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Selected AbstractsNarrative Trauma and Civil War History Painting, or Why Are These Pictures So Terrible?HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2002Steven Conn The Civil War generated hundreds of history paintings. Yet, as this essay argues, painters failed to create any iconic, lasting images of the Civil War using the conventions of grand manner history painting, despite the expectations of many that they would and should. This essay first examines the terms by which I am evaluating this failure, then moves on to a consideration of the American history painting tradition. I next examine several history paintings of Civil War scenes in light of this tradition and argue that their "failure" to capture the meaning and essence of the war resulted from a breakdown of the narrative conventions of history painting. Finally, I glance briefly at Winslow Homer's Civil War scenes, arguably the only ones which have become canonical, and suggest that the success of these images comes from their abandonment of old conventions and the invention of new ones. [source] Atom,atom partitioning of total (super)molecular energy: The hidden terms of classical force fieldsJOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2007M. Rafat Abstract Classical force fields describe the interaction between atoms that are bonded or nonbonded via simple potential energy expressions. Their parameters are often determined by fitting to ab initio energies and electrostatic potentials. A direct quantum chemical guide to constructing a force field would be the atom,atom partitioning of the energy of molecules and van der Waals complexes relevant to the force field. The authors used the theory of quantum chemical topology to partition the energy of five systems [H2, CO, H2O, (H2O)2, and (HF)2] in terms of kinetic, Coulomb, and exchange intra-atomic and interatomic contributions. The authors monitored the variation of these contributions with changing bond length or angle. Current force fields focus only on interatomic interaction energies and assume that these purely potential energy terms are the only ones that govern structure and dynamics in atomistic simulations. Here the authors highlight the importance of self-energy terms (kinetic and intra-atomic Coulomb and exchange). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2007 [source] An executive's guide to SOX auditsJOURNAL OF CORPORATE ACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 4 2010Jack W. Paul Auditors aren't the only ones who need a sharp understanding of internal control audits. Savvy CEOs and other executives also need this knowledge,to save time, money, and even professional careers. Because, as most readers know, CEOs and CFOs must now certify the veracity of their company's financial statements,under threat of heavy criminal penalties. So, how thorough is your knowledge about internal control audits? Let the author of this article lead you step by step through the process, as he offers advice on avoiding pitfalls and points out possible warning signs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Studies on the aminopeptidase activities of Porphyromonas gingivalisMOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2001D. Grenier Porphyromonas gingivalis is an asaccharolytic bacterium that requires nitrogen substrates as carbon and energy sources. The aims of this study were to investigate the aminopeptidase activities of P. gingivalis and to evaluate the effect of aminopeptidase inhibitors on bacterial growth. Only arginine aminopeptidase and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV activities were detected. Experimental evidence was obtained suggesting that the Arg-gingipains of P. gingivalis can function as both an endopeptidase and an aminopeptidase. Firstly, the arginine aminopeptidase activity was found to be inhibited by leupeptin, a well-known inhibitor of Arg-gingipain activity. Secondly, a preparation of Arg-gingipain activity could hydrolyze the chromogenic substrate for arginine aminopeptidase. Lastly, a mutant of P. gingivalis constructed via gene disruption by use of suicide plasmids and deficient in both Arg-gingipain A and B was also devoid of arginine aminopeptidase activity. To investigate the key role of aminopeptidase activities in growth of P. gingivalis, aminopeptidase inhibitors were incorporated in the culture medium prior to inoculation. Bestatin and actinonin were the only ones to inhibit growth of P. gingivalis. Their mechanism of growth inhibition appears to be different but does not involve inhibition of the two major aminopeptidase activities (arginine aminopeptidase and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV). [source] Phosphate tungsten bronze series: crystallographic and structural properties of low-dimensional conductorsACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, Issue 5 2001P. Roussel Phosphate tungsten bronzes have been shown to be conductors of low dimensionality. A review of the crystallographic and structural properties of this huge series of compounds is given here, corresponding to the present knowledge of the different X-ray studies and electron microscopy investigations. Three main families are described, monophosphate tungsten bronzes, Ax(PO2)4(WO3)2m, either with pentagonal tunnels (MPTBp) or with hexagonal tunnels (MPTBh), and diphosphate tungsten bronzes, Ax(P2O4)2(WO3)2m, mainly with hexagonal tunnels (DPTBh). The general aspect of these crystal structures may be described as a building of polyhedra sharing oxygen corners made of regular stacking of WO3 -type slabs with a thickness function of m, joined by slices of tetrahedral PO4 phosphate or P2O7 diphosphate groups. The relations of the different slabs with respect to the basic perovskite structure are mentioned. The structural description is focused on the tilt phenomenon of the WO6 octahedra inside a slab of WO3 -type. In this respect, a comparison with the different phases of the WO3 crystal structures is established. The various modes of tilting and the different possible connections between two adjacent WO3 -type slabs involve a great variety of structures with different symmetries, as well as the existence of numerous twins in MPTBp's. Several phase transitions, with the appearance of diffuse scattering and modulation phenomena, were analysed by X-ray scattering measurements and through the temperature dependence of various physical properties for the MPTBp's. The role of the W displacements within the WO3 -type slabs, in two modulated structures (m = 4 and m = 10), already solved, is discussed. Finally, the complexity of the structural aspects of DPTBh's is explained on the basis of the average structures which are the only ones solved. [source] Circadian rhythm of restless legs syndrome: Relationship with biological markersANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 3 2004Martin Michaud PhD Recently, it was suggested that the intensity of restless legs syndrome (RLS) symptoms may be modulated by a circadian factor. The objective of this study was to evaluate, during a 28-hour modified constant routine, the nycthemeral or circadian variations in subjective leg discomfort and periodic leg movements (PLMs) and to parallel these changes with those of subjective vigilance, core body temperature, and salivary melatonin. Seven patients with primary RLS and seven healthy subjects matched for sex and age entered this study. Although the symptoms were more severe in patients than in controls, a significant circadian variation in leg discomfort and PLM (p < 0.01) was found for both groups. In both groups, the profiles of leg discomfort and PLM were significantly correlated with those of subjective vigilance, core body temperature, and salivary melatonin. However, among these variables, the changes in melatonin secretion were the only ones that preceded the increase in sensory and motor symptoms in RLS patients. This result and those of others studies showing that melatonin exerts an inhibitory effect on central dopamine secretion suggest that melatonin might be implicated in the worsening of RLS symptoms in the evening and during the night. [source] Concerning invasive species: Reply to Brown and SaxAUSTRAL ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2005PHILLIP CASSEY Abstract Biological invasions have commonly occurred, and to a lesser degree continue to do so, without human assistance. It is, however, a combination of the rate and magnitude, as well as the distances and agency involved, that separates human-driven invasion processes from self-perpetuated colonization events. Exotic species are a pervasive and major component of human-induced global change. Decisions to manage invasive species will require judgements to be communicated from scientists to policy makers, because scientists may often be the only ones in the position to make them. [source] Predicting outcome in minimally invasive (T1a and T1b) urothelial bladder carcinoma using a panel of biomarkers: a high throughput tissue microarray analysisBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 5 2007Paulette Mhawech-Fauceglia OBJECTIVE To evaluate the protein expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR3), hamartin, 14-3-3,, Aurora-A, and E-cadherin using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a series of human bladder carcinomas and to evaluate their value in distinguishing T1a from T1b tumours and in predicting their behaviour, as T1 urothelial bladder tumours present great diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to pathologists and clinicians. PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue microarrays were constructed from 94 patients (Ta 20, T1a 31, T1b 14, and T2 29 patients) using tissue obtained at first disease presentation. RESULTS FGFR3 and 14-3-3, were the only markers that were significantly associated with tumour grade and 14-3-3, was significantly associated with tumour stage. Furthermore, none of these markers could help in distinguishing T1a from T1b tumours. After adjusting for the E-cadherin expression, FGFR3 expression was a significant factor in predicting the time to recurrence in T1a/T1b. Furthermore, among all the clinical variables, grade and depth of invasion were the only ones that had a significant value in predicting T1a/T1b tumour progression. CONCLUSIONS Even though the staging of T1 to T1a/T1b is not a common practice and it is not included in the Tumour-Node-Metastasis classification, our data clearly confirmed the importance of a proper sub-staging of T1 tumours whenever feasible. [source] Disciplining Society through the City: The Genesis of City Planning in Brazil and Argentina (1894,1945)BULLETIN OF LATIN AMERICAN RESEARCH, Issue 2 2003Joel Outtes This paper looks at the genesis of a discourse on urbanismo (city planning) in Brazil and Argentina between 1894 and 1945 using the ideas of Michel Foucault on discipline and his concept of bio,power. The demographic pattern of the major cities in both countries from 1890 onwards and the renewals of the centres of these cities are also discussed. Other sections are dedicated to the plans proposed for the same cities in the 1920s and to urban representations, such as ideas about social reform, the role of hygiene as a point of departure for planning, and the relationship of ideas on Taylorism (scientific management) and the city. The paper also discusses the planners opposition to elections, when they claimed that they were the only ones qualified to deal with urban problems and therefore they should be employed in the state apparatus. Other concerns of the paper are the use of planning as an element of nation building and ideas defining eugenics (race ,betterment') as an important aspect of city planning. I conclude by arguing that, if implemented, city planning was a way of creating an industrial culture, disciplining society through the city, although the industrial proletariat has never made up the majority of the population in Brazil or Argentina. Even if many aspects of the plans proposed for both countries were not implemented, the discourse of planners can be seen as a will to discipline society through the city. This discipline would affect the freedom of movement of human bodies, and is therefore approached through Foucault's concepts of bio,power and discipline [source] After prostate cancer: Predictors of well-being among long-term prostate cancer survivorsCANCER, Issue 10 2006Thomas O. Blank Ph.D. Abstract BACKGROUND Despite growing numbers of prostate cancer (PCa) survivors, to the authors' knowledge there is little research regarding how personality, coping, and treatment influence men's psychologic well-being, as distinct from the often-studied functional, health-related quality of life. The purpose of this study was to examine how hope, optimism, use of coping strategies, and primary treatment predict well-being, positive and negative affect, impact, depression, and adaptive changes among PCa survivors. METHODS A questionnaire tapping personality, primary treatment, and coping strategy predictor variables and outcome variables of both positive and negative aspects of well-being was sent to 1,8-year PCa survivors. The final sample included 490 men. RESULTS Basic univariate analyses demonstrated that the men reported being happy, hopeful, and positive, with low levels of negative outcomes. Regression analyses demonstrated that positive outcomes were influenced primarily by personality. Negative outcomes were found to be affected by both personality and coping strategies. Adaptive changes were the only ones found to be significantly affected by primary treatment. CONCLUSIONS Although longer-term survivorship of PCa does not appear to be a highly traumatic experience, personality factors and the use of coping strategies years after treatment were found to introduce variability to well-being in complex ways, differing in relation to positive and negative outcomes. Clinical attention should be given to how the experience of cancer fits within the larger context of an individual's attitudes, choices, and coping strategy orientation. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society. [source] 4122: Exploring new strategies to record and analyse clinical electroretinogramsACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010P LACHAPELLE Purpose Investigate if the combination of time-frequency domain analysis and ERG dipole rotation reveals hidden features of the normal ERG that could be instrumental in the interpretation of nearly extinguished ERG responses. Methods Analyses were conducted on photopic ERGs (Photopic Hills: PH) obtained from normal subjects (n=75) and patients (n=65) affected with various retinopathies. A Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) was done on each ERGs and key descriptors (Holder exponent and wavelet coefficient maxima) were calculated. Dipole rotation was obtained by combining 11 gaze positions (0, 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 degrees nasal or temporal to center) with 4 electrode locations [corneal (CE), lower lid (LL), external (EC) and internal canthi (IC)]. Results The Holder exponent follows a parabola, while some of the local wavelet maxima seem to follow a PH-like like distribution (b-wave and OPs) or a logistic growth function (a-wave). In still recordable pathological ERGs, the wavelet maxima matched that found in normal ERGs evoked at low stimulus intensities while in nearly extinguished ERGs (<10% of normal) the wavelet coefficients were significantly lower. Irrespective of the direction of gaze, there was little variation in DTL ERGs. EC ERGs were the only ones to reverse in polarity (seen 5 degrees nasal to fixation in nasal to temporal shift). Conclusion The parameters obtained with the DWT offers useful and reproducible tools to help identify subtle features of residual ERGs and therefore should allow for a more accurate quantification of low-voltage ERGs responses. Finally, our results suggest that varying the gaze and electrode positions would represent a valuable addition to the recording of clinical ERGs. Funded by NSERC. [source] | ||||||||||||||||