane interface. [source] A Bis-Oxime Derivative of Diaza-18-Crown-6 as an Ionophore for Silver IonELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 11 2005Michael Abstract A new pendant-arm derivative of diaza-18-crown-6, containing two oxime donor groups, has been synthesized and incorporated into a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane ion-selective electrode. The electrode shows selectivity for Ag+ ion, with a near Nernstian response. Pb2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, and Tl+ are major interfering ions, with Cd2+ having minor interference. The electrode shows no potentiometric response for the ions Mg2+, Al3+, K+, Ca2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, and La3+, and is responsive to H+ at pH<6. [source] Stability Enhancement of All-Solid-State H+ ISEs with Cross-Linked Silicon-Urethane MatricesELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 8 2005Nak-Hyun Kwon Abstract An all-solid-state hydrogen-ion-selective electrode (ASHISE) was fabricated using the polymer hybrid membrane. Polymer membranes composed of Tecoflex polyurethane (TPU), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), silicon rubber (SR), and additives (KTpClPB, DOA, and TDDA) were cast on a carbon rod. The TPU/SR hybrid membrane exhibited a longer lifetime and a higher sensitivity in the sensing of the H+ ion compared to conventional TPU/PVC and PVC/SR hybrid membranes. Moreover, the addition of SiCl4 to TPU-based matrices enhanced the potentiometric response and ISE stability, due to the chemical bonding between Si and CO in urethane, in which the cross-linking configuration was confirmed by DSC, FT-IR, and XPS experiments. TPU/SR membranes containing SiCl4 were rendered more stable and showed a pH response over a wide range (i.e., pH,2,11.5) with the slope of 60±2,mV/pH for more than four months. The ASHISE exhibited a small interfering potential variation in the wide range of the salt concentration (from 1.0×10,6,M up to 0.1,M). The ASHISE showed a result comparable to a commercial clinical blood analyzer. [source] Optimization of the Composition of Interfaces in Miniature Planar Chloride ElectrodesELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 15-16 2003Renata Paciorek Abstract Different solid contact arrangements for miniature screen-printed electrodes and silicon based electrodes for chloride ions were investigated. As an inner contact the electrochemically deposited gold on screen-printed silver and platinum (silicon based electrodes) were used. As the ion-exchanger for chloride methyl-tri- n -tetradecylammonium chloride with PVC or Tecoflex as the polymer matrix was used. The influence of different intermediate layers between inner contact and the ion selective membrane was studied. The best characteristic of the electrode was obtained for electrodes containing gold contact and conductive polymer (poly-3-octylthiophene) with adhesive admixture between the inner contact and the proper ion selective membrane. [source] Iodide-Selective Electrode Based on Copper PhthalocyanineELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 23 2002Saeed Shahrokhian Abstract Copper phthalocyanine was used as ion carrier for preparing polymeric membrane selective sensor for detection of iodide. The electrode was prepared by incorporating the ionophore into plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane, coated on the surface of graphite electrode. This novel electrode shows high selectivity for iodide with respect to many common inorganic and organic anions. The effects of membrane composition, pH and the influence of lipophilic cationic and anionic additives and also nature of plasticizer on the response characteristics of the electrode were investigated. A calibration plot with near-Nernestian slope for iodide was observed over a wide linear range of five decades of concentration (5×10,6,1×10,1,M). The electrode has a fast response time, and micro-molar detection limit (ca. 1×10,6,M iodide) and could be used over a wide pH range of 3.0,8.0. Application of the electrode to the potentiometric titration of iodide ion with silver nitrate is reported. This sensor is used for determination of the minute amounts of iodide in lake water samples. [source] Phylogenetic diversity and metagenomics of candidate division OP3ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2010Jana Glöckner Summary Except for environmental 16S rRNA gene sequences, no information is available for members of the candidate division OP3. These bacteria appear to thrive in anoxic environments, such as marine sediments, hypersaline deep sea, freshwater lakes, aquifers, flooded paddy soils and methanogenic bioreactors. The 16S rRNA phylogeny suggests that OP3 belongs to the Planctomycetes/Verrucomicrobia/Chlamydiae (PVC) superphylum. Metagenomic fosmid libraries were constructed from flooded paddy soil and screened for 16S rRNA gene-containing fragments affiliated with the PVC superphylum. The screening of 63 000 clones resulted in 23 assay-positive fosmids, of which three clones were affiliated with OP3. The 16S rRNA gene sequence divergence between the fragments OP3/1, OP3/2 and OP3/3 ranges from 18% to 25%, indicating that they belong to different OP3 subdivisions. The 23S rRNA phylogeny confirmed the membership of OP3 in the PVC superphylum. Sequencing the OP3 fragments resulted in a total of 105 kb of genomic information and 90 ORFs, of which 47 could be assigned a putative function and 11 were conserved hypothetical. Using BLASTP searches, a high proportion of ORFs had best matches to homologues from Deltaproteobacteria, rather than to those of members of the PVC superphylum. On the fragment OP3/3, a cluster of nine ORFs was predicted to encode the bacterial NADH dehydrogenase I. Given the high proportion of homologues present in deltaproteobacteria and anoxic conditions in the natural environment of OP3 bacteria, the detection of NADH dehydrogenase I may suggest an anaerobic respiration mode. Oligonucleotide frequencies calculated for OP3/1, OP3/2 and OP/3 show high intraphylum correlations. This novel sequence information could therefore be used to identify OP3-related fragments in large metagenomic data sets using marker gene-independent procedures in the future. In addition to the OP3 fragments, a single metagenomic fragment affiliated with the candidate division BRC1 was obtained and analysed. [source] Fire hazard evaluation of thermoplastics based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodFIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 5 2010Baogang Yu Abstract Combustibility performance of 14 compositions including five main thermoplastics (polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC)) was tested by cone calorimeter. The fire growth index, total heat release amount index, total smoke release amount index and toxicity product index were calculated, based on which an index system for evaluating fire hazard was set up. All factors in this index system had been analyzed by the analytic hierarchy process, and the specific weight for each factor had been determined. Then fire hazard of thermoplastics was evaluated considering integrated fire hazard index. The results show that fire hazards of HIPS-phosphate fire retardant (PFR), PVC-non-flame retardant, ABS-brominated flame retardant (BFR) and PC/ABS-PFR are higher than PC-BFR and PP-non-halogenated flame retardant. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The effect of temperature and ventilation condition on the toxic product yields from burning polymersFIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 1 2008A. A. Stec Abstract A major cause of death or permanent injury in fires is inhalation of toxic gases. Moreover, every fire is unique, and the range of products, highly dependant on fire conditions, produces a wide variety of toxic and irritant species responsible for the most fire fatalities. Therefore, to fully understand each contribution to the toxicity it is necessary to quantify the decomposition products of the material under the test. Fires can be divided into a number of stages from smouldering combustion to early well-ventilated flaming through to fully developed under-ventilated flaming. These stages can be replicated by certain bench-scale physical fire models using different fuel-to-oxygen ratios, controlled by the primary air flow, and expressed in terms of the equivalence ratio (the actual fuel/air ratio divided by the stoichiometric fuel/air ratio). This work presents combustion product yields generated using a small-scale fire model. The Purser Furnace apparatus (BS7990 and ISO TS 19700) enables different fire stages to be created. Identification and quantification of combustion gases and particularly their toxic components from different fire scenarios were undertaken by continuous Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The relationship between type of the fire particularly the temperature and ventilation conditions and the toxic product yields for four bulk polymers, low-density polyethylene, polystyrene (PS), Nylon 6.6 and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is reported. For all the polymers tested, except PVC, there is a dramatic increase in the yield of products of incomplete combustion (CO and hydrocarbons) with increase in equivalence ratio, as might be expected. For PVC there is a consistently high level of products of incomplete combustion arising both from flame inhibition by HCl and oxygen depletion. There is a low sensitivity to furnace temperature over the range 650,850°C, except that at 650°C PS shows an unexpectedly high yield of CO under well-ventilated conditions and PVC shows a slightly higher hydrocarbon yield. This demonstrates the dependence of toxic product yields on the equivalence ratio, and the lack of dependence on furnace temperature, within this range. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Detailed determination of smoke gas contents using a small-scale controlled equivalence ratio tube furnace methodFIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 8 2007Per Blomqvist Abstract A series of tests including seven different materials and products have been conducted using a controlled equivalence ratio tube furnace test method. The main objective of the tests was to determine yields of fire-generated products at defined combustion conditions. The tube furnace test method was set up and run in close agreement with that described in BS 7990:2003. At the time of experimental work the new tube furnace method was in the process of becoming an international standard. It was thus of interest to make an assessment of the capability of the method for determining production yields of important toxic fire products from different types of materials and products. The test series included solid wood, flexible polyurethane (PUR), fire-retarded rigid PUR, a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) carpet, a high-performance data cable with fluorine-containing polymer matrix, a PVC-based cable sheathing material and fire-retarded polyethylene cable insulation material. Duplicate tests were generally conducted at both well-ventilated and vitiated combustion conditions with these materials. The smoke gases produced from the combustion were quantified for inorganic gases by FTIR technique in all tests. A more detailed analysis of the smoke gases was conducted for some of the materials. This extended analysis contained a detailed assessment of organic compounds including, e.g. volatile organic compounds, isocyanates, aldehydes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The analysis further included measurement of the size distribution of fire-generated particles for some of the materials. The quantification of toxic inorganic gases produced by combustion at both well-ventilated and vitiated conditions was successful regarding repeatability and stability. Typical yields for the two fire stages investigated were determined for a wide range of materials and products. The detailed analysis of organic compounds further corroborated that the new tube furnace method can replicate defined combustion conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Cone calorimeter analysis of UL-94 V-rated plastics,FIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 4 2007Alexander B. Morgan Abstract Cone calorimeter analysis was conducted on 18 thermoplastics with different UL-94 vertical burn test (V) ratings. Ratings varied from V-0 to no rating (NR), and the types of thermoplastics included were polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile,butadiene,styrene (ABS), PC/ABS blends, high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), polypropylene (PP), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Our analysis of the cone calorimeter data found that there were correlations between UL-94 V rating and some cone calorimeter measurements (peak heat release rate (HRR) average and HRR at 60 s) and no relationship for other measurements (time to ignition and total heat release). However, no precise correlation was found due to significant differences in flame retardant mechanism and polymer fuel energy values. In this paper, we seek to explain further why a broad quantitative relationship between UL-94 V and cone calorimeter remains elusive, and also to show how the cone calorimeter can be used to understand why a material passes or fails a particular UL-94 V rating. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Mechanisms and modes for ignition of low-voltage, PVC-insulated electrotechnical productsFIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 2 2006Vytenis BabrauskasArticle first published online: 1 AUG 200 Abstract PVC is the most common insulation material used for wiring in low-voltage (LV) service. ,Low-voltage', in the context of this paper, is taken to be 120,240 VAC. The electrotechnical products considered include insulated wires, cables and cords, and also appurtenant termination devices, e.g. male plugs or female taps. Well-known factors leading to the ignition of PVC-insulated wiring and related products include: (a) manufacturing defects; (b) grossly excessive current; (c) over-insulation, sometimes augmented by overcurrent; (d) localized heating due to strand breakage; (e) localized heating due to mechanical strand severing by staples or nails; and (f) localized heating due to failed terminations. Other failure modes are known but have received only limited study. These include (i) excessive force and creep; (ii) chemical interaction effects; and (iii) breakdown under voltage surge conditions. Additional research is needed in these areas. The proximate cause of ignition involved with many of the above mechanisms is arc tracking (arcing across a carbonized path). In turn, it is shown that PVC is especially susceptible to becoming charred, it requiring only approximately 160°C for the material to become semiconducting during short-term exposure (around 10 h), while longer-term exposure (around 1 month) may cause failures at temperatures as low as 110°C. Some limited data exist which suggest that standard UL and IEC temperature classifications are unduly optimistic, as applied to PVC. Fire can originate if wiring or equipment cannot withstand a powerline surge. Mains-connected electrical appliances need to be designed to resist 6000 V surge voltages, even though this is not mandated in most of the current UL and IEC standards. Data are presented showing that the IEC 60112 wet-tracking test gives especially misleading results for PVC and should be improved or abrogated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A Closed Form Slug Test Theory for High Permeability AquifersGROUND WATER, Issue 1 2005David W. Ostendorf We incorporate a linear estimate of casing friction into the analytical slug test theory of Springer and Gelhar (1991) for high permeability aquifers. The modified theory elucidates the influence of inertia and casing friction on consistent, closed form equations for the free surface, pressure, and velocity fluctuations for overdamped and under-damped conditions. A consistent, but small, correction for kinetic energy is included as well. A characteristic velocity linearizes the turbulent casing shear stress so that an analytical solution for attenuated, phase shifted pressure fluctuations fits a single parameter (damping frequency) to transducer data from any depth in the casing. Underdamped slug tests of 0.3, 0.6, and 1 m amplitudes at five transducer depths in a 5.1 cm diameter PVC well 21 m deep in the Plymouth-Carver Aquifer yield a consistent hydraulic conductivity of 1.5 × 10,3 m/s. The Springer and Gelhar (1991) model underestimates the hydraulic conductivity for these tests by as muchas 25% by improperly ascribing smooth turbulent casing friction to the aquifer. The match point normalization of Butler (1998) agrees with our fitted hydraulic conductivity, however, when friction is included in the damping frequency. Zurbuchen et al. (2002) use a numerical model to establish a similar sensitivity of hydraulic conductivity to nonlinear casing friction. [source] Some methodological problems concerning nonisothermal kinetic analysis of heterogeneous solid,gas reactionsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL KINETICS, Issue 10 2001P. Budrugeac Isoconversional methods, those using only one curve , = ,(T) (, is the conversion degree and T is the temperature), and invariant kinetic parameter method were applied to estimate the kinetic parameters from the following nonisothermal data: (1) simulated TG curves for a single reaction; (2) TG curves for thermal degradation of PVC; and (3) TG curves for the dehydration of CaC2O4·H2O. The results obtained by applying various methods for the same system are compared and discussed. Finally, a procedure of kinetic analysis is suggested. Its application could lead to kinetic parameter values that can be used to predict either , = ,(t) curves for other heating rates or , = ,(T) curves for isothermal conditions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J chem Kinet 33: 564,573, 2001 [source] Viable ultramicrocells in drinking waterJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009F.S. Silbaq Abstract Aims:, To examine the diversity of cultivable 0·2 micron filtrate biofilm forming bacteria from drinking water systems. Methods and Results:, Potable chlorinated drinking water hosts phylogenetically diverse ultramicrocells (UMC) (0·2 and 0·1 ,m filterable). UMC (starved or dwarf bacteria) were isolated by cultivation on minimal medium from a flow system wall model with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes. All cultivated cells (25 different isolates) did not maintain their ultra-size after passages on rich media. Cultured UMC were identified by their 16S ribosomal DNA sequences. The results showed that they were closely related to uncultured and cultured members of the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. The isolates of phylum Actinobacteria included representatives of a diverse set of Actinobacterial families: Micrococcaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Dermabacteraceae, Nocardiaceae and Nocardioidaceae. Conclusions:, This study is the first to show an abundance of cultivable UMC of various phyla in drinking water system, including a high frequency of bacteria known to be involved in opportunistic infections, such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Microbacterium sp., Pandoraea sp. and Afipia strains. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Chlorinated tap water filtrate (0·2 and 0·1 ,m) still harbours opportunistic micro-organisms that can pose some health threat. [source] Effect of packaging conditions on the growth of micro-organisms and the quality characteristics of fresh mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) stored at inadequate temperaturesJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2000E. González-Fandos Mushrooms were packed in two polymeric films (perforated and non-perforated PVC) and stored at 17 °C and 25 °C. The carbon dioxide and oxygen content inside the packages, aerobic mesophiles, Pseudomonas spp., faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, anaerobic spores and major sensory factors (colour, texture, development stage and presence of moulds) were determined. The non-perforated packages had the highest contents of CO2 (6,7%), the lowest contents of O2 (0·013,0·17%) and the most desirable quality parameters (texture, development stage and absence of moulds). Pseudomonas spp. counts were around 1 logarithmic unit lower in mushrooms packaged in non-perforated film as the O2 concentrations were lower than in perforated film. The mushrooms themselves were inoculated with an enterotoxin A-producing strain of Staphylococcus aureus, packaged in overwrapped trays and stored at 17 and 25 °C. Staphylococcus aureus did not grow in the samples stored at 17 °C. Only slight growth was observed in mushrooms packaged with non-perforated film after 1 day at 25 °C. No enterotoxin was detected in any package. Faecal coliform counts were <2 log cfu g,1. Escherichia coli was not isolated in any of the samples. At 25 °C, counts of anaerobic spores of around 2 log cfu g,1 were detected in those mushrooms packaged in non-perforated film. [source] Investigation of the effect of delayed reflux on PVC grain properties produced by suspension polymerizationJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2010N. Etesami Abstract The effects of the condenser operation on properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) particles produced by suspension polymerization process were investigated in a pilot scale reactor. It was observed that delaying reflux operation increased the cold plasticizer absorption of the final resin. Both bulk density and K-value of the PVC powder decreased by increasing time delay in the reflux operation. It was also found that commencement of refluxing before 20% conversion resulted in bimodal particle size distribution (PSD), while monomodal PSD was obtained for longer delays in refluxing. SEM micrographs showed that surface of produced particles were rough and smooth when reflux started before and after 20% conversion, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source] A novel route for preparation of PVC sheets with high UV irradiation resistanceJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2010Xianke Ye Abstract A novel acrylonitrile acrylate copolymer coating was proposed to improve the UV irradiation resistance of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) sheets. Its effect on the photoageing properties of the sheets was evaluated by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), yellowness index test, and the oxygen permeability coefficient and mechanical properties measurement. The experimental results show that the novel acrylonitrile acrylate copolymer coating significantly improves the UV irradiation resistance of PVC sheets. Compared with the PVC sheets without coating, the coated PVC sheets show better mechanical properties, lower yellowness index, and smaller oxygen permeability coefficient after UV irradiation. The analysis on the SEM images of the PVC sheets indicates that the coating acts as a film to prevent the PVC sheets from UV energy and oxygen that can accelerate the photochemical reactions of PVC. The FTIR analysis confirms that the coating can slow down the microstructures development of the PVC sheets, also indicating that the coating impeded the photochemical reactions of PVC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source] Mechanical and morphological properties for sandwich composites of wood/PVC and glass fiber/PVC layersJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 6 2010Narudol Mongkollapkit Abstract This work manufactured sandwich composites from glass fiber/poly(vinyl chloride) (GF/PVC) and wood/PVC layers, and their mechanical and morphological properties of the composites in three GF orientation angles were assessed. The effects of K value (or viscosity index) of PVC and Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) loading were of our interests. The GF/PVC was used as core layer whereas wood/PVC was the cover layers. The experimental results indicated that PVC with low K value was recommended for the GF/PVC core layer for fabrication of GF/WPVC sandwich composites. The improvement of PVC diffusion at the interface between the GF and the PVC core layer was obtained when using PVC with K value of 58. This was because it could prevent de-lamination between composite layers which would lead to higher mechanical properties of the sandwich composites, except for the tensile modulus. The sandwich composites with 0° GF orientation possessed relatively much higher mechanical properties as compared with those with 45° and 90° GF orientations, especially for the impact strength. Low mechanical properties of the sandwich composites with 45° and 90° GF orientation angles could be overcome by incorporation of DOP plasticizer into the GF/PVC core layer with the recommended DOP loadings of 5,10 parts per hundred by weight of PVC components. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source] Mechanochemical preparation of a novel polymeric photostabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride)JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2010Xiaofei Zhang Abstract The preparation of a novel polymeric photostabilizer was carried out via the vibromilling of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) powder, a reactive light stabilizer (r-LS), and a peroxide initiator in ball-containing jars with a planetary ball mill for a certain time. The effects of the initiator content, milling time, and temperature on the grafting ratio were studied with gravimetric analysis and intrinsic viscosity measurements. Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet,visible spectra were used to investigate the structural development of the mixture of the r-LS and PVC during vibromilling. The results showed that the r-LS was grafted onto PVC chains successfully, and the aforementioned factors had a significant effect on the grafting ratio. The optimum preparation conditions were 0.5 wt % initiator, 8 h, and 20°C. A grafting mechanism is proposed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source] The role of auxiliary monomers and emulsifiers on wet scrub resistance of various latex paints at different pigment volume concentrationsJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2009M. Khorassani Abstract This work is an attempt to study the effect of different latex types containing various auxiliary monomers and emulsifiers on their pigmentation and their corresponding behavior on scrub resistance. The auxiliary monomers investigated were acrylic acid (AA), methacrylic acid (MAA), and itaconic acid and the emulsifiers contained sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS). It was shown that a semibatch polymerization technique which led to smaller particles and sharper size distributions is preferable. The best wet scrub results were obtained by using MAA and SLS. It was also shown that the proper selection of an auxiliary monomer generally depended on the range of incorporated pigment volume concentration (PVC). At high PVCs, AA gave better performances compared with MMA. The reverse effect was shown to occur at low PVCs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009 [source] Effect of acrylic core,shell rubber particles on the particulate flow and toughening of PVCJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 4 2009M. R. Moghbeli Abstract Different types of acrylic core,shell rubber particles with a poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) core and a grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) shell were synthesized. The average size of acrylic core,shell latex particles ranged from 100 to 170 nm in diameter, having the core gel content in the range of 35,80%. The melt blending behavior of the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and the acrylic core,shell rubber materials having different average particle sizes and gel contents was investigated in a batch mixing process. Although the torque curves showed that the particulate flow of the PVC in the blends was dominant, some differences were observed when the size and gel content of the particles varied. This behavior can be attributed to differences in the plasticizing effect and dispersion state of various types of core,shell rubber particles, which can vary the gelatin process of the PVC in the mixing tool. On the other hand, the highest toughening efficiency was obtained using core,shell rubber particles with the smallest particle size (i.e., 100 nm). The results showed that increasing the gel content of the core,shell impact modifiers with the same particle size improved the particle dispersion state in the PVC matrix. The toughening efficiency decreased for the blends containing 100 and 170 nm rubber particles as the gel content increased. Nevertheless, unexpected behavior was observed for the blends containing 140 nm rubber particles. It was found that a high level of toughness could be achieved if the acrylic core,shell rubber particles as small as 100 nm had a lower gel content. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009 [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||