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P Interaction (p + interaction)
Selected AbstractsCarbonic anhydrase IX and pathological features as predictors of outcome in patients with metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma receiving vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapyBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 6 2010Toni K. Choueiri Study Type , Prognosis (retrospective cohort) Level of Evidence 2b OBJECTIVE To investigate the utility of tumour carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) expression and histological features for predicting the outcome in patients with metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeted therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified 118 patients with mRCC initiating first-line VEGF-targeted therapy, including 94 with clinical and histological data, and available tissue. The primary endpoint was to detect an interaction between sorafenib vs sunitinib treatment and CAIX status on tumour shrinkage. Other treatment outcomes were also assessed. RESULTS There was heterogeneity in tumour responsiveness to sunitinib or sorafenib according to CAIX status; the mean shrinkage was ,17% vs ,25% for sunitinib-treated patients with high vs low tumour CAIX expression, compared to ,13% vs +9% for sorafenib-treated patients (P interaction, 0.05). A higher tumour clear-cell component was independently associated with greater tumour shrinkage (P= 0.02), response (P= 0.02) and treatment duration (P= 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Although CAIX expression had no prognostic value in patients with clear-cell mRCC treated with VEGF-targeted therapy, it might be a predictive biomarker for response to sorafenib treatment. Patients with a higher clear-cell component in their tumours are likely to have a superior clinical benefit from VEGF-targeted therapy. [source] The incommensurate structure of K3In(PO4)2ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, Issue 1 2003Alla Arakcheeva The incommensurately modulated structure of K3In(PO4)2 has been solved and refined. The origin of the modulation relates to the ordering of K cations within the hexagonal close packing of the PO4 anions. The driving forces for the modulation of the other cations are In,P and K,P interactions. The modulation of O atoms of rigid PO4 units follows the cations in order to stabilize the InO6 octahedron. It is shown that the previously published three-dimensional structure refined from powder diffraction data obtained at room temperature is an average structure. Therefore the incommensurately modulated phase of K3In(PO4)2 is the only one that has been unequivocally identified at room temperature. The origin of the modulation is discussed in comparison with the structures of Na3InP2, ,- and ,-Na3In(PO4)2, Na3Fe(PO4)2 and Rb3In(PO4)2. [source] Dietary intakes of ,-6 and ,-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of breast cancerINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 4 2009Anne C.M. Thiébaut Abstract Experimental studies suggest detrimental effects of ,-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and beneficial effects of ,-3 PUFAs on mammary carcinogenesis, possibly in interaction with antioxidants. However, PUFA food sources are diverse in human diets and few epidemiologic studies have examined whether associations between dietary PUFAs and breast cancer risk vary according to food sources or antioxidant intakes. The relationship between individual PUFA intakes estimated from diet history questionnaires and breast cancer risk was examined among 56,007 French women. During 8 years of follow-up, 1,650 women developed invasive breast cancer. Breast cancer risk was not related to any dietary PUFA overall; however, opposite associations were seen according to food sources, suggesting other potential effects than PUFA per se. Breast cancer risk was inversely associated with ,-linolenic acid (ALA) intake from fruit and vegetables [highest vs. lowest quintile, hazard ratio (HR) 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63, 0.88; p trend < 0.0001], and from vegetable oils (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.71, 0.97; p trend 0.017). Conversely, breast cancer risk was positively related to ALA intake from nut mixes (p trend 0.004) and processed foods (p trend 0.068), as was total ALA intake among women in the highest quintile of dietary vitamin E (p trend 0.036). A significant interaction was also found between ,-6 and long-chain ,-3 PUFAs, with breast cancer risk inversely related to long-chain ,-3 PUFAs in women belonging to the highest quintile of ,-6 PUFAs (p interaction 0.042). These results emphasize the need to consider food sources, as well as interactions between fatty acids and with antioxidants, when evaluating associations between PUFA intakes and breast cancer risk. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The Influence of an Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Gene Promoter Polymorphism on Hip Bone Geometry and the Risk of Nonvertebral Fracture in the Elderly: The Rotterdam Study,JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 8 2004Fernando Rivadeneira Abstract The absence of the wildtype allele of a promoter polymorphism of the IGF-I gene is associated with increased risk (1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.0) of fragility fracture in women (n = 4212) but not in men (n = 2799). An approximation of hip bone geometry (from DXA) suggested the polymorphism is associated with bone strength and stability in gender-specific ways. Introduction: Previously, we found a CA-repeat promoter polymorphism in the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) gene associated with IGF-I levels and BMD in postmenopausal women, but the relationship with fractures is unclear. In this large population-based study of elderly men and women, we examined the association between this IGF-I promoter polymorphism with parameters of bone geometry and the occurrence of fractures. Material and Methods: Within the Rotterdam Study, a prospective population-based cohort, the IGF-I polymorphism was analyzed in relation to incident nonvertebral fractures in 2799 men and 4212 women followed on average for 8.6 years. Furthermore, we estimated structural parameters of hip bone geometry indirectly from DXA outputs of the femoral neck in 2372 men and 3114 women. We studied neck width, cortical thickness, and the cortical buckling ratio and the section modulus as indexes of bone stability and bending strength. Results: Women heterozygotes and noncarriers of the allele had, respectively, 1.2 (95% CI, 1.0-1.5) and 1.5 (95% CI, 1.1-2.0) increased risk of having a fragility fracture at older age compared with homozygotes for the 192-bp allele (p trend = 0.0007). In men, fracture risk was not influenced by the polymorphism. Compared with homozygotes for the 192-bp allele, noncarrier males had ,1% narrower femoral necks and 2.2% lower section moduli (p trend < 0.05). Noncarrier females had 1.7% thinner cortices and 1.6% higher buckling ratios (p trend < 0.05) but no significant differences in femoral neck widths and section moduli. In women with low body mass index, genotype differences in bone strength (section modulus) and fracture risk were accentuated (p interaction = 0.05). The genotype-dependent differences in hip bone geometry did not fully explain the genotype-dependent differences in fracture risk. Conclusions: The CA-repeat promoter polymorphism in the IGF-I gene is associated with the risk for fragility fracture at old age in women and with bone structure in both genders. [source] Effect of strain and alloy composition inhomogeneity on the electronic and optical properties of III-nitride semiconductorsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 10 2008Nikos Skoulidis Abstract Using the empirical tight binding method with a sp3s* basis for the first neighbour interactions and only p,p interactions for the second neighbours, we calculated the optical properties near the fundamental gap of cubic GaxAl1,xN alloys for x<0.33 grown on a substrate whose lattice constant varies from the lattice constant of cubic AlN to GaN. We found that the spectra of the fully relaxed alloy have a tail with onset energy at the indirect gap of AlN and an edge at the direct gap of the alloy which follows the Vegard's law within 0.1 eV. The maximum of band gap for each alloy composition is found for a substrate with the lattice constant of the fully relaxed alloy. When the substrate composition is such that induces negative tetragonal strain on the alloy (,xx<0) the energy band gap is mainly affected by the alloy composition while for ,xx>0 the alloy composition has a limited effect. The total effect of substrate and alloy composition in the calculated range on the band gap can be as much as 0.4 eV and is mainly due to the valence band shift as the conduction band is only slightly affected by the substrate or the alloy composition. This band gap change is adequate to explain the experimentally observed double photoluminescence peak of open quantum dots. The energy separation of the double peak is 0.1 eV and one peak can be attributed to the tetragonically strained wetting layer and the other to the fully relaxed quantum dots. Furthermore the present results can be used to estimate any possible stoichiometric inhomogeneity and help design structures with specific energies for the pair of peaks. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] | ||||||||||