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Organic Products (organic + products)
Selected AbstractsOn the Segregation of Genetically Modified, Conventional and Organic Products in European Agriculture: A Multi-market Equilibrium AnalysisJOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2005GianCarlo Moschini Q1; O3 Abstract Evaluating the possible benefits of the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops must address the issue of consumer resistance as well as the complex regulation that has ensued. In the European Union (EU), this regulation envisions the co-existence of GM food with conventional and quality-enhanced products, mandates the labelling and traceability of GM products and allows only a stringent adventitious presence of GM content in other products. All these elements are brought together within a partial equilibrium model of the EU agricultural food sector. The model comprises conventional, GM and organic food. Demand is modelled in a novel fashion, whereby organic and conventional products are treated as horizontally differentiated but GM products are vertically differentiated (weakly inferior) relative to conventional ones. Supply accounts explicitly for the land constraint at the sector level and for the need for additional resources to produce organic food. Model calibration and simulation allow insights into the qualitative and quantitative effects of the large-scale introduction of GM products in the EU market. We find that the introduction of GM food reduces overall EU welfare, mostly because of the associated need for costly segregation of non-GM products, but the producers of quality-enhanced products actually benefit. [source] Degradation of Chlorocarbons Driven by Hydrodynamic CavitationCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 5 2007Z.-L. Wu Abstract To provide an efficient lab-scale device for the investigation of the degradation of organic pollutants driven by hydrodynamic cavitation, the degradation kinetics of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride and the increase of conductivity in aqueous solutions were measured. These are values which were not previously available. Under hydrodynamic cavitation conditions, the degradation kinetics for chlorocarbons was found to be pseudo first-order. Meanwhile, C-H and C-Cl bonds are broken, and Cl2, Cl., Cl, and other ions released can increase the conductivity and enhance the oxidation of KI in aqueous solutions. The upstream pressures of the orifice plate, the cavitation number, and the solution temperature have substantial effects on the degradation kinetics. A decreased cavitation number can result in more cavitation events and enhances the degradation of chlorocarbons and/or the oxidation of KI. A decrease in temperature is generally favorable to the cavitation chemistry. Organic products from the degradation of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform have demonstrated the formation and recombination of free radicals, e.g., CCl4, C2Cl4, and C2Cl6 are produced from the degradation of CHCl3. CHCl3 and C2Cl6 are produced from the degradation of CCl4. Both the chemical mechanism and the reaction kinetics of the degradation of chlorocarbons induced by hydrodynamic cavitation are consistent with those obtained from the acoustic cavitation. Therefore, the technology of hydrodynamic cavitation should be a good candidate for the removal of organic pollutants from water. [source] Fatty acid composition, antioxidants and lipid oxidation in chicken breasts from different production regimesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2004Kishowar Jahan Summary Chicken breast from nine products and from the following production regimes: conventional (chilled and frozen), organic and free range, were analysed for fatty acid composition of total lipids, preventative and chain breaking antioxidant contents and lipid oxidation during 5 days of sub-ambient storage following purchase. Total lipids were extracted with an optimal amount of a cold chloroform methanol solvent. Lipid compositions varied, but there were differences between conventional and organic products in their contents of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and n-6:n-3 ratio. Of the antioxidants, , -tocopherol content was inversely correlated with lipid oxidation. The antioxidant enzyme activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase varied between products. Modelling with partial least squares regression showed no overall relationship between total antioxidants and lipid data, but certain individual antioxidants showed a relationship with specific lipid fractions. [source] Efficient Platinum(II) Catalyzed Hydroformylation Reaction in Water: Unusual Product Distribution in Micellar MediaADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 13 2010Marina Gottardo Abstract The hydroformylation of a variety of terminal and internal alkenes is efficiently performed by cationic platinum triflate complexes of the type [P2Pt(H2O)2](OTf)2 under mild conditions in an aqueous micellar medium. The use of surfactants is essential to ensure dissolution of the catalyst and substrate in water with catalysts being positioned on the anionic surface of the micelles. Aldehydes are obtained with linear to branched ratios up to >99:1. With styrene derivatives also the corresponding benzaldehydes are formed. The catalyst can be separated by extraction of the organic products with hexane and recycled for at least four times with only a modest loss of activity and no effect on selectivity. [source] Ketonization of 1,5-Cyclooctadiene by Nitrous OxideADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 11-12 2009Dmitry Abstract The kinetics and mechanism of the liquid phase ketonization of 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD) by nitrous oxide have been studied. The reaction proceeds without catalyst in the temperature range 473,553,K with the activation energy 113,kJ,mol,1 and is first order with respect to the initial reactants. The mechanism includes consecutive ketonization of two CC bonds in the COD molecule, with the intermediate formation of an unsaturated monoketone (MK). Further ketonization of MK leads to two isomeric diketones (DK): 1,4- and 1,5-cyclooctanedione. The 1,5-DK is a stable final product while the 1,4-DK undergoes further intramolecular aldol transformation leading to two bicyclic compounds, that retain the same number of carbon atoms. The distribution of mono- and diketones in the course of reaction is described by theoretical dependences pointing to identical reactivities of the CC double bonds residing in COD and MK molecules. The ketonization of COD by nitrous oxide exemplifies a prospective way for the preparation of valuable organic products in perfect harmony with the strategy of green chemistry. [source] Potato demand in an increasingly organic marketplace,AGRIBUSINESS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009Ming-Feng Hsieh The authors investigate pricing and demand issues for four fresh potato categories (russet, red, white, and minor colored), organic fresh potatoes, and two processed potato categories (frozen/refrigerated and dehydrated) using a nonlinear generalized almost ideal demand system (GAIDS) that is closed under unit scaling (CUUS). The model used regionally aggregated at-home consumption data from 2000 to 2005. Estimated uncompensated own price elasticities for fresh potatoes were highly significant and ranged between ,0.5 and ,1.6. The study was designed to capture the effects of the aggregate organic market on the prices, expenditures, and demand for each potato category. Organic food market penetration elasticities suggest that specialty potatoes (organic and minor-colored) are particularly well positioned if demands for organic products continue to rise, red potatoes are not well positioned and evidence of the early warning signs of slippage in market share for white and russet potatoes may exist. Producers and promoters of conventional potato products should account for the increasingly important role of organic products in making decisions. As an auxiliary exercise, we also statistically sourced the variance of the organic potato price premium relative to the other four fresh potato prices. At the present time, the variability of the organic potato premium is not much affected by production costs or other supply-related factors: the premium variability was driven largely by demand, and demographic/seasonal factors. Producers should be cautious about shifting to organic potato production until lower cost practices emerge. [JEL Codes: D120, Q130, Q180]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Assessment of the agronomic and technological characteristics of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum Schrank and T. spelta L.MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue 1 2003Giovanni Galterio Abstract Recently, the people interest in natural and organic products led to a "rediscovery" of hulled wheat, particularly T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum, commonly known as "farro". Compared with durum wheat (T. turgidum ssp. durum( farro is characterized by low productivity and low quality semolina and flour, which makes it unsuitable for the production of bread and pasta. In this paper, the agronomic, technological and nutritional characteristics of three new varieties of farro obtained by crossing the T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum c.v. Molise with T. turgidum ssp. durum c.v. Simeto, were analysed. Data were then compared with those concerning older populations of T. turgidum and of two varieties of T. spelta. The aim of this work is to highlight the productive advantages of the new varieties and to emphasize their prospective use in the production of bread and pasta with considerable health properties due to nutritional characteristics of hulled cereals. [source] Effect of yield and price risk on conversion from conventional to organic farming,AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2009Szvetlana Acs Although the benefits of organic farming are already well known, the conversion to organic farming does not proceed as the Dutch government expected. In order to investigate the conversion decisions of Dutch arable farms, a discrete stochastic dynamic utility-efficient programming (DUEP) model is developed with special attention for yield and price risk of conventional, conversion and organic crops. The model maximizes the expected utility of the farmer depending on the farmer's risk attitude. The DUEP model is an extension of a dynamic linear programming model that maximized the labour income of conversion from conventional to organic farming over a 10 year planning horizon. The DUEP model was used to model a typical farm for the central clay region in the Netherlands. The results show that for a risk-neutral farmer it is optimal to convert to organic farming. However, for a more risk-averse farmer it is only optimal to fully convert if policy incentives are applied such as taxes on pesticides or subsidies on conversion, or if the market for the organic products becomes more stable. [source] An electron-flow model can predict complex redox reactions in mixed-culture fermentative BioH2: Microbial ecology evidenceBIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 4 2009Hyung-Sool Lee Abstract We developed the first model for predicting community structure in mixed-culture fermentative biohydrogen production using electron flows and NADH2 balances. A key assumption of the model is that H2 is produced only via the pyruvate decarboxylation-ferredoxin-hydrogenase pathway, which is commonly the case for fermentation by Clostridium and Ethanoligenens species. We experimentally tested the model using clone libraries to gauge community structures with mixed cultures in which we did not pre-select for specific bacterial groups, such as spore-formers. For experiments having final pHs 3.5 and 4.0, where H2 yield and soluble end-product distribution were distinctly different, we established stoichiometric reactions for each condition by using experimentally determined electron equivalent balances. The error in electron balancing was only 3% at final pH 3.5, in which butyrate and acetate were dominant organic products and the H2 yield was 2.1,mol,H2/mol,glucose. Clone-library analysis showed that clones affiliated with Clostridium sp. BL-22 and Clostridium sp. HPB-16 were dominant at final pH 3.5. For final pH 4.0, the H2 yield was 0.9,mol,H2/mol,glucose, ethanol, and acetate were the dominant organic products, and the electron balance error was 13%. The significant error indicates that a second pathway for H2 generation was active. The most abundant clones were affiliated with Klebsiella pneumoniae, which uses the formate-cleavage pathway for H2 production. Thus, the clone-library analyses confirmed that the model predictions for when the pyruvate decarboxylation-ferredoxin-hydrogenase pathway was (final pH 3.5) or was not (final pH 4.0) dominant. With the electron-flow model, we can easily assess the main mechanisms for H2 formation and the dominant H2 -producing bacteria in mixed-culture fermentative bioH2. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 687,697 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Constraints to organizational change processes regarding the introduction of organic products: case findings from the Swiss food industryBUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 2 2001Simone Maier The combination of the power dimension with the cognitive dimension on the basis of Giddens' theory of structuration provides a powerful concept for analysing constraints to organizational change. In the case of the introduction of organic products to Swiss food processing companies, four interacting and mutually re-enforcing factors could be identified to constrain organizational change for a successful introduction of organic products: the organic products' low share of overall turnover (resources), missing top management support (power), missing adjustment of the collaborators' performance assessment criteria (norms) and missing collaborators' acceptance for the organic ideology (interpretative schemes). The strategies to overcome these constraints must be designed carefully according to the specific situation of the organization. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment [source] Microwave-Assisted Kolbe-Schmitt Synthesis Using Ionic Liquids or Dimcarb as Reactive SolventsCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 11 2009A. Stark Abstract The activation of relatively inert carbon dioxide as a building block for organic products is of interest from both ecological and chemical points of view. One of the few industrially relevant processes using CO2 is the Kolbe-Schmitt synthesis. Two strategies to obtain the carboxylated product 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid from resorcinol are presented: both Dimcarb and hydrogencarbonate- or methylcarbonate-based ionic liquids are employed as reactive solvents in a microwave-assisted reaction. Reaction optimization shows that the ionic liquids are more reactive than Dimcarb. However, Dimcarb offers advantages with regard to ecological aspects, such as the Global Warming and Human Toxicity Potential and the Cumulative Energy Demand, which were assessed as part of the process development. [source] | ||||||||||||||||