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Origin
Kinds of Origin Terms modified by Origin Selected AbstractsFREE TRADE AREAS AND RULES OF ORIGIN: ECONOMICS AND POLITICSECONOMICS & POLITICS, Issue 2 2007RUPA DUTTAGUPTA Incorporating an intermediate input into a simple small-union general-equilibrium model, this paper first develops the welfare economics of preferential trading under the rules of origin (ROO) and then demonstrates that ROOs can improve the political viability of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Two interesting outcomes are derived. First, a welfare-reducing FTA that was rejected in the absence of ROOs can become feasible in the presence of these rules. Second, a welfare- improving FTA that was rejected in the absence of ROOs can be endorsed in their presence, but upon endorsement it can become welfare inferior relative to the status quo. [source] THE IMPORTANCE OF PREADAPTED GENOMES IN THE ORIGIN OF THE ANIMAL BODYPLANS AND THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSIONEVOLUTION, Issue 5 2010Charles R. Marshall The genomes of taxa whose stem lineages branched early in metazoan history, and of allied protistan groups, provide a tantalizing outline of the morphological and genomic changes that accompanied the origin and early diversifications of animals. Genome comparisons show that the early clades increasingly contain genes that mediate development of complex features only seen in later metazoan branches. Peak additions of protein-coding regulatory genes occurred deep in the metazoan tree, evidently within stem groups of metazoans and eumetazoans. However, the bodyplans of these early-branching clades are relatively simple. The existence of major elements of the bilaterian developmental toolkit in these simpler organisms implies that these components evolved for functions other than the production of complex morphology, preadapting the genome for the morphological differentiation that occurred higher in metazoan phylogeny. Stem lineages of the bilaterian phyla apparently required few additional genes beyond their diploblastic ancestors. As disparate bodyplans appeared and diversified during the Cambrian explosion, increasing complexity was accommodated largely through changes in cis -regulatory networks, accompanied by some additional gene novelties. Subsequently, protein-coding genic richness appears to have essentially plateaued. Some genomic evidence suggests that similar stages of genomic evolution may have accompanied the rise of land plants. [source] TESTING THE ROLE OF INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION IN THE EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN OF ELEVATIONAL ZONATION: AN EXAMPLE WITH BUARREMON BRUSH-FINCHES (AVES, EMBERIZIDAE) IN THE NEOTROPICAL MOUNTAINSEVOLUTION, Issue 5 2007Carlos Daniel Cadena Interspecific competition might drive the evolution of ecological niches and result in pairs of formerly competing species segregating along ecological gradients following a process of character displacement. This mechanism has been proposed to account for replacement of related species along gradients of elevation in many areas of the world, but the fundamental issue of whether competition is responsible for the origin of elevational replacements has not been tested. To test hypotheses about the role of interspecific competition in the origin of complementary elevational ranges, I combined molecular phylogenetics, phylogeography, and population genetic analyses on Buarremon torquatus and B. brunneinucha (Aves, Emberizidae), whose patterns of elevational distribution suggest character displacement or ecological release. The hypothesis that elevational distributions in these species changed in opposite directions as a result of competition is untenable because: (1) a historical expansion of the range of B. brunneinucha into areas occupied by B. torquatus was not accompanied by a shift in the elevational range of the former species; (2) when B. brunneinucha colonized the range of B. torquatus, lineages of the latter distributions had already diverged; and (3) historical trends in effective population size do not suggest populations with elevational ranges abutting those of putative competitors have declined as would be expected if competition caused range contractions. However, owing to uncertainty in coalescent estimates of historical population sizes, the hypothesis that some populations of B. torquatus have declined cannot be confidently rejected, which suggests asymmetric character displacement might have occurred. I suggest that the main role of competition in elevational zonation may be to act as a sorting mechanism that allows the coexistence along mountain slopes only of ecologically similar species that differ in elevational distributions prior to attaining sympatry. The contrasting biogeographic histories of B. brunneinucha and B. torquatus illustrate how present-day ecological interactions can have recent origins, and highlights important challenges for testing the hypothesis of character displacement in the absence of data on population history and robust reconstructions of the evolution of traits and geographic ranges. [source] MOLECULAR EVIDENCE FOR THE ORIGIN OF WORKERLESS SOCIAL PARASITES IN THE ANT GENUS POGONOMYRMEXEVOLUTION, Issue 10 2002Joel D. Parker Abstract., Speciation of two social parasites from their respective hosts is tested using a molecular phylogeny. Alignment of 711 DNA base pairs of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was used to assess phylogenetic relationships of inquiline species to their hosts and to other members of the genus. We show that the inquiline social parasites of the North American seed harvester ants are monophyletic, descending from one of the known hosts (Pogonomyrmex barbatus) in the recent past and shifting hosts in a pattern similar to that observed in other Hymenopteran social parasites. In addition, the host populations unexpectedly were found to be polyphyletic. Populations of Pogonomyrmex rugosus from an area east of the Chiricahua Mountains in Southern Arizona belong to a mitochondrial clade separate from the more western clade of P. rugosus from the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts. Evidence of mitochondrial DNA introgression between P. rugosus and P. barbatus was also observed. We conclude that Emery's rule does not strictly hold for this system, but that the hosts and parasites are very closely related, supporting a loose definition of Emery's rule. [source] ON THE ORIGIN OF MODULAR VARIATIONEVOLUTION, Issue 8 2002Hod Lipson Abstract We study the dynamics of modularization in a minimal substrate. A module is a functional unit relatively separable from its surrounding structure. Although it is known that modularity is useful both for robustness and for evolvability (Wagner 1996), there is no quantitative model describing how such modularity might originally emerge. Here we suggest, using simple computer simulations, that modularity arises spontaneously in evolutionary systems in response to variation, and that the amount of modular separation is logarithmically proportional to the rate of variation. Consequently, we predict that modular architectures would appear in correlation with high environmental change rates. Because this quantitative model does not require any special substrate to occur, it may also shed light on the origin of modular variation in nature. This observed relationship also indicates that modular design is a generic phenomenon that might be applicable to other fields, such as engineering: Engineering design methods based on evolutionary simulation would benefit from evolving to variable, rather than stationary, fitness criteria, as a weak and problem-independent method for inducing modularity. [source] GENEALOGIES OF THE GRID: REVISITING STANISLAWSKI'S SEARCH FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE GRID,PATTERN TOWN,GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 1 2008REDWOOD, REUBEN S. ROSE ABSTRACT. As a spatial form, the grid pattern has influenced a range of human activities, from urban planning, architecture, and modern art to graphic design, archaeology, and cartography. Scholars from different disciplines have generally explored the role of the grid within their respective fields of inquiry. One of the earliest geographical attempts to systematically trace the origin and diffusion of the grid-pattern town was provided by Dan Stanislawski in the mid,twentieth century. In this article I critically examine the limitations of Stanislawski's theory of the grid's origin as a means of challenging the doctrine of diffusionism more generally. I then provide a selective overview of recent approaches to understanding the grid and call for a comparative genealogy of gridded spaces and places. [source] PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE APPLICATION OF THE FTIR SPECTROSCOPY TO CONTROL THE GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN AND QUALITY OF VIRGIN OLIVE OILSJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 4 2007ALESSANDRA BENDINI ABSTRACT A rapid Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) attenuated total reflectance spectroscopic method was applied to determine qualitative parameters such as free fatty acid (FFA) content and the peroxide value (POV) in virgin olive oils. Calibration models were constructed using partial least squares regression on a large number of virgin olive oil samples. The best results (R2 = 0.955, root mean square error in cross validation [RMSECV] = 0.15) to evaluate FFA content expressed in oleic acid % (w/w) were obtained considering a calibration range from 0.2 to 9.2% of FFA relative to 190 samples. For POV determination, the result obtained, built on 80 olive oil samples with a calibration range from 11.1 to 49.7 meq O2/kg of oil, was not satisfactory (R2 = 0.855, RMSECV = 3.96). We also investigated the capability of FTIR spectroscopy, in combination with multivariate analysis, to distinguish virgin olive oils based on geographic origin. The spectra of 84 monovarietal virgin olive oil samples from eight Italian regions were collected and elaborated by principal component analysis (PCA), considering the fingerprint region. The results were satisfactory and could successfully discriminate the majority of samples coming from the Emilia Romagna, Sardinian and Sicilian regions. Moreover, the explained variance from this PCA was higher than 96%. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The verification of the declared origin or the determination of the origin of an unidentified virgin olive oil is a challenging problem. In this work, we have studied the applicability of Fourier transform infrared coupled with multivariate statistical analysis to discriminate the geographic origin of virgin olive oil samples from different Italian regions. [source] KINETICS OF HYDROCARBON GAS GENERATION FROM MARINE KEROGEN AND OIL: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ORIGIN OF NATURAL GASES IN THE HETIANHE GASFIELD, TARIM BASIN, NW CHINAJOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 4 2007Yunpeng Wang In this paper we derive kinetic parameters for the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons (C1-5) and methane (C1) from closed-system laboratory pyrolysis of selected samples of marine kerogen and oil from the SW Tarim Basin. The activation energy distributions for the generation of both C1-5 (Ea = 59-72kcal, A = 1.0×1014 s,1) and C1 (Ea = 61-78kcal, A = 6.06×1014 s,1) hydrocarbons from the marine oil are narrower than those for the generation of these hydrocarbons from marine kerogen (Ea = 50-74kcal, A = 1.0×1014 s,1 for C1-5; and Ea = 48-72kcal, A=3.9×1013 s,1 for C1, respectively). Using these kinetic parameters, both the yields and timings of C1-5 and C1 hydrocarbons generated from Cambrian source rocks and from in-reservoir cracking of oil in Ordovician strata were predicted for selected wells along a north-south profile in the SW of the basin. Thermodynamic conditions for the cracking of oil and kerogen were modelled within the context of the geological framework. It is suggested that marine kerogen began to crack at temperatures of around 120°C (or 0.8 %Ro) and entered the gas window at 138°C (or 1.05 %Ro); whereas the marine oil began to crack at about 140 °C (or 1.1 %Ro) and entered the gas window at 158 °C (or 1.6%Ro). The main geological controls identified for gas accumulations in the Bachu Arch (Southwest Depression, SW Tarim Basin) include the remaining gas potential following Caledonian uplift; oil trapping and preservation in basal Ordovician strata; the extent of breaching of Ordovician reservoirs; and whether reservoir burial depths are sufficiently deep for oil cracking to have occurred. In the Maigaiti Slope and Southwest Depression, the timing of gas generation was later than that in the Bachu Arch, with much higher yields and generation rates, and hence better prospects for gas exploration. It appears from the gas generation kinetics that the primary source for the gases in the Hetianhe gasfield was the Southwest Depression. [source] THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM IN THE CHAIWOPU SUB-BASIN (JUNGGAR BASIN), NW CHINAJOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 2 2000H. P. Huang The Chaiwopu Sub-basin is a minor extension of the Junggar Basin, hW China, and covers an area of about 2,500 sq. km. It is bounded to the east and north by the Bogda Shan and to the south by the Tian Shan ("Shan" meaning "mountains" in Chinese). Four wells have been drilled in the sub-basin; condensate and gas have been produced in noncommercial quantities at one of the wells (Well C), but the other three wells were dry. In this paper, I investigate the nature and origin of the petroleum at Well C. Three of the four wells in the Chaiwopu Sub-basin penetrated the Upper Permian Lucaogou Formation. Previous studies in the Junggar Basin have established that laminated lacustrine mudstones assigned to this formation comprise a very thick high quality source rock. However, the analysis of cores from wells in the sub-basin shows that the Lucaogou Formation is composed here of shallow lacustrine, fluvial and alluvial deposits which have very low petroleum generation potential. Overlying sediments (Upper Permian, Triassic and younger strata) likewise have little source potential. Around 1,000 m of Upper Permian laminated oil shales crop out at Dalongkou and Tianchi on the northern side of the Bogda Shan. On the southern side of the Bogda Shan, however, only 30 m of Upper Permian oil shales occur at Guodikong. Shales and oil seeps from these locations were analysed using standard organic-geochemical techniques. The physical properties of the petroleum present at Well C, and its carbon isotope and biomarker characteristics, suggest that it has migrated over long distances from its source rock, although an alternative explanation for its origin is not precluded. Burial history modelling indicates that hydrocarbon generation and migration may have occurred before the uplift of the Bogda Shan in the Late Jurassic,Early Cretaceous, the orogenic episode which resulted in the diflerentiation of the Chaiwopu Sub-basinfrom the Junggar Basin. [source] COMMON EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN OF STARCH BIOSYNTHETIC ENZYMES IN GREEN AND RED ALGAE,JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 6 2005Nicola J. Patron Plastidic starch synthesis in green algae and plants occurs via ADP-glucose in likeness to prokaryotes from which plastids have evolved. In contrast, floridean starch synthesis in red algae proceeds via uridine diphosphate-glucose in semblance to eukaryotic glycogen synthesis and occurs in the cytosol rather than the plastid. Given the monophyletic origin of all plastids, we investigated the origin of the enzymes of the plastid and cytosolic starch synthetic pathways to determine whether their location reflects their origin,either from the cyanobacterial endosymbiont or from the eukaryotic host. We report that, despite the compartmentalization of starch synthesis differing in green and red lineages, all but one of the enzymes of the synthetic pathways shares a common origin. Overall, the pathway of starch synthesis in both lineages represents a chimera of the host and endosymbiont glycogen synthesis pathways. Moreover, host-derived proteins function in the plastid in green algae, whereas endosymbiont-derived proteins function in the cytosol in red algae. This complexity demonstrates the impacts of integrating pathways of host with those of both primary and secondary endosymbionts during plastid evolution. [source] CONSIDERING THE SOURCE: DOES THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OF FDI MATTER TO ECONOMIC GROWTH?,JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2008Timothy C. Ford ABSTRACT It has long been surmised that firms controlled by different countries may have unequal effects on the host economies in which they locate. By looking at the seven major source countries of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the United States, we provide empirical evidence that the state growth effects of FDI differ by source country. We attribute these differential growth effects to the relative differences in factor endowments between the source country and the state. The implication of this result is that technology transfer, believed to be the engine of economic growth, becomes more costly the more dissimilar the endowments. [source] THE IMPACT OF GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN ON SENSORY PROPERTIES OF VITIS VINIFERA CV. MENCÍAJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 6 2005MAR VILANOVA ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to establish the aromatic descriptors that identify the aroma of young Mencía wines from different geographic areas of Ribeira Sacra Appellation of Origin Controlled in Galicia (NW Spain). Initially, 36 attributes were identified. A multivariate analysis was carried out to evaluate this possible differentiation between the Mencía wines according to production area. Principal component analysis of sensory data permitted the differentiation among geographic areas. The wines differed significantly for seven sensory attributes. The wines from Chantada and Ribeira do Miño were characterized by higher intensities of metallic and bread odors, while Amandi and Quiroga-Bibei by balsamic, apple and phenolic characters. The wines from Ribeira do Sil exhibited a toasting character and the lactic character was present in all wines except those from Ribeira do Sil. [source] COOKING BEHAVIOR OF RICE AND BLACK GRAM IN THE PREPARATION OF IDLI, A TRADITIONAL FERMENTED PRODUCT OF INDIAN ORIGIN, BY VISCOGRAPHYJOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES, Issue 1 2009BONG KYUNG KOH ABSTRACT Pasting profile of coarse rice, fine rice as well as black gram was carried out individually, in combination, in flour as well as in batter form, before and after fermentation by Brabender Viscoamylograph. Lowest gelatinization temperature was seen in black gram among the three commodities studied. Coarse rice registered a peak viscosity (PV) of 1,300 BU, fine rice 1,030 BU and black gram 1,080 BU. Cold paste viscosity (CPV) was highest in fine rice, lowest in black gram and intermediate in coarse rice. Breakdown (BD) was least in fine rice, highest in coarse rice and black gram lay in between. Values of total setback indicated the strong reason for use of coarse rice in parboiling as well as in idli and dosa preparations. Physical combination of black gram, with fine as well as coarse rice, reduced PV on an average to an extent of 26,30%. CPV was highest in fine rice and black gram combination compared with that of coarse rice and black gram. BD was high in the physical mix of coarse rice and black gram. In comparison with physical mix of fine rice and black gram, in the batter form before fermentation, the PV and CPV reduced by 23 and 34%, respectively, but there was no BD in this mix, indicating restricted swelling behavior in the batter before fermentation. Almost all viscographic parameters reduced before fermentation in coarse rice and black gram compared with their physical combination. Highest relative BD (BDr) was noticed in the pasting profile of black gram alone, probably because of the presence of mucilaginous principle. BDr values increased in batter form to various extents, before and after fermentation, compared with physical combination of rice and black gram. After fermentation, in coarse rice and black gram, the BDr value was low compared with that in fine rice and black gram. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Fermented products are commonly ingested in India, especially in the southern states. Nowadays, batter is sold in public for the sake of convenience, as it is a common breakfast preparation. The practice is to use coarse rice for the preparation of idli, a steamed fermented product. It is generally not known how the rice behaves before and after fermentation while cooking. Hence, this work was planned, and results indicated the scientific basis for the usage of coarse rice in the preparation of rice products. The behavior of batter prepared from fine rice has also been described, although it is not an economically viable option. [source] TRACING THE ORIGIN OF MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT (MDR) ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS FROM URINARY CATHETERS IN ICU CANINE PATIENTSJOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE, Issue S1 2004J Ogeer-Gyles Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in dogs with urinary catheters in intensive care units (ICUs) are frequent. Historically, multi-drug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli account for about 10% of the UTIs. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of E. coli infections and of MDR E. coli in dogs with UTIs in our ICU, and to assess whether the MDR E. coli were community-acquired or nosocomial in origin. Methods: Over a 1-year period, rectal swabs were taken from all dogs in the ICU on the day of admission (D0) and on days 3 (D3), 6 (D6), 9 (D9) and 12 (D12). Urine was collected on these days from dogs with an indwelling urinary catheter (n=190). Rectal swabs and urine were routinely cultured. E. coli isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Using NCCLS guidelines, antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by disk diffusion method on fecal and urinary E. coli isolates. Twelve antimicrobial agents were used: nalidixic acid, enrofloxacin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftiofur, trimethoprim-sulfa, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tetracycline, ampicillin, and amoxicillin/clavulanate. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to compare MDR E. coli UTI strains with fecal E. coli strains from the same patient and with MDR fecal E. coli from patients that were adjacent to, or housed in the same cages. Results: E. coli was cultured from 12 (48%) of 25 UTIs. Two of the E. coli were MDR. For one dog, PFGE showed no similarities among fecal E. coli and the urinary MDR E. coli isolates from the patient or between these isolates and fecal E. coli from a dog housed in the same kennel on the previous day. The MDR E. coli UTI was likely acquired prior to admission to the ICU, as it was present on D0. For the other dog, PFGE showed genetic similarity but not complete identity between the D3 MDR E. coli urinary isolate and the D3, D6, D9 fecal MDR isolates. This suggests that the UTI originated with the fecal E. coli. Using selective plates, fecal MDR E. coli were not found on D0. Selection of the MDR strain in the intestine by the use of antibiotics occurred while the dog was in the ICU and possibly led to the UTI. Conclusions: Multi-drug resistant E. coli accounted for 2 of 12 E. coli UTIs in dogs in the ICU over a 1-year period. Genotyping showed that one of the two MDR E. coli infections could possibly be of nosocomial origin. [source] ON THE ORIGIN OF STAMPED AMPHORAE FROM THRACE (BULGARIA)OXFORD JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 1 2007IVELIN KULEFF Summary. The contents of 25 elements in 74 stamped (and some unstamped) amphora finds from nine Thracian sites in Bulgaria dated to the fifth,third century BC have been determined using INAA. The samples investigated were grouped by cluster analysis on the basis of the similarity in their chemical composition. The chemical profiles of the 16 clusters formed were determined and common production centres for some of the stamped amphorae are identified. [source] ON THE TUBE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND ORIGIN OF CALCIFICATION IN SABELLIDS (ANNELIDA, POLYCHAETA)PALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2008OLEV VINN Abstract:, Tube ultrastructure of Jurassic and Cretaceous Glomerula is very similar to that of Recent Calcisabella, supporting the synonymy of these genera and the early Mesozoic origin of calcification in sabellids. Tube structure of serpulids differs from that of Glomerula; calcareous tubes probably evolved convergently within Sabellida. The tube wall in Recent Glomerula piloseta is composed of subparallel lamellae of aragonitic, irregular spherulitic prisms in the inner layer, and spherulites in the outer layer. Calcified lamellae are separated by organic films of different thickness. The structure of the internal tube layer in Glomerula piloseta, and the structure of entire wall in fossil Glomerula, are similar to the tube structure of Dodecaceria (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae). The irregular spherulitic prisms of Glomerula are similar to those found in the external layer of Hydroides dianthus and the internal layer of Spiraserpula caribensis. [source] TRACING BACK THE ORIGIN OF THE INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSC FAUNA: BASAL TRIDACNINAE FROM THE OLIGOCENE AND MIOCENE OF THE SULTANATE OF OMANPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 1 2008MATHIAS HARZHAUSER Abstract:, Two new tridacnine species are described from the Chattian and Aquitanian of the Arabian Peninsula. For these, the new names Omanidacna eos gen. et sp. nov. and Tridacna evae sp. nov. are erected. Omanidacna is interpreted as an Oligocene ancestor of Hippopus, being the oldest record of this tridacnine lineage. The Aquitanian Tridacna evae is the first occurrence of the genus Tridacna. These Arabian taxa imply that the modern tridacnine lineages are rooted in the Palaeogene and early Neogene of the East African-Arabian Province, although their Eocene ancestors, such as Byssocardium, are Western Tethyan taxa. During the Neogene they successfully settled the Indo-Polynesian Province and became typical elements of the entire Indo-West Pacific Region. The tridacnines are thus an example of a successive transformation and gradual eastward dispersal of an originally Tethyan element contributing to late Neogene diversity in the Indo-West Pacific. [source] A NEW GENERALIZED PAUCITUBERCULATAN MARSUPIAL FROM THE OLIGOCENE OF BOLIVIA AND THE ORIGIN OF ,SHREW-LIKE' OPOSSUMSPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 5 2007FRANCISCO J. GOIN Abstract:, Insights into the origin of ,shrew-like' oposssums of South America are gained thanks to a new fossil from the Oligocene Salla Beds in Bolivia. The specimen described here consists of a partial rostrum, palate and postcanine teeth, and shows several generalized features (cranial and dental) in the context of the Paucituberculata. On this basis we recognize Evolestes hadrommatos gen. et sp. nov. In order to evaluate the affinities of the new taxon, we performed a phylogenetic analysis including representatives of the Caenolestidae, Pichipilus and allies (not regarded here as caenolestids), Palaeothentidae, and Abderitidae, with three outgroups. Evolestes is the basalmost ,caenolestoid', and provides clues to the morphological changes involved in the origin of caenolestids. [source] A NOTE ON KRIPKE's FOOTNOTE 56 ARGUMENT FOR THE ESSENTIALITY OF ORIGINRATIO, Issue 3 2005Ross P. Cameron In footnote 56 of his Naming and Necessity, Kripke offers a ,proof' of the essentiality of origin. On its most literal reading the argument is clearly flawed, as was made clear by Nathan Salmon. Salmon attempts to save the literal reading of the argument, but I argue that the new argument is flawed as well, and that it can't be what Kripke intended. I offer an alternative reconstruction of Kripke's argument, but I show that this suffers from a more subtle fault. [source] MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN SURGICAL ONCOLOGY: I , ON THE ORIGIN OF THE SPECTRUMANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 6 2005Laurence Gluch The discovery of the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance occurred just 60 years ago. The profusion of subsequent discoveries in this domain has led to the development of magnetic resonance spectroscopy , refined as an analytical tool to discern molecular structure , and magnetic resonance imaging, a cornerstone of modern radiology. Observable alterations in cellular structure and metabolism can be discerned using the non-destructive chemical analysis of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vitro or in vivo. Differences may thus be discerned between malignant and normal tissues. [source] THE ORIGIN AND GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF RED OCHRES FROM THE TITO BUSTILLO AND MONTE CASTILLO CAVES (NORTHERN SPAIN)*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 2 2009E. IRIARTE Ochres were the most common source materials for pigments used in Palaeolithic rock art paintings. This work analyses the petrographic and geochemical signatures of different ochre samples from outcrops inside Tito Bustillo Cave and the Monte Castillo Caves using the most common techniques (petrography, XRD, SEM,EDS and ICP,MS) in archaeological pigment characterization studies. The results obtained permit the identification and characterization of the different source ochre types and, furthermore, allow the establishment of mineralogical and geochemical proxies for the study of questions related to ochre characterization, formation processes and provenance. [source] THE ORIGIN OF BLACK-FIGURE GREEK CERAMICS FOUND IN NAUCRATIS (NILE DELTA)*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 3 2005G. HARBOTTLE At the site of the Greek trading port of Naucratis, located on the Canopic mouth of the Nile inland from Alexandria, Flinders Petrie and later archaeologists encountered sherds of Classical Greek black-figure pottery. We have characterized the pastes of 14 of these specimens, drawn from the collections of the British Museum and the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, by neutron activation analysis and numerical taxonomy. The ceramics agree in composition with a reference group centred on Athens. We also investigated a small number of additional black-figure sherds from other sites. One specimen, from Ruvo di Puglia (Italy), actually originated in or near Marseilles. There was no evidence for local manufacture of black-figure pottery at Naucratis. [source] Lipids, lipid modifying agents and cardiovascular risk: a review of the evidenceCLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 6 2009David Preiss Summary It is well-established that serum total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, low HDL-cholesterol and calculated indices such as total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ratio or less commonly used indices such as non-HDL cholesterol are strongly predictive of cardiovascular events. Serum triglycerides, by contrast, are only modestly associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) in multivariate analysis and incorporation of triglycerides into prediction algorithms is therefore unlikely to improve their prediction capability. Meta-analysis of studies including > 90 000 subjects has provided robust evidence that statins reduce important clinical end-points. These included a 12% fall in all-cause mortality, 19% fall in CHD mortality and 23% fall in CHD mortality or myocardial infarction. Furthermore there are high quality data showing additional benefit of intensive statin therapy over standard statin therapy for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, meta-analysis of 10 fibrate trials has shown inconsistent evidence of vascular benefit and non-cardiovascular mortality has been slightly but consistently elevated in most fibrate trials and in meta-analysis. The general use of fibrates for cardiovascular risk reduction can therefore not be supported at present. Other second line agents such as bile acid sequestrants, nicotinic acid and omega-3 fatty acid supplements have been evaluated in a few randomized controlled studies in which cardiovascular benefit has been found but clearly further data are required to properly establish their use in clinical practice. Ongoing studies such as ACCORD, IMPROVE-IT, ASCEND, ORIGIN and HPS2-THRIVE should assist in answering outstanding questions over the next 5 years. [source] Performance comparison of MPI and OpenMP on shared memory multiprocessorsCONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 1 2006Géraud Krawezik Abstract When using a shared memory multiprocessor, the programmer faces the issue of selecting the portable programming model which will provide the best performance. Even if they restricts their choice to the standard programming environments (MPI and OpenMP), they have to select a programming approach among MPI and the variety of OpenMP programming styles. To help the programmer in their decision, we compare MPI with three OpenMP programming styles (loop level, loop level with large parallel sections, SPMD) using a subset of the NAS benchmark (CG, MG, FT, LU), two dataset sizes (A and B), and two shared memory multiprocessors (IBM SP3 NightHawk II, SGI Origin 3800). We have developed the first SPMD OpenMP version of the NAS benchmark and gathered other OpenMP versions from independent sources (PBN, SDSC and RWCP). Experimental results demonstrate that OpenMP provides competitive performance compared with MPI for a large set of experimental conditions. Not surprisingly, the two best OpenMP versions are those requiring the strongest programming effort. MPI still provides the best performance under some conditions. We present breakdowns of the execution times and measurements of hardware performance counters to explain the performance differences. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Genetic Diversity and Tests of the Hybrid Origin of the Endangered Yellow LarkspurCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2001Jason A. Koontz The total number of individuals in these two populations is estimated to be <100. We used allozyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA ( RAPD) markers to (1) assess levels and patterns of genetic diversity in one wild population and two cultivated populations and (2) test the hypothesis that D. luteum is of hybrid origin between D. decorum and D. nudicaule. These data will be used to aid in developing a management plan to conserve the species. The wild population maintains high levels of genetic diversity. Genetic data indicate that both cultivated populations, especially the north Sonoma population, have several allozymes and RAPD markers not found in the wild population and could be used to establish new populations of D. luteum or to enhance the diversity and size of the wild population. The allozyme data did not reveal any fixed differences between D. decorum and D. nudicaule, although allele frequencies of the putative parental populations differed. At these loci, D. luteum resembled D. nudicaule more than D. decorum . Many unique RAPD markers distinguish each of the three species. The diagnostic markers from populations of D. nudicaule and D. decorum were not additive in the putative hybrid, and these data indicate that D. luteum is not of recent hybrid origin. Conservation of the yellow larkspur should include strategies that use the cultivated populations of D. luteum, but hybridizing D. decorum and D. nudicaule to "recreate"D. luteum is not recommended. Resumen:Delphidium luteum ( Ranunculaceae), un delfinio en peligro de extinción, está restringido a dos poblaciones silvestres cerca de Bodega Bay, California. Se estima que el total de individuos en estas dos poblaciones es de <100. Utilizamos marcadores de alozimas y RAPD para (1) evaluar los niveles y patrones de diversidad genética en una población silvestre y dos poblaciones cultivadas y (2) probar la hipótesis de que D. luteum es de origen híbrido entre D. decorum y D. nudicaule. Estos datos serán utilizados para ayudar a desarrollar un plan de manejo para conservar la especie. La población silvestre mantiene altos niveles de diversidad genética. Los datos genéticos indican que ambas poblaciones cultivadas, especialmente en la población de Sonoma norte, tienen varias alozimas y marcadores RAPD que no se encuentran en poblaciones silvestres y podrían utilizarse para establecer nuevas poblaciones de D. luteum o reforzar la diversidad y tamaño de la población silvestre. Los datos de alozimas no revelaron diferencias fijas entre D. decorum y D. nudicaule, aunque las frecuencias alélicas de las poblaciones parentales putativas fueron diferentes. En estos loci, D. luteum fue más semejante a D. nudicaule que a D. decorum. Muchos marcadores RADP únicos distinguen a cada una de las tres especies. Los marcadores diagnóstico de poblaciones de D. decorum y D. nudicaule no fueron aditivos en el híbrido putativo, y estos datos indican que D. luteum no es de origen híbrido reciente. La conservación del delfinio amarillo debería incluir estrategias que usen las poblaciones cultivadas de D. luteum; sin embargo, no se recomienda la hibridación de D. decorum y D. nudicaule para "recrear" a D. luteum. [source] P01 Contact dermatitis from textile colours in three Spanish townsCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 3 2004Begoña Garcia-Bravo Objective:, Prevalence of textile dye contact dermatitis (TD-CD) are lacking in many countries. Our aim is to know the frequency of TD-CD in three different areas of Spain. Methods:, 100 patients were tested with Spanish standard series and the five most frequent TD in each city. D. Orange 1, D. Orange 3, D. Blue 35, D. Blue 106, D. Blue 124 were included in Murcia and Seville, and the three last and D. Red 1, D. Red 17 in Santiago. Results:, 23/300 (15 women and 8 men) were positives to one or more TD. D. Blue 124 was the most frequent allergen (18/300), followed by D. Blue 106 (17/300). D. Red 1, D. Red 17 and D. Orange 1 were positives in 2/200. D. Orange 3 and D. Blue 35 were positives in 1/200. Eczema was located on hands in 13 cases. Clinical picture was variable. Origin of sensitization was clothing and occupational. Relevance was obtained in 20/23 cases. Conclusions:, The study confirm an high frequency of disperse dye allergy in Spain with a very different prevalence in the three areas: Seville 14%, Murcia 5% and Santiago 4%, that are probably due to social and cultural factors. We recommend the inclusion of D. Blue 106, D. Blue 124, D. Blue 35, D. Red 1, D. Red 17, D. Orange 1 and D. Orange 3 in standard series in order to detect sensitivity to textile colours that is most frequent than previously suspected. [source] Does Transferred Fat Retain Properties of its Site of Origin?DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 3 2006TIMOTHY CORCORAN FLYNN MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Origin and fate of cardiac mesenchymeDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 10 2008Brian S. Snarr Abstract The development of the embryonic heart is dependent upon the generation and incorporation of different mesenchymal subpopulations that derive from intra- and extra-cardiac sources, including the endocardium, epicardium, neural crest, and second heart field. Each of these populations plays a crucial role in cardiovascular development, in particular in the formation of the valvuloseptal apparatus. Notwithstanding shared mechanisms by which these cells are generated, their fate and function differ profoundly by their originating source. While most of our early insights into the origin and fate of the cardiac mesenchyme has come from experimental studies in avian model systems, recent advances in transgenic mouse technology has enhanced our ability to study these cell populations in the mammalian heart. In this article, we will review the current understanding of the role of cardiac mesenchyme in cardiac morphogenesis and discuss several new paradigms based on recent studies in the mouse. Developmental Dynamics 237:2804,2819, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Responses of weaned lambs to fear-eliciting situations: Origin of individual differencesDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Manon Viérin Abstract The aims of this study were 1) to develop methods of objectively measuring fear in weaned lambs, and 2) to evaluate the effects of age, sex, breed, and rearing conditions on fear reactions. Four hundred forty-one lambs, aged 3 to 6 months, were submitted to three fear-eliciting situations (isolation, surprise effect, and human presence). Factor analysis revealed a first factor, interpreted in terms of fear, that accounted for 40% of total variance in the three tests. As in adult sheep, the main signs of fear were inhibition of feeding, long distance from the frightening stimulus, frequent immobilizations, and numerous high-pitch bleats. Behavior was also influenced by differences in general locomotor activity and exploratory motivation. Fear reactions were influenced by age (3- to 4-month-old lambs more fearful than 5- to 6-month-old), sex (females more fearful than males), breed (Romanov more fearful than Ile-de-France), and rearing conditions (artificial vs. maternal: almost no influence in males and influence in females depending on age). These results with sheep provide interesting theoretical and practical perspectives to the study of fearfulness. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 131,147, 2003 [source] Some aspects of spiralian developmentACTA ZOOLOGICA, Issue 1 2010Claus Nielsen Abstract Nielsen, C. 2010. Some aspects of spiralian development. ,Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91: 20,28 Spiralian development is not only a characteristic early cleavage pattern, with shifting orientations of the cleavage planes, but also highly conserved cell lineages, where the origin of several organs can be traced back to identifiable cells in the lineage. These patterns are well documented in annelids, molluscs, nemertines, and platyhelminths and are considered ancestral of a bilaterian clade including these phyla. Spiral cleavage has not been documented in ecdysozoans, and no trace of the spiral development pattern is seen in phoronids and brachiopods. Origin of the spatial organization in spiralian embryos is puzzling, but much of the information appears to be encoded in the developing oocyte. Fertilization and "pseudofertilization" apparently provides the information defining the secondary, anterior-posterior body axis in many species. The central nervous system consists of three components: an apical organ, derived from the apical blastomeres 1a111 -1d111, which degenerates before or at metamorphosis; the cerebral ganglia derived from other blastomeres of the first micromere quartet and retained in the adult as a preoral part of the brain; and the originally circumblastoporal nerve cord, which has become differentiated into a perioral part of the brain, the paired or secondarily fused ventral nerve cords, and a small perianal nerve ring. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||