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Overweight Subjects (overweight + subject)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	66%
Life Sciences	33%

Selected Abstracts

PROCEED: Prospective Obesity Cohort of Economic Evaluation and Determinants: baseline health and healthcare utilization of the US sample,

DIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 12 2008
A. M. Wolf
Aim:, To summarize baseline characteristics, health conditions, resource utilization and resource cost for the US population for the 90-day period preceding enrolment, stratified by body mass index (BMI) and the presence of abdominal obesity (AO). Methods:, PROCEED (Prospective Obesity Cohort of Economic Evaluation and Determinants) is a multinational, prospective cohort of control (BMI 20,24.0 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25,29.9 kg/m2) and obese (BMI , 30 kg/m2) subjects with AO and without AO [non-abdominal obesity (NAO)], defined by waist circumference (WC) >102 and 88 cm for males and females, respectively. Subjects were recruited from an Internet consumer panel. Outcomes were self-reported online. Self-reported anthropometric data were validated. Prevalence of conditions and utilization is presented by BMI class and AO within BMI class. Differences in prevalence and means were evaluated. Results:, A total of 1067 overweight [n = 474 (NAO: n = 254 and AO: n = 220)] and obese [n = 493 (NAO: n = 39 and AO: n = 454)] subjects and 100 controls were recruited. Self-reported weight (r = 0.92) and WC (r = 0.87) were correlated with measured assessments. Prevalence of symptoms was significantly higher in groups with higher BMI, as were hypertension (p < 0.0001), diabetes (p < 0.0001) and sleep apnoea (p < 0.0001). Metabolic risk factors increased with the BMI class. Among the overweight class, subjects with AO had significantly more reported respiratory, heart, nervous, skin and reproductive system symptoms. Overweight subjects with AO reported a significantly higher prevalence of diabetes (13%) compared with overweight subjects with NAO (7%, p = 0.04). Mean healthcare cost was significantly higher in the higher BMI classes [control ($456 ± 937) vs. overweight ($1084 ± 3531) and obese ($1186 ± 2808) (p < 0.0001)]. Conclusion:, An increasing gradient of symptoms, medical conditions, metabolic risk factors and healthcare utilization among those with a greater degree of obesity was observed. The independent effect of AO on health and healthcare utilization deserves further study with a larger sample size. [source]

Brain structure and obesity

HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING, Issue 3 2010
Cyrus A. Raji
Abstract Obesity is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular health problems including diabetes, hypertension, and stroke. These cardiovascular afflictions increase risk for cognitive decline and dementia, but it is unknown whether these factors, specifically obesity and Type II diabetes, are associated with specific patterns of brain atrophy. We used tensor-based morphometry (TBM) to examine gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume differences in 94 elderly subjects who remained cognitively normal for at least 5 years after their scan. Bivariate analyses with corrections for multiple comparisons strongly linked body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma insulin (FPI) levels, and Type II Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) with atrophy in frontal, temporal, and subcortical brain regions. A multiple regression model, also correcting for multiple comparisons, revealed that BMI was still negatively correlated with brain atrophy (FDR <5%), while DM2 and FPI were no longer associated with any volume differences. In an Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) model controlling for age, gender, and race, obese subjects with a high BMI (BMI > 30) showed atrophy in the frontal lobes, anterior cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and thalamus compared with individuals with a normal BMI (18.5,25). Overweight subjects (BMI: 25,30) had atrophy in the basal ganglia and corona radiata of the WM. Overall brain volume did not differ between overweight and obese persons. Higher BMI was associated with lower brain volumes in overweight and obese elderly subjects. Obesity is therefore associated with detectable brain volume deficits in cognitively normal elderly subjects. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Ghrelin and leptin modulate immunity and liver function in overweight children

PEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2009
Yuki Okamatsu
Abstract Background:, The rising prevalence of obesity represents a growing worldwide public health problem. Interactions of adipocytokines and low-grade systemic inflammation presently are considered important in the development of obesity, as well as associated chronic disease including bronchial asthma, obesity-related liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The purpose of the present study was to investigate metabolic, hormonal, immunologic and inflammatory factors in overweight children and to further clarify possible immunomodulatory effects of obesity-related hormones and cytokines. Methods:, Forty-nine prepubertal overweight children and 49 age-matched controls of normal weight without underlying disease were enrolled. Levels of plasma ghrelin and serum leptin, cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-10, IL-12, 1L-13), C-reactive protein, immunoglobulin, and insulin were measured, and liver function tests were done to better understand their status in the setting of obesity. Results:, Overweight subjects had significantly higher measures of adiposity (body mass indexI, % body fat) and had significantly higher serum levels of IgG, IgA and IgE than non-obese children (P = 0.038, 0.0043, 0.0034, respectively); the opposite was true for IgM (P = 0.025). The incidence of presumed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was 28.6% in overweight children. In overweight children, serum leptin levels were associated with liver function index (aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio) and serum insulin levels. Some elevated immunoglobulin levels significantly correlated with plasma ghrelin levels and liver function index. Conclusions:, It is possible that appetite-regulating hormones modulate both humoral immunity and liver function. Further studies with a larger number of subjects are needed to clarify the precise mechanisms of this association. [source]

PROCEED: Prospective Obesity Cohort of Economic Evaluation and Determinants: baseline health and healthcare utilization of the US sample,

Cover Picture , Mol.

MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue 3 2009
Nutr.
Regular issues provide a wide range of research and review articles covering all aspects of Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. Selected topics of issue 3 are: An update on products and mechanisms of lipid peroxidation. Regulation of ,-catenin and connexin-43 expression: targets for sphingolipids in colon cancer prevention Modulation of the postprandial phase by ,-glucan in overweight subjects: Effects on glucose and insulin kinetics Probiotic bacteria are antagonistic to Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter jejuni and influence host lymphocyte responses in human microbiota-associated immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice [source]

Role of protein and carbohydrate sources on acute appetite responses in lean and overweight men

NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 2008
Jane BOWEN
Abstract Dietary protein induces greater satiety compared with carbohydrate in lean subjects, which may involve appetite-regulatory gut hormones. Little is known about the duration of effect, influence of protein and carbohydrate source and relevance to non-lean individuals. We compared the effect of various dietary proteins and carbohydrates on post-prandial appetite ratings, ad libitum energy intake (EI) and appetite hormones in lean and overweight men. Three randomised double-blinded cross-over studies examined appetite response (appetite ratings, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin) to liquid preloads over three to four hours followed by a buffet meal to assess ad libitum EI. The 1-MJ preloads contained ,55 g of protein (whey, casein, soy and gluten), carbohydrate (glucose, lactose and fructose) or combined whey/fructose. EI was 10% higher following glucose preloads compared with protein preloads, observed at three hours but not four hours. Protein ingestion was followed by prolonged elevation of cholecystokinin and GLP-1 (two hours) and suppression of ghrelin (three to four hours) compared with glucose and independent of protein type. Replacing some whey with fructose attenuated the effect of protein on these hormones. Treatment effects on EI and appetite hormones were independent of bodyweight status, despite higher GLP-1 and lower ghrelin in overweight subjects. Protein-rich liquid preloads reduce EI over three hours in overweight men compared with glucose. These findings suggest a potential application for protein-rich drinks and/or foods to facilitate reduced EI. Future studies should explore additional dietary manipulations that may enhance this relationship, and confirm these effects within the context of energy-restricted dietary patterns. [source]

Daily consumption of Reliv GlucaffectÔ for 8 weeks significantly lowered blood glucose and body weight in 50 subjects

PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 12 2009
Gianni Belcaro
Abstract A public change to healthier lifestyles with more physical activity and better nutrition, including caloric restriction, is required to address the obesity epidemic. Weight loss can be achieved by caloric restrictions; current research suggests that this may be achieved by consumption of slowly absorbed carbohydrates owing to the resulting prolonged satiety. Our rationale was to prolong the satiety of overweight volunteers by supplementation with a proprietary formulation GlucaffectÔ which delays absorption of carbohydrates. GlucaffectÔ provides potent , -glucosidase inhibitors of herbal source such Pycnogenol®, MadeglucylÔ and various others which obstruct absorption of carbohydrates, such as starch. Fifty overweight subjects received either GlucaffectÔ or an inactive control product for eight weeks. Consumption of GlucaffectÔ was found to statistically significantly lower blood-fasting glucose from baseline 145.3 mg/dL to 101.1 mg/dL (,30.4%) and Hba1c from 7.59% to 6.33% as compared to the control group where values decreased only marginally. The weight and the body mass index (BMI) decreased significantly from an average of 88.5 kg (BMI 26.8 kg/m2) to 81.3 kg (BMI 24.5 kg/m2) as compared to the control group. In conclusion, GlucaffectÔ enabled subjects with metabolic syndrome to achieve healthy BMI and blood glucose levels. GlucaffectÔ was well tolerated and no subject dropped out. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Airway Assessment by Volumetric Computed Tomography in Snorers and Subjects With Obstructive Sleep Apnea in a Far-East Asian Population (Chinese)

THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 4 2002
Ning-Hung Chen MD
Abstract Objectives To evaluate the airway dimension of simple snorers and subjects with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in a Far-East Asian population (Chinese). Study Design Prospective study of 117 near-consecutive patients evaluated for snoring and possible OSA from January 1998 to December 1998 in a sleep laboratory. Overnight polysomnography (PSG) was performed on all patients and the sleep parameters, including respiratory disturbance index (RDI), snoring index, minimal oxygen saturation (min O2), percentage of slow wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) were recorded. Three-dimensional computerized tomography (CT) during awake periods was performed. The anteroposterior (AP) and the lateral distance of the retropalatal (RP) region in the oropharynx, the smallest area of RP, and retroglossal (RG) regions, and the total volume of the oropharynx were measured. Result Ninety-eight patients were diagnosed with OSA (mean RDI, 41.48 ± 26.45 events per hour; min O2, 72.82 ± 12.86%), whereas 19 were simple snorers. The AP and the lateral distance of the RP region, as well as the smallest area of the RP region, are significantly smaller in subjects with OSA. However, no differences in the RG region and the total volume of the oropharynx were found between the two groups. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that the lateral dimension and the smallest RP area in overweight subjects inversely correlated with the RDI, but only the AP dimension of the RP area was found to have an inverse correlation with the RDI in the underweight subjects. Conclusion In Far-East Asians (Chinese), the RP airway was found to be the primary site of narrowing in subjects with OSA, and the narrowest RP area was inversely correlated with RDI. Furthermore, weight may influence the pattern of RP narrowing by contributing to lateral collapse. [source]

Association of the G-2548A polymorphism in the 5, region of the LEP gene with overweight

ANNALS OF HUMAN GENETICS, Issue 5 2000
O. MAMMÈS
Mutations in the translated part of the leptin gene (LEP) have been found in only two families. Nevertheless DNA polymorphisms in the LEP region are linked to extreme obesity. We previously found in the 5, region of LEP a polymorphism, G-2548A, associated with a difference in BMI reduction following a low calorie diet in overweight women. Recently, this polymorphism was associated with extreme obesity in women. In this work, we genotyped a new sample from the general population including 314 normal weight (BMI < 27 kg/m2) and 109 overweight subjects (BMI , 27 kg/m2). The genotype and allele frequencies were significantly different between groups, with the G-2548 allele being more frequent in the overweight subjects (p < 0.01). In men, carriers of this allele had lower leptin concentrations adjusted for fat mass (p= 0.05). Our results indicate that variations at the leptin locus are associated with common obesity phenotypes, and not only with extreme obesity or the rare mendelian obesity syndromes. [source]