Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Optimal Dosage (optimal + dosage)
Selected AbstractsCurrent topical and systemic approaches to treatment of rosaceaJOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 8 2009HC Korting Abstract Rosacea is a common, often overlooked, chronic facial dermatosis characterized by intermittent periods of exacerbation and remission. Clinical subtypes and grading of the disease have been defined in the literature. On the basis of a genetic predisposition, there are several intrinsic and extrinsic factors possibly correlating with the phenotypic expression of the disease. Although rosacea cannot be cured, there are several recommended treatment strategies appropriate to control the corresponding symptoms/signs. In addition to adequate skin care, these include topical and systemic medications particularly suitable for the papulopustular subtype of rosacea with moderate to severe intensity. The most commonly used and most established therapeutic regimens are topical metronidazole and topical azelaic acid as well as oral doxycycline. Conventionally, 100,200 mg per day have been used. Today also a controlled release formulation is available, delivering 40 mg per day using non-antibiotic, anti-inflammatory activities of the drug. Anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline in particular allows for a safe and effective short- and long-term therapy of rosacea. Topical metronidazole and topical azelaic acid also appear to be safe and effective for short-term use. There are indications that a combined therapy of anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline and topical metronidazole could possibly have synergy effects. Further interesting therapy options for the short- and long-term therapy of rosacea could be low-dose minocycline and isotretinoin; however, too little data are available with regard to the effectiveness, safety, optimal dosage and appropriate length of treatment for these medications to draw final conclusions. Conflicts of interest None declared. [source] Lansoprazole in children: pharmacokinetics and efficacy in reflux oesophagitisALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 9 2001C. Faure Background: Data on the proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole in paediatric patients are limited. Aim: To investigate the pharmacokinetics, optimal dosage and efficacy of lansoprazole in paediatric patients. Methods: A 24-h gastric pH recording and a pharmacokinetic study were performed after 7 days of lansoprazole, 17 mg/m2, in 23 patients with reflux oesophagitis (median age, 3.5 years). Response was defined as pH > 3 for > 65% of the recording. The dosage was doubled in non-responders. Patients with no response on day 14 were excluded. Responders underwent endoscopy after 4 weeks on the response-inducing dosage; abnormal findings led to a repeat endoscopy after four additional weeks. Results: Nine patients responded to 17 mg/m2 and six to 30.3 mg/m2. On day 7, time with pH > 3 was significantly correlated with the area under the plasma concentration,time curve (P=0.003). The area under the plasma concentration,time curve was significantly greater in the nine responders to 17 mg/m2 than in the 14 other patients. Pharmacokinetic parameters were similar in responders and non-responders to the higher dose. After 4 weeks, oesophagitis was healed in 80% of responders. Adverse events occurred in three patients and required treatment discontinuation in one. Conclusions: Lansoprazole is effective and safe in children. The optimal starting dosage is 30 mg/m2 or 1.4 mg/kg. [source] Gabapentin can improve postural stability and quality of life in primary orthostatic tremorMOVEMENT DISORDERS, Issue 7 2005Julian P. Rodrigues MD Abstract Primary orthostatic tremor (OT) is characterized by leg tremor and instability on standing. High frequency (13,18 Hz) tremor bursting is present in leg muscles during stance, and posturography has shown greater than normal sway. We report on an open-label add-on study of gabapentin in 6 patients with OT. Six patients were studied with surface electromyography, force platform posturography, and a modified Parkinson's disease questionnaire (PDQ-39) quality of life (QOL) scale before and during treatment with gabapentin 300 mg t.d.s. If on other medications for OT, these were continued unchanged. Of the 6 patients, 4 reported a subjective benefit of 50 to 75% with gabapentin, 3 of whom showed reduced tremor amplitude and postural sway of up to 70%. Dynamic balance improved in all 3 patients who completed the protocol. QOL data from 5 patients showed improvement in all cases. No adverse effects were noted. Gabapentin may improve tremor, stability, and QOL in patients with OT, and symptomatic response correlated with a reduction in tremor amplitude and postural sway. The findings confirm previous reports of symptomatic benefit with gabapentin and provide justification for larger controlled clinical trials. Further work is required to establish the optimal dosage and to validate the methods used to quantify the response to treatment. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society [source] Size and Structure Characterization of Dye Flocs during Coagulation of Reactive Black 5 DyePARTICLE & PARTICLE SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZATION, Issue 2 2006Marta Janeczko Abstract This paper deals with results from laboratory scale experiments with model dye effluents comprising of the commercially used textile diazo dye, CI "Reactive Black 5", coagulated with ZETAG type primary coagulants. Size and structure analysis of flocs in coagulated dye sludge was undertaken in order to evaluate their separation abilities. The particle size distribution was estimated by use of a Galai CIS-100 particle counting system working on a time-of-transition principle, while their fractal dimension was obtained from laser scattering instrument in LALS mode. An image analysis of the flocculated dye-sludge has also been carried out. In parallel to the flocs characterization, the measurement of surface charge density of coagulated dye sludge was performed with the aim of linking surface charge data with the floc characteristics, and on this basis, to outline the predominant mechanism of color removal. It was found that flocs produced at optimal dosage are characterized by large sizes and a high value of fractal dimension, which is manifested in a very good level of color removal by sedimentation. The evident correlation between the surface charge density progression of coagulated dye flocs and color removal, suggests adsorption and charge neutralization as the predominant mechanism of dye destabilization. [source] Review article: Intravenous vs intramuscular ketamine for pediatric procedural sedation by emergency medicine specialists: a reviewPEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 9 2010CONOR DEASY MB, FCEM, MRCS A & E ED Summary Ketamine is a general anesthetic agent widely used for pediatric procedural sedation outside the operating theater by nonanesthesiologists. In a setting where efficacy and safety of the agent are paramount, there are conflicting recommendations in terms of optimal mode of parenteral administration, as well as optimal dosage and need for the coadministration of adjunctive agents to decrease side effects. We investigated existing evidence to determine whether ketamine should be best administered intravenously or intramuscularly. This analysis was made difficult by limited direct comparisons of both modes of parenteral administration and a lack of consistent definitions for key outcomes such as ,effectiveness,',adverse events,',hypoxia,',ease of completion of the procedure,' and ,satisfaction' across studies that have evaluated ketamine. Based on large data sets, the safety and efficacy of both modes of administration are broadly similar. Although data on head to head comparisons of intravenous and intramuscular ketamine is limited, based on our analysis, we conclude that the trends indicate ketamine is ideally administered intravenously. [source] Flocculation Monitoring: Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement as a Measurement ToolTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2002A Blanco Abstract A methodology to study flocculation processes and floc properties using a non-imaging scanning laser microscope is presented in this paper. This methodology allows us to study floc stability and resistance to shear forces, re-flocculation tendency and reversibility of the flocs. Furthermore, optimal dosage of any polymer and the associated flocculation mechanism can be determined. In order to illustrate the technique, some examples applied to flocculation in papermaking are described. Although in this paper all the examples have been applied to papermaking, the developed methodology can be used in any process in which flocculation phenomena is involved. On présente dans cet article une méthode pour étudier les procédés de floculation à l'aide d'un microscope laser à balayage sans imagerie. Cette méthode permet d'étudier la stabilité des flocs et leur résistance aux contraintes de cisaillement, la tendance à la refloculation et la réversibilité des flocs. De plus, on peut déterminer le dosage optimal de tout polymère et le mécanisme de floculation associé. Pour illustrer cette technique, quelques exemples appliqués à la floculation dans la fabrication du papier sont décrits. Cependant, même si dans cet article tous les exemples s'appliquent à la fabrication du papier, la méthodologie peut s'appliquer à tout procédé comportant des phénomènes de floculation. [source] 1212: Herpes simplex and zoster keratitisACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010M LABETOULLE Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are two leading causes of corneal infection with potential severely impaired visual acuity. These two viruses share multiple characteristics, including the ability to become latent in the trigeminal ganglia, before reactivation and migration along the trigeminal fibers innervating the cornea. The clinical settings of keratitis may vary from an epithelial defect (dendritic of geographic) to a more severe disease involving the stroma and/or the endothelium. Classically, HSV keratitis occurs from the second decade of life, and associated skin disease is not frequent and only involves the eyelids. In contrast, VZV keratitis mostly occurs after the sixth decade, as an associated finding of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). However, several studies recently highlighted that the rate of HSV keratitis increases with age, even in elderly, and some other studies reported VZV keratitis in children, either isolated or associated with HZO. Antiviral drugs currently available are highly efficient to reduce the severity on ongoing HSV- or VZV keratitis, but preventive treatments still have to be optimized. For HSV keratitis, the usual preventive treatment, as defined by the HEDS study, only reduces the rate of relapses in a two-fold manner, and the optimal dosage has not been settled for patient with severe herpetic disease. For VZV, the two vaccines against chickenpox and HZO probably will lead in the future to a reduction of the incidence of keratitis, but they are not widely used, even in most of developed countries. [source] Antifungal pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: bridging from the bench to bedsideCLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION, Issue 7 2009W. W. Hope Abstract This review considers a way in which experimental data can be used to identify safe and effective antifungal regimens for humans. The process begins with experimental models of invasive fungal infections that enable definition of optimal dosages and schedules of antifungal drug administration to be defined. These preclinical models also enable the identification of drug exposure targets that are associated with therapeutic outcomes of interest. Human pharmacokinetic variability results in a considerable range of drug exposures following the use of fixed antifungal drug regimens. This variability can be quantified using population pharmacokinetic modeling techniques. Monte Carlo simulation can then be used to simulate pharmacokinetic variability and thereby estimate the proportion of patients with a therapeutic outcome of interest. Effective and safe regimens can thus be studied appropriately in clinical settings. This approach can, and should, be used to optimize antifungal therapy for a large number of clinical scenarios. [source] | ||||||||||