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Outer Edge (outer + edge)
Selected AbstractsA Blind Trial Evaluation of a Crime Scene Methodology for Deducing Impact Velocity and Droplet Size from Circular Bloodstains,JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 1 2007Lee Hulse-Smith M.S. ABSTRACT: In a previous study, mechanical engineering models were utilized to deduce impact velocity and droplet volume of circular bloodstains by measuring stain diameter and counting spines radiating from their outer edge. A blind trial study was subsequently undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of this technique, using an applied, crime scene methodology. Calculations from bloodstains produced on paper, drywall, and wood were used to derive surface-specific equations to predict 39 unknown mock crime scene bloodstains created over a range of impact velocities (2.2,5.7 m/sec) and droplet volumes (12,45 ,L). Strong correlations were found between expected and observed results, with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.83 and 0.99. The 95% confidence limit associated with predictions of impact velocity and droplet volume was calculated for paper (0.28 m/sec, 1.7 ,L), drywall (0.37 m/sec, 1.7 ,L), and wood (0.65 m/sec, 5.2 ,L). [source] Investigation into the protein composition of human tear fluid using centrifugal filters and drop coating deposition Raman spectroscopyJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 2 2009Jacob Filik Abstract Drop coating deposition Raman spectroscopy (DCDRS) is a simple method of analysing weak protein solutions. This study is another step in evaluating the analysis of tear fluid by DCDRS as a future medical diagnostic technique. The main aims of this study are to determine whether the DCDR spectra from tear samples contain signals from more than one protein (so relative levels can be measured) and, if so, are the proteins homogeneously distributed in the dried ring of the deposited material. Tear samples were collected from four healthy volunteers and pooled prior to analysis. Proteins were separated by mass into three groups using centrifugal filters. These groups contained proteins with (1) masses greater than 100 kDa, (2) masses between 100 and 50 kDa and (3) masses between 50 and 3 kDa. DCDR spectra from each of these protein group solutions displayed significant differences, confirming that the mass separation had been successful. When used as basis vectors for least-squares fitting, these spectra (and that of urea) produced excellent fits to the normal tear spectra. Least-squares fitting of spectra from the same point on a single sample and from several drops of the same sample showed that the tear DCDR spectra were highly reproducible. Raman point mapping of the tear ring showed significant radial ring variation, especially towards the outer edge of the ring. The specific peak changes in the protein signal across the ring suggested that the difference in the outer edge was due to protein desiccation as opposed to inhomogeneous protein deposition. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Physiological and behavioral responses of Bathynerita naticoidea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) and Methanoaricia dendrobranchiata (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae) to hypersaline conditions at a brine pool cold seepMARINE ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Ahna L. Van Gaest Abstract Bathynerita naticoidea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) and Methanoaricia dendrobranchiata (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae) are two of the most abundant invertebrates associated with cold-seep mussel beds in the Gulf of Mexico. At the methane seep known as Brine Pool NR-1 (27 °43.415 N, 91 °16.756 W; 650 m depth), which is surrounded by a broad band of mussels (Bathymodiolus childressi), these species have distinctly different patterns of abundance, with the gastropod being found mostly at the outer edge of the mussel bed (average density in November 2003: 817 individuals·m,2 in outer zone, 20·m,2 in inner zone) and the polychaete being found almost exclusively near the inner edge (average density in November 2003: 3155 individuals·m,2 in inner zone, 0·m,2 in outer zone), adjacent to the brine pool itself. The salinity of the brine pool exceeds 120, so we hypothesized that M. dendrobranchiata should be more tolerant of high salinities than B. naticoidea. The opposite proved to be true. The gastropods were capable of withstanding salinities at least as high as 85, whereas the polychaetes died at salinities higher than 75. Both species were osmoconformers over the range of salinities (35,75) tested. Behavioral responses of B. naticoidea to salinities of 50, 60, and 70 were investigated in inverted vertical haloclines. Gastropods generally did not enter water of salinity greater than 60, but tolerated short periods at 60. Behavioral avoidance of brine should limit the vertical distribution of B. naticoidea in the inner zone to the top 2.5,5 cm of the mussel bed. Behavior is also a likely (though unproven) mechanism for controlling horizontal distribution of this species across the mussel bed. Methanoaricia dendrobranchiata can tolerate short excursions into the brine, but probably avoids hypersaline conditions by aggregating on the tops of the mussels. [source] Chemokine receptor CCR2 undergoes transportin1-dependent nuclear translocationPROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 21 2008Nicolas Favre Abstract Chemokines (CCs) are small chemoattractant cytokines involved in a wide variety of biological and pathological processes. Released by cells in the milieu, and extracellular matrix and activating signalling cascades upon binding to specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), they trigger many cellular events. In various pathologies, CCs are directly responsible for excessive recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites and recent studies using chemokine receptor (CCR) antagonists permitted these molecules to reach the market for medical use. While interaction of CCs with their receptors has been extensively documented, downstream GPCR signalling cascades triggered by CC are less well understood. Given the pivotal role of chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) in monocyte recruitment, activation and differentiation and its implication in several autoimmune-inflammatory pathologies, we searched for potential new CCR2-interacting proteins by engineering a modified CCR2 that we used as bait. Herein, we show the direct interaction of CCR2 with transportin1 (TRN1), which we demonstrate is followed by CCR2 receptor internalization. Further characterization of this novel interaction revealed that TRN1-binding to CCR2 increased upon time in agonist treated cells and promotes its nuclear translocation in a TRN1-dependent manner. Finally, we provide evidence that following translocation, the receptor localizes at the outer edge of the nuclear envelope where it is finally released from TRN1. [source] Structure of lithium benzilate hemihydrate solved by simulated annealing and difference Fourier synthesis from powder dataACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, Issue 3 2003Asiloé J. Mora The crystal structure of lithium benzilate hemihydrate (C14H11OLi+·0.5H2O) was solved from synchrotron powder diffraction data. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/a. The structure was solved via the direct space search for two benzilate fragments using the simulated-annealing program DASH, localization of the lithium ions and water molecule from a difference Fourier map, and a restrained Rietveld refinement (Rwp = 0.0687). The structure is a coordination polymer of [Li2(C14H11O3)2·H2O]2 tetramers building helical fourfold one-dimensional channels parallel to [010]. Inside the channels the tetrahedral coordination spheres of the lithium ions contain hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, and water molecules. The water molecule functions as the cohesive entity forming extended hydrogen-bonded chains running along [010], and bifurcated donor hydrogen bonds with the two nearest carboxylates. At the outer edge of the channels, weaker intermolecular C,H,Ph hydrogen bonds along [100] and [001] contribute to the supramolecular aggregation of the structure. [source] Changes in forest understory associated with Juniperus encroachment in Oklahoma, USAAPPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 3 2010Paul Van Els Abstract Question: Does understory vegetation cover and richness decline along a gradient of increasing Juniperus virginiana midstory canopy cover and is that decline best correlated with litter accumulation? Location: Cross Timbers Forest in Payne County, OK, USA. Methods: We measured vegetation in forest gaps as well as forest areas without J. virginiana, at the inner and outer edge of J. virginiana canopies and near J. virginiana trunks (200 plots) and compared vegetation differences among location to light, litter, soil and microclimate variables. Results: Species richness (11 spp m,2 to 6 spp m,2) and summer vegetation cover (53.3% to 12.7%) declined with proximity to trunks. Regression indicated that richness declines (R2=0.08) and cover (R2=0.18) were best correlated with J. virginiana litter accumulation. Partial canonical correspondence analysis (pCCA) revealed two strong canonical axes, one related to litter/light and another to cover of Quercus spp. versus J. virginiana. Tree seedlings and woody vines dominated near J. virginiana. Forbs, graminoids and Quercus spp. seedlings were more common in areas without J. virginiana. Conclusions: Increasing J. virginiana and consequent litter additions alter understory biomass and composition and, through inhibiting Quercus spp. recruitment, may lead to changes in overstory composition. Decreases in herbaceous litter, which historically contributed to fuel accumulation, may have positive feedback effects on midstory encroachment by reducing the potential for prescribed burning. [source] The young open cluster Trumpler 3ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 3 2010G. Maciejewski Abstract We present a photometric and spectroscopic study of the poorly investigated open cluster Trumpler 3. Basic parameters such as the age of 70 ± 10 Myr, the color excess E (B , V) = 0.30 ± 0.02 mag, the distance of 0.69 ± 0.03 kpc and the limiting radius of 12, were redetermined and compared with previous preliminary studies. The distance of 0.65 ± 0.09 kpc was determined independently by spectral parallaxes. Simultaneously, our analysis allowed us to estimate a total number of members to be Ntot = 570 ± 90 and a total mass of the cluster to be Mtot = 270 ± 40 M,. We also determined a state of cluster's dynamical evolution. We conclude that Trumpler 3 is a young low-massive stellar ensemble with a typical mass function slope, located near to the outer edge of the Galaxy's Orion Spur. As a result of a wide-field search for short period variable stars, 24 variables were discovered in the cluster's area. Only one of them , a variable of the , -Dor type , was found to be a likely cluster member (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Observations and interpretations at Vredefort, Sudbury, and Chicxulub: Towards an empirical model of terrestrial impact basin formationMETEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008Richard A. F. GRIEVE Assuming that the structures originally had the same morphology, the observations/interpretations for each structure are compared and extended to the other structures. This does not result in any major inconsistencies but requires that the observations be scaled spatially. In the case of Vredefort and Sudbury, this is accomplished by scaling the outer limit of particular shock metamorphic features. In the case of Chicxulub, scaling requires a reasoned assumption as to the formation mechanism of an interior peak ring. The observations/interpretations are then used to construct an integrated, empirical kinematic model for a terrestrial peak-ring basin. The major attributes of the model include: a set of outward-directed thrusts in the parautochthonous rocks of the outermost environs of the crater floor, some of which are pre-existing structures that have been reactivated during transient cavity formation; inward-directed motions along the same outermost structures and along a set of structures, at intermediate radial distances, during transient cavity collapse; structural uplift in the center followed by a final set of radially outward-directed thrusts at the outer edges of the structural uplift, during uplift collapse. The rock displacements on the intermediate, inward and innermost, outward sets of structures are consistent with the assumption that a peak ring will result from the convergence of the collapse of the transient cavity rim area and the collapse of the structural uplift. [source] H i imaging of galaxies in X-ray bright groupsMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 1 2007Chandreyee Sengupta ABSTRACT Environment plays an important role in the evolution of the gas contents of galaxies. Gas deficiency of cluster spirals and the role of the hot intracluster medium in stripping gas from these galaxies is a well-studied subject. Loose groups with diffuse X-ray emission from the intragroup medium (IGM) offer an intermediate environment between clusters and groups without a hot IGM. These X-ray bright groups have smaller velocity dispersion and lower temperature than clusters, but higher IGM density than loose groups without diffuse X-ray emission. A single-dish comparative study of loose groups with and without diffuse X-ray emission from the IGM, showed that the galaxies in X-ray bright groups have lost more gas on average than the galaxies in non X-ray bright groups. In this paper we present GMRT H i observations of 13 galaxies from four X-ray bright groups: NGC 5044, 720, 1550 and IC1459. The aim of this work is to study the morphology of H i in these galaxies and to see if the hot IGM has in any way affected their H i content or distribution. In addition to disturbed H i morphology, we find that most galaxies have shrunken H i discs compared to the field spirals. This indicates that IGM-assisted stripping processes like ram pressure may have stripped gas from the outer edges of the galaxies. [source] High-pressure neutron diffraction study of l -serine-I and l -serine-II, and the structure of l -serine-III at 8.1,GPaACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, Issue 5 2006Stephen A. Moggach The hydrostatic compression of l -serine- d7 has been studied to 8.1,GPa by neutron powder diffraction. Over the course of this pressure range the compound undergoes two phase transitions, the first between 4.6 and 5.2,GPa, yielding l -serine-II, and the second between 7.3 and 8.1,GPa, yielding l -serine-III. All three polymorphs are orthorhombic, P212121, and feature chains of serine molecules connected via head-to-tail ND,O hydrogen bonds formed between ammonium and carboxylate groups. The chains are linked into a ribbon by a second set of ND,O hydrogen bonds. The hydroxyl moieties are distributed along the outer edges of the ribbon and in phase I they connect the ribbons into a layer by chains of OD,OD hydrogen bonds. The layers are connected together by a third set of ND,O hydrogen bonds, forming rings with substantial voids at their centres. In the transition from phase I to II these voids begin to close up, but at the cost of breaking the OD,OD chains. The OD,OD hydrogen bonds are replaced by shorter OD,O hydrogen bonds to carboxylate groups. At 7.3,GPa the O,O distance in the OD,O hydrogen bonds measures only 2.516,(17),Å, which is short, and we propose that the phase transition to phase III that occurs between 7.3 and 8.1,GPa relieves the strain that has built up in this region of the structure. The hydroxyl D atom now bifurcates between the OD,O contact that had been present in phase II and a new OD,O contact formed to a carboxylate in another layer. Hirshfeld surface fingerprint plots show that D,D interactions become more numerous, while hydrogen bonds actually begin to lengthen in the transition from phase II to III. [source] From distance and uncertainty to research and pedagogy in the Borderlands: implications for the future of intercultural communicationCOMMUNICATION THEORY, Issue 3 2001Leda Cooks Thus, their new subjectivity emerges in the process of drawing borders around their old subject positions, a process that constitutes them as nascent specular border intellectuals. Their contemplation of the condition of their lives represents a freedom, or at least an attempt to have freedom, from the politics of imaginary identification and opposition, from conflation of identity and location, and so on - in short, from the varied and powerful forms of suturing that are represented by and instrumental in the construction of their sedimented culture. The process of decoding as well as the emerging command of literacy permits them a gradual shift from the confines of the imaginary to the outer edges of the symbolic realm. [source] | |||||||||||||