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Own Knowledge (own + knowledge)
Selected AbstractsEmpirical tests of the recognition heuristicJOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING, Issue 3 2006Rüdiger F. Pohl Abstract The recognition heuristic postulates that individuals should choose a recognized object more often than an unrecognized one whenever recognition is related to the criterion. This behavior has been described as a one-cue, noncompensatory decision-making strategy. This claim and other assumptions were tested in four experiments using paired-comparison tasks with cities and other geographical objects. The main results were (1) that the recognized object was chosen more often than the unrecognized one when the recognition cue was valid; (2) that participants' behavior did not reflect the recognition validity of their own knowledge; (3) that a less-is-more effect (i.e., better performance with less knowledge) was either absent or of only small size; and (4) that judgments were influenced by further knowledge, which could even compensate for the recognition cue. In sum, the recognition cue represents an important piece of knowledge in paired comparisons, but apparently not the only one. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] An Examination of the Factors that Influence Whether Newcomers Protect or Share Secrets of their Former Employers*JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 4 2007David R. Hannah abstract This research investigated the factors that influence a decision that is often faced by employees who have made a transition from one organization to another: the decision about whether to protect secrets of their former employer or to share them with their new co-workers. A total of 111 employees from two high-tech companies participated in interviews. Their comments were analysed and, based on both relevant literature and the results of that analysis, a theory of the factors that influence newcomers' protect vs. share decisions was developed. According to that theory, newcomers first decide whether or not information is a trade secret of their former employer by considering (1) whether the information is part of their own knowledge, and (2) whether the information is publicly available, general, and negative (about something that did not work). If newcomers decide the information is a trade secret, they then evaluate (1) the degree to which their obligations are biased towards their former or new employer, and (2) the degree to which they identify more strongly with their former or new employer. Newcomers whose obligations and identifications are biased towards a new employer are more likely to share secrets. If these obligations and identifications are balanced, newcomers may share information in a way that allows them to believe they are fulfilling their responsibilities to both their former and their new employers. [source] Influences On Knowledge processes In Organizational Learning: The Psychosocial FilterJOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 6 2000Kate M. Andrews This paper reports a segment of broader theory-building case study research exploring organizational learning and knowledge processes in a bio-medical consortium. Its focus is the individual-level factors that influence knowledge processes associated with organizational learning. As we explored how rganizational learning occurred, the underlying knowledge processes came forward as complex and idiosyncratic. In an unanticipated finding, micro-processes emerged as highly influential, with individual perceptions of approachability, credibility and trustworthiness mediating knowledge importing and knowledge sharing activities. We introduce a model ,the psychosocial filter, to describe the cluster of micro-processes that were brought forward in the study. Firstly, scientists filtered knowledge porting by deciding whom they would approach for information and from whom they would accept input. The individual's confidence to initiate information requests (which we termed social confidence) and the perceived credibility of knowledge suppliers both mediated knowledge importing. Secondly, scientists mediated knowledge sharing by actively deciding with whom they would share their own knowledge. Perceived trustworthiness , based on perceptions of what olleagues were likely to do with sensitive information , was the factor that influenced knowledge-sharing decisions. Significantly, the psychosocial filter seemed to constitute a heedful process with high functionality. Its effect was not to block knowledge circulation, but instead to ensure that nowledge-sharing decisions were made in a thoughtful and deliberate way. The psychosocial filter suggests an initial framework for conceptualizing the role that individual-level processes play in organizational knowledge sharing. Building on this, the model provides a platform for more focused exploration of knowledge processes and social relationships in organizational learning. [source] Review article: the modern management of autoimmune hepatitisALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 8 2010A. D. YEOMAN Aliment Pharmacol Ther,31, 771,787 Summary Background, The management of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) continues to be refined. However, several issues remain unresolved, primarily as a consequence of the low incidence of the disease. This factor has contributed both to a lack of understanding of and a paucity of large scale clinical trials involving therapeutic agents. Aim, To summarize the latest evidence regarding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy and long-term management of AIH with a focus on clinical aspects of the disease. Method, We searched PUBMED for articles pertaining to AIH, its pathogenesis, treatment and clinical outcomes, combined with the authors' own knowledge of the literature. Results, Standard therapy (corticosteroids and azathioprine) is effective in more than 80% of patients which renders study of novel agents difficult. Budesonide appears to show equivalence to prednisolone. Available, but limited, data suggest that mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus and ciclosporin are all variably effective second line agents. Patients with AIH and cirrhosis are at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and require screening. Patients with end stage liver disease represent excellent candidates for liver transplantation. Conclusions, Despite ongoing limitations in the understanding of pathogenesis and difficulties in evaluating novel therapies, the management of AIH continues to evolve slowly. Multi-centre collaboration is necessary to obtain sufficient patient numbers to undertake good quality therapeutic studies. [source] Managing home nursing care: visibility, accountability and exclusionNURSING INQUIRY, Issue 3 2001Article first published online: 30 JUL 200, Mary Ellen Purkis Managing home nursing care: visibility, accountability and exclusion The paper examines managerial practices shaping contemporary home nursing care. Foucault's writings on governmentality are used to appraise managerial and nursing practices understood as exemplars of forms of government of people's health. An ethnographic study of organizational practices shaping contemporary home nursing care reveals that the everyday work of managers involves making particular forms of nursing practice visible. Through careful scripting of these visible forms of practice, managers and nurses together work to exclude the local knowledge of patients and of nurses regarding experiences of living with chronic illness. Recommendations are offered for managers and nurses who seek to develop more autonomous roles for nurses: roles that require the inclusion of people's own knowledge of how they live at home with their chronic illness. [source] The value of laparoscopic skills coursesAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 3 2009George CONDOUS Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of ,hands-on' laparoscopic skills course. Methods: A prospective observational study conducted between May 2005 and June 2006. All gynaecologists who attended ,hands-on' laparoscopic skills course held over a five-day period were assessed initially and at the end of the intensive course. Subjective assessment involved each attendee self-scoring their own knowledge in laparoscopy in different fields; this was done using visual analog scoring (VAS). Objective assessment was done through multiple choice questions (MCQs) and motor skill tasks. The difference between the performances of each of the candidates at pre- and post-course periods was evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. P -values < 0.05 represented statistical significance. Setting: Centre for Advanced Reproductive Endosurgery (CARE), Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Results:, Twenty-four consecutive gynaecologists have been enrolled in the study , 14 were specialists and ten were obstetrics and gynaecology trainees. Mean age was 44.4 years (range 35,58 years). Pre- and post-course subjective assessment measuring VAS improved significantly for all variables. Objective measurements of pre- and post-course mean MCQ results also improved significantly from 71% to 84.5%, respectively (P -value < 0.0001). There was dramatic improvement in the performing of motor skills in the dry laboratory. Conclusions: Laparoscopic skills workshops can improve both knowledge base and motor skills. Such courses result in a short-term measurable improvement. Future studies should focus on assessing the impact of such ,hands-on' courses to see if these skills are transferred to the operating room. [source] | |||||||||||||