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P Forms (p + form)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Earth and Environmental Science	75%

Selected Abstracts

Preferential phosphorus leaching from an irrigated grassland soil

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2005
G. S. Toor
Summary Intact lysimeters (50 cm diameter, 70 cm deep) of silt loam soil under permanent grassland were used to investigate preferential transport of phosphorus (P) by leaching immediately after application of dairy effluent. Four treatments that received mineral P fertilizer alone (superphosphate at 45 kg P ha,1 year,1) or in combination with effluent (at , 40,80 kg P ha,1 year,1) over 2 years were monitored. Losses of total P from the combined P fertilizer and effluent treatments were 1.6,2.3 kg ha,1 (60% of overall loss) during eight drainage events following effluent application. The rest of the P lost (40% of overall loss) occurred during 43 drainage events following a significant rainfall or irrigation compared with 0.30 kg ha,1 from mineral P fertilizer alone. Reactive forms of P (mainly dissolved reactive P: 38,76%) were the dominant fractions in effluent compared with unreactive P forms (mainly particulate unreactive P: 15,56%). In contrast, in leachate following effluent application, particulate unreactive P was the major fraction (71,79%) compared with dissolved reactive P (1,7%). The results were corroborated by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, which showed that inorganic orthophosphate was the predominant P fraction present in the effluent (86%), while orthophosphate monoesters and diesters together comprised up to 88% of P in leachate. This shows that unreactive P forms were selectively transported through soil because of their greater mobility as monoesters (labile monoester P and inositol hexakisphosphate) and diesters. The short-term strategies for reducing loss of P after application of dairy effluent application should involve increasing the residence time of applied effluent in the soil profile. This can be achieved by applying effluent frequently in small amounts. [source]

Spatial variability of sequentially extracted P fractions in a silty loam

JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2005
Elena Heilmann
Abstract Knowledge of the spatial distribution of soil P forms in agricultural fields is important for evaluating the risk of P transfer to waterways. The objective of this study was to characterize the spatial variation of total P (Pt) and sequentially extracted P forms in the Ap horizon of arable soils at the field scale. Soil samples were taken on a regular grid of 50 m × 50 m with 40 sampling points. Chemical analyses included basic soil properties, Pt, sequentially extracted P forms, and acid phosphomonoesterase activity. The spatial variability was analyzed by geostatistics and descriptive statistics. The concentrations of Pt ranged from 521 to 1020 mg,kg,1 with lower values observed for Gleysols and Stagnic Phaeozems and higher values for Luvisols and Cambisols. For the sequentially extracted P fractions, the largest coefficients of variation (c.v.) were found for NaHCO3 -Po (41%), NaHCO3 -Pi (36%), NaOH-Po (34%), and resin-P (33%). Despite this great spatial variability, no spatial dependence could be proved by geostatistics because the calculated range of P forms (<10 m) was below the smallest sampling distance (50 m). A clear trend of increasing concentrations and proportions of organic NaHCO3 - and NaOH-P fractions and phosphomonoesterase activity towards lower slope positions and the discharging brook indicated that Gleysols were a particular source of P losses to waterways in this catchment. It was concluded that these soils require a specific management with reduced P inputs and, perhaps, chemical treatment to fix leachable P. Räumliche Variabilität sequenziell extrahierter P-Fraktionen in einem Schlufflehm Kenntnisse über die räumliche Verteilung der P-Formen in landwirtschaftlichen Flächen sind notwendig für die Abschätzung des Risikos von P-Austrägen. Gegenstand dieser Untersuchung war die räumliche Verteilung von Gesamt-P (Pt) und P-Formen im Ap-Horizont von landwirtschaftlich genutzten Böden im Feldmaßstab. Dazu wurden Proben auf einem Raster von 50 m × 50 m an 40 Punkten entnommen. Die chemischen Analysen umfassten Grundeigenschaften sowie Pt, sequenziell extrahierte P-Formen und die Aktivität der sauren Phosphomonoesterase. Die räumliche Variabilität wurde mit räumlicher und deskriptiver Statistik untersucht. Die Pt -Gehalte lagen im Bereich von 521 bis 1020 mg,kg,1, wobei Gleye und Pseudogleye die niedrigsten Werte hatten. Bei den sequenziell extrahierten P-Fraktionen wurden die größten Variationskoeffizienten für NaHCO3 -Po (41%), NaHCO3 -Pi (36 %), NaOH-Po (34 %) und Harz-P (33 %) festgestellt. Trotz dieser großen räumlichen Variabilität konnte mit Geostatistik keine räumliche Abhängigkeit nachgewiesen werden, möglicherweise weil die geschätzte Reichweite der P-Formen mit <10 m unterhalb der kleinsten Beprobungsdistanz von 50 m lag. Deutliche gerichtete Trends steigender Gehalte und Anteile organischer NaHCO3 - und NaOH-P-Fraktionen und Phosphomonoesterase-Aktivitäten hin zu niedrigeren Geländepositionen und zur Nachbarschaft zu dem entwässernden Bach deuteten darauf hin, dass insbesondere Gleye eine Quelle der P-Einträge in Oberflächengewässer des Einzugsgebietes sein können. Es ergibt sich daher die Schlussfolgerung, dass diese Böden einer teilschlagspezifischen Bewirtschaftung mit reduzierten P-Zufuhren und eventuell P-fixierenden Behandlungen bedürfen. [source]

Phosphorus L2,3 -edge XANES: overview of reference compounds

JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, Issue 2 2009
Jens Kruse
Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy is becoming an increasingly used tool for the element speciation in complex samples. For phosphorus (P) almost all XANES measurements have been carried out at the K -edge. The small number of distinctive features at the P K -edge makes in some cases the identification of different P forms difficult or impossible. As indicated by a few previous studies, the P L2,3 -edge spectra were richer in spectral features than those of the P K -edge. However, experimentally consistent spectra of a wide range of reference compounds have not been published so far. In this study a library of spectral features is presented for a number of mineral P, organic P and P-bearing minerals for fingerprinting identification. Furthermore, the effect of radiation damage is shown for three compounds and measures are proposed to reduce it. The spectra library provided lays a basis for the identification of individual P forms in samples of unknown composition for a variety of scientific areas. [source]