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Kinds of Own Terms modified by Own Selected AbstractsALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE: IN A COURT OF HIS OWN,EVOLUTION, Issue 12 2004John van Wyhe No abstract is available for this article. [source] IS OUR SEXUALITY OUR OWN?BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY, Issue 4 2007A DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF SEXUALITY BASED ON EARLY AFFECT MIRRORING abstract Psychoanalytic theory, with its move away from drive theory to object-relations, lacks a compatible model of the power of psychosexuality in adult life (including in therapy). It is proposed that in infancy drive tension, frustration and urgency may be erotized by the caregiver; while actual sexual excitement may remain unmirrored and uncontained. This produces a psychosexual core which is unstable, elusive and never felt to be really owned. In sexual acts we can project and identify with our own sexuality, felt to belong to the other, yet allowing more successful re-internalization and gradual integration. The relief at being able to relate to troubling aspects of the self, via the other, creates a deep attachment bond, although sexual excitement may fade as self-integration becomes more secure. The technical challenges of working on sexuality in long-term, relationship-focused psychotherapy with an implicit parental model are briefly considered. [source] A Systemic Approach to Culturally Responsive Assessment Practices and EvaluationHIGHER EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2010June Slee In an earlier paper, Slee and Keenan demonstrated that it was possible for tertiary education institutions to design culturally responsive assessment procedures that complied with standardised assessment policy. The authors' paper described Growing Our Own, an initiative between Charles Darwin University and Northern Territory Catholic Education, which in 2009 began preparing in situ Indigenous teacher assistants for teacher qualification in very remote schools in the Northern Territory, Australia. The paper demonstrated that the university assessment policy accommodated Indigenous learning, reflecting students' culture, remote learning context, world experience, primary language, family and community values and entry-level competencies. This article is a systemic response to recommendations arising from a recent external evaluation of Growing Our Own and seeks to demonstrate how the project's approaches meet university assessment rules yet fit within a culturally valid framework. [source] Young adults' ideas of cure prior to psychoanalytic psychotherapyJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Björn Philips The study aims to explore systematically the ideas of cure among young adults prior to psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Forty-six individuals aged 18 to 25 years who applied for psychotherapy underwent the Private Theories Interview (PTI). Twenty distinct categories of ideas of cure were identified. Based on these categories, a theoretical model was constructed with the dimensions, Approaching,Distancing and Doing,Receiving. Individuals were classified into types using "ideal type analysis." Seven ideal types were formed: Processing and Understanding, Mastering Through Own Will and Action, Talking, Discordant Ideas, Incoherent Ideas, Getting It Out, and Avoiding or Placing the Solution onto Others. New hypotheses emerged concerning ideas of cure as an important factor for psychotherapy matching, thus potentially predicting premature termination, alliance, and outcome. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 213,232, 2007. [source] Why Should the Boss Own the Assets?JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS & MANAGEMENT STRATEGY, Issue 3 2002Birger Wernerfelt In the context of an employment relationship, I present an argument suggesting that it is more efficient for the boss to own the productive assets. The idea is that a conflict between productivity and depreciation is internalized if the player deciding what an asset is used for also has residual claims. An empirical test finds evidence consistent with this. By asking whether the boss should own the assets, the paper reverses the reasoning from the literature in which it is argued that the owner has power and thus is the boss. [source] Evaluation of Continuing Professional Education: Toward a Theory of Our OwnNEW DIRECTIONS FOR ADULT & CONTINUING EDUCATION, Issue 86 2000Judith M. Ottoson Program evaluation theory seeks to make the evaluation of continuing professional education a transparent process. This chapter introduces the Situated Evaluation Framework, which situates the learner and knowledge assessment at the junction of the educational context, the practice context, and the evaluation context. [source] Animals of Arid Australia: Out on Their Own?AUSTRAL ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2009CHRIS PAVEY No abstract is available for this article. [source] Mediation windfalls: Value beyond settlement?CONFLICT RESOLUTION QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2005The perspectives of Georgia magistrate court judges This study of magistrate judges investigates the perception that if mediation reaches impasse, parties who are not represented by counsel go into court less afraid, better able to articulate their case, more cognizant of their own and the other side's positions, and with an enhanced appreciation for the perspective of the other party because of the mediation experience. [source] Jürgen Habermas's Theory of CosmopolitanismCONSTELLATIONS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRITICAL AND DEMOCRATIC THEORY, Issue 4 2003Robert Fine In this paper we explore the sustained and multifaceted attempt of Jürgen Habermas to reconstruct Kant's theory of cosmopolitan right for our own times. In a series of articles written in the post-1989 period, Habermas has argued that the challenge posed both by the catastrophes of the twentieth century, and by social forces of globalization, has given new impetus to the idea of cosmopolitan justice that Kant first expressed. He recognizes that today we cannot simply repeat Kant's eighteenth-century vision: that if we are to grapple with the complexities of present-day problems, it is necessary to iron out certain inconsistencies in Kant's thinking, radicalize it where its break from the old order of nation-states is incomplete, socialize it so as to draw out the connections between perpetual peace and social justice, and modernize it so as to comprehend the "differences both in global situation and conceptual framework that now separate us from him."1 His basic intuition, however, is that Kant's idea of cosmopolitan right is as relevant to our times as it was to Kant's own. If it was Kant's achievement to formulate the idea of cosmopolitanism in a modern philosophical form, Habermas takes up the challenge posed by Karl-Otto Apel: to "think with Kant against Kant" in reconstructing this idea. What follows is a critical assessment of Habermas's response to this challenge. We focus here on the dilemmas he faces in grounding his normative commitment to cosmopolitan politics and in reconciling his cosmopolitanism with the national framework in which he developed his ideas of constitutional patriotism and deliberative democracy. [source] Contact allergy, irritancy and ,danger'CONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 3 2000J. P. McFadden Conventional models of the immune response are based on distinguishing self and non-self. However, we consider that the more recently proposed ,danger' model may be an illuminating alternative for studying allergic contact dermatitis. In this model, an antigenic signal on its own would tend to produce tolerance. In contrast, in the presence of a ,danger' signal, which, in the case of allergic contact dermatitis, we suggest is usually cutaneous irritancy, the immune system would become activated, leading first to the induction of sensitization and then subsequently to the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity response. In most cases, both the antigenic signal and irritant signal will come from the hapten, although, e.g., in an occupational setting, traumiterative dermatitis would be the source of the ,danger' signal. Typically, the irritant signal tends to be more concentration-dependent and thus is the overriding factor in the determination of the effective sensitizing and eliciting concentrations of the hapten. A further prediction of this hypothesis is that successful experiments demonstrating low-dose tolerance with contact allergens may be explained by the loss of the irritant effect at lower dilutions, whilst an antigenic stimulus remains present. [source] Imaging of the lymphatic system: new horizons,CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING, Issue 6 2006Tristan Barrett Abstract The lymphatic system is a complex network of lymph vessels, lymphatic organs and lymph nodes. Traditionally, imaging of the lymphatic system has been based on conventional imaging methods like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), whereby enlargement of lymph nodes is considered the primary diagnostic criterion for disease. This is particularly true in oncology, where nodal enlargement can be indicative of nodal metastases or lymphoma. CT and MRI on their own are, however, anatomical imaging methods. Newer imaging methods such as positron emission tomography (PET), dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) provide a functional assessment of node status. None of these techniques is capable of detecting flow within the lymphatics and, thus, several intra-lymphatic imaging methods have been developed. Direct lymphangiography is an all-but-extinct method of visualizing the lymphatic drainage from an extremity using oil-based iodine contrast agents. More recently, interstitially injected intra-lymphatic imaging, such as lymphoscintigraphy, has been used for lymphedema assessment and sentinel node detection. Nevertheless, radionuclide-based imaging has the disadvantage of poor resolution. This has lead to the development of novel systemic and interstitial imaging techniques which are minimally invasive and have the potential to provide both structural and functional information; this is a particular advantage for cancer imaging, where anatomical depiction alone often provides insufficient information. At present the respective role each modality plays remains to be determined. Indeed, multi-modal imaging may be more appropriate for certain lymphatic disorders. The field of lymphatic imaging is ever evolving, and technological advances, combined with the development of new contrast agents, continue to improve diagnostic accuracy. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] DISLOCATING SOUNDS: The Deterritorialization of Indonesian Indie PopCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2009BRENT LUVAAS ABSTRACT Anthropologists often read the localization or hybridization of cultural forms as a kind of default mode of resistance against the forces of global capitalism, a means through which marginalized ethnic groups maintain regional distinctiveness in the face of an emergent transnational order. But then what are we to make of musical acts like Mocca and The Upstairs, Indonesian "indie" groups who consciously delocalize their music, who go out of their way, in fact, to avoid any references to who they are or where they come from? In this essay, I argue that Indonesian "indie pop," a self-consciously antimainstream genre drawing from a diverse range of international influences, constitutes a set of strategic practices of aesthetic deterritorialization for middle-class Indonesian youth. Such bands, I demonstrate, assemble sounds from a variety of international genres, creating linkages with international youth cultures in other places and times, while distancing themselves from those expressions associated with colonial and nationalist conceptions of ethnicity, working-class and rural sensibilities, and the hegemonic categorical schema of the international music industry. They are part of a new wave of Indonesian musicians stepping onto the global stage "on their own terms" and insisting on being taken seriously as international, not just Indonesian, artists, and in the process, they have made indie music into a powerful tool of reflexive place making, a means of redefining the very meaning of locality vis-à-vis the international youth cultural movements they witness from afar. [source] Activation of PLA2 isoforms by cell swelling and ischaemia/hypoxiaACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 1-2 2006I. H. Lambert Abstract Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity is increased in mammalian cells in response to numerous stimuli such as osmotic challenge, oxidative stress and exposure to allergens. The increased PLA2 activity is seen as an increased release of free, polyunsaturated fatty acids, e.g. arachidonic acid and membrane-bound lysophospholipids. Even though arachidonic acid acts as a second messenger in its own most mammalian cells seem to rely on oxidation of the fatty acid into highly potent second messengers via, e.g. cytochrome P450, the cyclo-oxygenase, or the lipoxygenase systems for downstream signalling. Here, we review data that illustrates that stress-induced PLA2 activity involves various PLA2 subtypes and that the PLA2 in question is determined by the cell type and the physiological stress condition. [source] Style of Knowing Regarding UncertaintiesCURRICULUM INQUIRY, Issue 1 2007DEBORAH HELSING This article addresses a key contrast in how teachers may regard the uncertainties of their work, considering how an orientation to uncertainty can be regarded as a decision-making style. Through the use of case studies, the author contrasts two teachers. One is oriented toward uncertainties in her work and describes her herself as being always "on the edge" of her capabilities, constantly seeking out perspectives that differ from and challenge her own and remaining vigilant to the need for improvising to respond to the circumstances of the moment. The other is oriented away from uncertainties and describes herself as prepared and deliberate; committed to achieving outcomes in line with her articulated goals and purposes; and purposeful about which unresolved questions she chooses to pursue. This contrast has implications not only for how these teachers make decisions and view their professional growth, but also for how some teachers may be understood, and misunderstood, by others. In a culture that often seeks to ignore pervasive moral ambiguities and focuses instead on questions for which there are easily identifiable answers (Cuban, 1992), an orientation toward uncertainty is more likely to be devalued or seen as an indication that one is not teaching well. Identifying these different approaches to decision-making styles enables us to appreciate the integrity and strength of each, as well as the limitations of each, suggesting new possibilities for research and for teachers' professional development. [source] Women's Careers Beyond the Classroom: Changing Roles in a Changing WorldCURRICULUM INQUIRY, Issue 3 2001Nina Bascia Drawing from our own and others' research over the past decade and a half, we present four "readings," each illuminating a different dimension of women educators' career development, particularly their movement into work beyond the classroom. The majority of the participants in our studies are women who work for change in their classrooms, schools, and district organizations, using the opportunities, vehicles, and channels available,or apparent,to them. They do this work in professional and personal contexts that are continually changing, sometimes as a result of their own choices and actions and sometimes not. While there is a growing body of literature on women's movement into, and their lives in, educational administration, we are concerned here with the broader and more varied manifestations of leadership beyond the classroom. In the four readings, we bring together several strands in the literature on women educators' lives and careers. We first lay out the taken-for-granted oppositional contrasts in the educational discourses that have tended to obscure more complex understandings of work lives and careers. Next, we explore how the particular kinds of work available to women actually encourage some to move beyond narrow conceptions of the distinctions between classroom and nonclassroom work. Third, we discuss the developmental nature of individual career paths. Fourth, we note the spatial and temporal nature of leadership work by showing how it is influenced and changed by greater economic, social, and political forces. We believe that these multiple interpretations are required to understand the range and combination of influences that propel and compel women educators to take up various forms of leadership work beyond the classroom. [source] Diagnostic accuracy of cytology and immunocytology in carcinomatous effusionsCYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2008G. Metzgeroth Background:, Immunocytology substantially improves the diagnostic accuracy of conventional cytology in the diagnosis of carcinomatous effusions. Due to the unequivocal characterization of the various cell populations, a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 100% was achieved by immunocytology, examining samples of 1234 serous effusions. Objective:, Cytology plays a central role in the aetiological clarification of serous effusions. The sensitivity of this method for the diagnosis of carcinomatous effusions varies between 40% and 80%. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether immunocytology substantially improves the diagnostic quality of the cytological examination in the diagnosis of carcinomatous effusions. Method:, Consecutive serous effusions were examined by conventional cytology and by immunocytology. The immunocytological examination was performed on smears, using a standard panel of three antibodies against pancytokeratin, human epithelial antigen 125 and calretinin. Results:, Altogether, 1234 effusion samples were examined. A total of 603 effusions were caused by carcinomas, five by malignant mesotheliomas, 11 by malignant lymphomas and 615 by non-malignant disorders. In conventional cytology, carcinomatous effusions were correctly diagnosed in 314 samples, corresponding to a sensitivity of 52%. In 31 specimens (5%) tumour cells without further specification were described and in 161 samples (27%) the presence of tumour cells was suspected (84% overall sensitivity). A total of 97 carcinomatous effusions (16%) were diagnosed false-negatively and 50 (8%) of the 615 non-malignant effusions false-positively (92% specificity). In immunocytology, 561 carcinomatous samples were correctly diagnosed, representing a sensitivity of 93%. In six cases (1%) the presence of tumour cells was suspected. A total of 36 carcinomatous effusions (6%) were diagnosed false-negatively (94% over-all sensitivity). Out of the 615 non-malignant specimens, there were no false-positive diagnoses (100% specificity). Conclusion:, Immunocytology is a simple, cost-effective, routinely practicable method which substantially improves the diagnostic accuracy of conventional cytology in the diagnosis of carcinomatous effusions. Therefore, we recommend the use of immunocytology in all those cases where cytology on its own is not completely unequivocal. [source] Extrinsic versus intrinsic cues in avian paraxial mesoderm patterning and differentiationDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 9 2007Ingo Bothe Abstract Somitic and head mesoderm contribute to cartilage and bone and deliver the entire skeletal musculature. Studies on avian somite patterning and cell differentiation led to the view that these processes depend solely on cues from surrounding tissues. However, evidence is accumulating that some developmental decisions depend on information within the somitic tissue itself. Moreover, recent studies established that head and somitic mesoderm, though delivering the same tissue types, are set up to follow their own, distinct developmental programmes. With a particular focus on the chicken embryo, we review the current understanding of how extrinsic signalling, operating in a framework of intrinsically regulated constraints, controls paraxial mesoderm patterning and cell differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 236:2397,2409, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Foster mother care but not prenatal morphine exposure enhances cocaine self-administration in young adult male and female ratsDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2007I. Vathy Abstract The present study was designed to investigate cocaine self-administration in adult male and female rats exposed prenatally to morphine. Pregnant dams were injected two times a day with either saline, analgesic doses of morphine or no drug at all (controls) on gestation Days 11,18. One day after birth, litters were cross-fostered such that control dams were paired with one another and their litters were crossed; saline- and morphine-treated dams were paired and half of each saline litter was crossed with half of each morphine litter. Thus, each mother (control, saline, and morphine) raised half of her own and half of the adopted litter. At the age of 60 days, males and females were trained first to lever press for sucrose pellets and then for cocaine. Once the lever-pressing behavior was learned and baseline level of this activity was established, animals received a cocaine (.5 mg/kg per infusion) reward for each correct response on the active lever during the next 9-day session. The data demonstrate that adult control, saline- and morphine-exposed male rats self-administer cocaine at a similar rate independent of their prenatal treatment. Adult female rats self-administer cocaine at a higher rate than male rats. Further, saline- and morphine-exposed females in diestrus self-administer more than females in proestrus phase of the estrous cycle, while control females show no such differences. In addition, fostering induces increase in cocaine self-administration in all groups of male rats regardless of prenatal drug exposure. In females, the only fostering-induced increase is in prenatally saline-exposed female rats raised by morphine-treated foster mother. Thus, our results suggest that the prenatal drug exposure does not induce changes in lever-pressing behavior for cocaine reward in adult male and female rats, but it sensitizes the animals to postnatal stimuli such as gonadal hormones and/or rearing conditions that result in increased drug self-administration. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 463-473, 2007. [source] The ontogeny of postingestive inhibitory stimuli: Examining the role of CCKDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Aron Weller Abstract Cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits food intake in adults. This paper describes research examining the ability of CCK to affect feeding in infant rats and the role of CCK in the developmentally emerging ability of the rat pup to inhibit ingestion in response to sensory characteristics of food. First, data will be described from studies that asked if the CCK system is functional in preweanling rats. Specifically, these studies examined whether exogenous and endogenous CCK can decrease intake of the infant rat during independent ingestion (of a milk diet, away from the dam). In addition, the ability of exogenous CCK to activate central feeding-control areas in the brain stem and hypothalamus in infant rats was examined by C-FOS staining. Next, experiments examining which specific intake-inhibitory sensory aspects of food are mediated by CCK will be described. The volume, hypertonicity, fat, carbohydrate and protein content of a preload were separately manipulated in different studies, followed closely by a 30-min test meal. The selective CCK1 receptor antagonist devazepide was used to assess CCK mediation of the control of intake produced by particular sensory aspects of food, at the earliest age in which this ability to control intake appears. Finally, the pattern of independent ingestion in infant OLETF rats lacking CCK1 receptors was examined. The results suggest that the CCK intake-inhibitory mechanism is potentially available to the young, suckling pup even before it starts to feed on its own. However, it appears to mediate only a portion of the controls of intake during nursing and early stages of weaning. Some aspects of the CCK system (e.g., forebrain-hindbrain connections) and CCK's role in mediating the effects of other stimulus aspects of food apparently undergo a post-weaning maturational process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 368,379, 2006. [source] Early recognition of newborn goat kids by their mother: II.DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Auditory recognition, evidence of an individual acoustic signature in the neonate Abstract The vocal recognition of newborn kids by their mother at 2 days postpartum and the possible existence of interindividual differences in the voice structure of newborn kids were investigated in two separate studies. The ability of goats to discriminate between the bleats of their own versus an alien kid was tested at 2 days postpartum in mothers being prevented access to visual and olfactory cues from the young. Goats spent significantly more time on the side of the enclosure from which their own kid was bleating, looked in its direction for longer, and responded more frequently to the bleats of their own than to those of the alien kid (p,<,0.05). In the second study, the sonograms of 13 kids, studied from Days 1 to 5, showed significant interindividual differences for the five variables taken into account and on each of the 5 days (duration of bleat, fundamental frequency, peak frequency, and numbers of segments and of harmonics). The potential for individual coding ranged between 1.1 and 4.1, indicating that for some variables variations between individuals were greater than intraindividual variations. Furthermore, when considering the five parameters together, the discriminating scores showed an average of 95% in the 78 combinations of any 2 kids for any given day. Finally, some significant intraindividual differences also were found between days, suggesting ontogenic changes in the characteristics of the kid's voice in early life. Therefore, mother goats are likely to recognize the vocalizations of their 48-hr-old kids, as they show sufficient interindividual variability to allow the existence of individual vocal signatures, even though some of the characteristics of the bleats change rapidly over time. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 43: 311,320, 2003. [source] C-peptide makes a comebackDIABETES/METABOLISM: RESEARCH AND REVIEWS, Issue 5 2003John Wahren Proinsulin C-peptide was for long considered to be without biological activity of its own. New findings demonstrate, however, that it is capable of eliciting both molecular and physiological effects, suggesting that C-peptide is in fact a bioactive peptide. When administered in replacement doses to animal models or to patients with type 1 diabetes, C-peptide ameliorates diabetes-induced functional and structural changes in both the kidneys and the peripheral nerves. It augments blood flow in a number of tissues, notably skeletal muscle, myocardium, skin and nerve. These effects are thought to be mediated via a stimulatory influence on Na+,K+ -ATPase and on endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Specific binding of C-peptide to cell membranes of intact cells and to detergent-solubilized cellular components has been demonstrated, indicating the existence of cell-surface binding sites for C-peptide. A number of intracellular responses are elicited by C-peptide, including a rise in Ca2+ concentration and activation of MAP-kinase signaling pathways. Many but not all of C-peptide's intracellular effects can be inhibited by pertussis toxin, supporting the notion that C-peptide may interact via a G-protein-coupled receptor. Additional data suggest that C-peptide may interact synergistically also in the insulin signaling pathway. Combined, the available observations show conclusively that C-peptide is biologically active, even though its molecular mechanism of action is not as yet fully understood. The possibility that replacement of C-peptide in patients with type 1 diabetes may serve to retard or prevent the development of long-term complications should be evaluated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Are There Passive Desires?DIALECTICA, Issue 2 2009David Wall What is the relation between desire and action? According to a traditional, widespread and influential view I call ,The Motivational Necessity of Desire' (MN), having a desire that p entails being disposed to act in ways that you believe will bring about p. But what about desires like a desire that the committee chooses you without your needing to do anything, or a desire that your child passes her exams on her own? Such ,self-passive' desires are often given as a counter-example to MN. If MN is true then self-passive desires seem absurd: if someone has a self-passive desire she will be disposed to act, thereby preventing her from getting what she desires. But it seems that we can reasonably, and often do, have such desires. However, I argue that self-passive desires are not, in fact, counter-examples to MN: close consideration of the content of these desires, the contexts in which we ascribe them, and what is claimed by MN show that they are not a problem for that view. I also argue that strengthened versions of the examples are unsuccessful, and I offer a diagnosis of why these kinds of case are commonly thought to raise a challenge to MN. [source] Misunderstanding Gödel: New Arguments about Wittgenstein and New Remarks by WittgensteinDIALECTICA, Issue 3 2003Victor Rodych The long-standing issue of Wittgenstein's controversial remarks on Gödel's Theorem has recently heated up in a number of different and interesting directions [(Floyd and Putnam. 2000), (Steiner, 2001), (Floyd, 2001)]. In their (2000), Juliet Floyd and Hilary Putnam purport to argue that Wittgenstein's,notorious'(RFM App. III, §8) "Contains a philosophical claim of great interest," namely, "if one assumed. that ,P is provable in Russell's system one should, give up the "translation" of P by the English sentence ,P is not provable'," because if ,P is provable in PM, PM is , -inconsistent, and if PM is ,-inconsistent, we cannot translate ,P'as 'P is not provable in PM'because the predicate,NaturalNo.(x)'in ,P'"cannot be,interpreted" as "x is a natural number." Though Floyd and Putnam do not clearly distinguish the two tasks, they also argue for "The Floyd-Putnam Thesis," namely, that in the 1930's Wittgenstein had a particular (correct) understanding of Gödel's First Incompleteness Theorem. In this paper, I endeavour to show, first, that the most natural and most defensible interpretation of Wittgenstein's (RFM App. III, §8) and the rest of (RFM App. III) is incompatible with the Floyd-Putnam attribution and, second, that evidence from Wittgenstein's Nachla (i.e., a hitherto unknown "proof sketch" of Gödel's reasoning, Wittgenstein's only mention of ,-inconsistency, and Wittgenstein's only mention of "K provable") strongly indicates that the Floyd- Putnam attribution and the Floyd-Putnam Thesis are false. By way of this examination, we shall see that despite a failure to properly understand Gödel's proof,perhaps because, as Kreisel says, Wittgenstein did not read Gödel's 1931 paper prior to 1942-Wittgenstein's 1937,38, 1941 and 1944 remarks indicate that Gödel's result makes no sense from Wittgenstein's own (idiosyncratic) perspective. [source] Ordinary Language, Conventionalism and a priori KnowledgeDIALECTICA, Issue 4 2001Henry Jackman This paper examines popular,conventionalist'explanations of why philosophers need not back up their claims about how,we'use our words with empirical studies of actual usage. It argues that such explanations are incompatible with a number of currently popular and plausible assumptions about language's ,social'character. Alternate explanations of the philosopher's purported entitlement to make a priori claims about,our'usage are then suggested. While these alternate explanations would, unlike the conventionalist ones, be compatible with the more social picture of language, they are each shown to face serious problems of their own. [source] "There Must be Mouse Dirt with the Pepper": A Lutheran Approach to Choosing Songs1DIALOG, Issue 4 2009Gertrud Tönsing Abstract:, This paper stems from my doctoral research on the question, "What is a good song?" It is a response to the Praise and Worship movement, which started within the charismatic churches, but also has spread to many mainline churches, including my own in South Africa. While I am supportive of much that is good in this movement, I am also critical of the content and theology of many of the songs. This paper focuses on what we as Lutherans can learn from our founder when it comes to choosing what and how to sing in our services. [source] Substance use and the prediction of young offender recidivismDRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 4 2003ALDIS L. PUTNI Abstract The problem considered is whether self-reported substance use can be used in the estimation of recidivism risk among youths placed in secure care. The Secure Care Psychosocial Screening (SECAPS) and offending records of 447 youths admitted to detention centres in South Australia were examined. The target outcome was any new offending within 6 months of release. Use of a psychoactive substance at the time of committing the most recent offence was not a significant predictor of subsequent offending, nor was acknowledging having a problem with drug or alcohol use. In relation to the recent use of alcohol, marijuana, hallucinogens, sedatives/hypnotics, narcotics, stimulants and inhalants, only the use of alcohol and inhalants appeared to have significant relationships with recidivism. While the relationships were too small to permit using these items on their own to estimate re-offending risk, recent alcohol and inhalant use could be included as part of a broader recidivism risk assessment. [source] A morphological reappraisal of Tubifex blanchardi Vejdovskı, 1891 (Clitellata: Tubificidae)ACTA ZOOLOGICA, Issue 2 2009Roberto Marotta Abstract Tubifex blanchardi Vejdovskı, 1891 is a freshwater tubificid, often living in sympatry with Tubifex tubifex (Müller 1774). Although considered from its discovery as a species on its own, its biological status is debated. During the early seventies T. blanchardi was reduced to a mere form of T. tubifex, as a particular case of polymorphism in chaetal pattern. Using classical histological techniques, microdissections of portions of the male genital apparatus and phalloidin staining of dissected copulatory organs we investigated 163 mixed individuals of T. blanchardi and T. tubifex belonging to sympatric populations from the Lambro River (Milan, Northern Italy). The internal morphology of T. blanchardi is described for the first time. Our results show that T. tubifex and T. blanchardi differ in several characters concerning both their external and internal morphology, and in the fine organization of their copulatory organs. Several independent character sets support the separation of T. blanchardi from T. tubifex, suggesting that it is an independent species. This study also supports the idea that T. blanchardi and T. bergi (Hrab,, 1935), another species closely related to T. tubifex, are not conspecific. The observed morphological differences between allopatric populations of T. tubifex are discussed. [source] Coarse sediment transport in mountain streams in Colorado and Wyoming, USAEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 3 2005Sandra E. Ryan Abstract Since the early 1990s, US Forest Service researchers have made thousands of bedload measurements in steep, coarse-grained channels in Colorado and Wyoming, USA. In this paper we use data from 19 of those sites to characterize patterns and rates of coarse sediment transport for a range of channel types and sizes, including step,pool, plane-bed, pool,riffle, and near-braided channels. This effort builds upon previous work where we applied a piecewise regression model to (1) relate flow to rates of bedload transport and (2) define phases of transport in coarse-grained channels. Earlier, the model was tested using bedload data from eight sites on the Fraser Experimental Forest near Fraser, Colorado. The analysis showed good application to those data and to data from four supplementary channels to which the procedure was applied. The earlier results were, however, derived from data collected at sites that, for the most part, have quite similar geology and runoff regimes. In this paper we evaluate further the application of piecewise regression to data from channels with a wider range of geomorphic conditions. The results corroborate with those from the earlier work in that there is a relatively narrow range of discharges at which a substantial change in the nature of bedload transport occurs. The transition from primarily low rates of sand transport (phase I) to higher rates of sand and coarse gravel transport (phase II) occurs, on average, at about 80 per cent of the bankfull (1·5-year return interval) discharge. A comparison of grain sizes moved during the two phases showed that coarse gravel is rarely trapped in the samplers during phase I transport. Moreover, the movement and capture of the D16 to D25 grain size of the bed surface seems to correspond with the onset of phase II transport, particularly in systems with largely static channel surfaces. However, while there were many similarities in observed patterns of bedload transport at the 19 studied sites, each had its own ,bedload signal' in that the rate and size of materials transported largely reflected the nature of flow and sediment particular to that system. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] How Should Macroeconomic Policy Respond to Foreign Financial Crises?,ECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue 2 2010Anthony J. Makin F31; F33; F41 This paper examines the impact of global financial crises on the Australian economy and how monetary and fiscal policy may be used to manage economic downturns that result. To do so, it presents a straightforward analytical framework incorporating financial wealth, exchange rate expectations, foreign demand and interest rate risk to analyse the key role played by the nominal exchange rate in insulating national income from the worst effects of foreign financial crises. In the event the economy is not fully insulated by exchange rate depreciation, it shows that, in principle, monetary policy is a superior instrument to fiscal stimulus for restoring aggregate demand to the full employment level. Since monetary policy is not handicapped by numerous problems that render fiscal stimulus less effective, it should normally be considered a sufficient instrument on its own. [source] Improved simultaneous enantioseparation of ,-agonists in CE using ,-CD and ionic liquidsELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 6 2009Lu Huang Abstract In this study, approaches to improve chiral resolutions in simultaneous enantioseparation of ,-agonists by CE via a CD inclusion complexation modified with ionic liquids (ILs) are described. Different types of ILs, including tetraalkylammonium-based ILs, alkylimidazolium-based ILs and alkylpyridinium-based ILs, were examined and compared for controlling the EOF in order to improve resolutions of ,-agonists enantiomers. In this regard, tetraalkylammonium-based ILs were more effective because they could be used at much higher concentrations than other types of ILs. N -octylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate gave poor resolutions of ,-agonists enantiomers. In addition, when different ILs were mixed to use, they would present particular properties of their own. Moreover, the presence of ILs was essential in the chiral separations of (±) salbutamol, (±) cimaterol and (±) formoterol, which were reportedly not enantioseparated by using the buffer electrolytes containing only ,-CD as a chiral selector. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||