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Selected AbstractsMast cell lines HMC-1 and LAD2 in comparison with mature human skin mast cells , drastically reduced levels of tryptase and chymase in mast cell linesEXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, Issue 9 2010Sven Guhl Please cite this paper as: Mast cell lines HMC-1 and LAD2 in comparison with mature human skin mast cells , drastically reduced levels of tryptase and chymase in mast cell lines. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 845,847. Abstract:, To circumvent the costly isolation procedure associated with tissue mast cells (MC), two human MC lines, i.e. HMC-1 and LAD2, are frequently employed, but their relation to mature MC is unknown. Here, we quantitatively assessed their expression of MC markers in direct comparison to skin MC (sMC). sMC expressed all lineage markers at highest and HMC-1 cells at lowest levels. LAD2 cells expressed comparable high-affinity IgE receptor , (Fc,RI,) and Fc,RI, but less Fc,RI, than sMC and displayed slightly reduced, but robust Fc,RI-mediated histamine release. Only minor differences were found for total histamine content and c-Kit expression. Huge, and to this level unexpected, differences were found for MC tryptase and chymase, with sMC >>> LAD2 > HMC-1. Taken together, HMC-1 cells represent very immature malignantly transformed MC, whereas LAD2 cells can be considered intermediately differentiated. Because of the minute levels of MC proteases, MC lines can serve as surrogates of tissue MC to a limited degree only. [source] Coping Trajectories from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Links to Attachment State of MindJOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE, Issue 4 2005Inge Seiffge-Krenke The objective of this study was to examine the links between coping and attachment. In a longitudinal study of 112 participants, coping behavior was assessed at five points in time during adolescence (starting at the age of 14 years) and early adulthood. In addition, at the age of 21 years, state of mind regarding current and earlier attachment experiences was assessed by employing the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). In both adolescence and early adulthood, differences in coping styles were found to be related to differences in attachment. Individuals classified as secure dealt with their problems more actively by using their social network during adolescence and at the age of 21 years. Both secure and dismissing individuals used more internal coping than those with a preoccupied state of mind. Latent growth curve modeling revealed that differences in active and internal coping between secure and insecure individuals applied to the rate of change in these coping styles between 14 and 21 years, with participants in the secure group showing much steeper growth in both coping styles. Only minor differences were found with respect to withdrawal as a coping style. The results represent first evidence that coping trajectories during adolescence and young adulthood are linked with attachment state of mind. [source] In situ studies of the phylogeny and physiology of filamentous bacteria with attached growthENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 7 2002Trine Rolighed Thomsen Summary Among the filamentous bacteria occasionally causing bulking problems in activated sludge treatment plants, three morphotypes with attached microbial growth are common, Eikelboom Type 0041, Type 1851 and Type 1701. A better knowledge of the phylogeny and physiology of these filamentous bacteria is necessary in order to develop control strategies for bulking. In this study we have used a combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and microautoradiography (MAR) to investigate the identity and in situ physiology of the Type 0041-morphotype and its attached bacteria in two wastewater treatment plants. Identification and enumeration of Type 0041 using group-specific 16S rRNA-targeted FISH probes revealed that approximately 15% of the filaments hybridized with a gene probe specific for the TM7 group, a recently recognized major lineage in the bacterial domain. All other filaments morphologically identified as Type 0041 only hybridized to the general bacterial EUB338-probe, indicating that they probably do not belong to commonly isolated bacterial phyla such as the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, for which group-specific probes were used. The phylogenetic heterogeneity of Type 0041 again highlights the inadequacy of a morphology-based classification system. Like the filaments, most of the attached microbial cells were not identified beyond their affiliation to the Bacteria using the group-specific FISH probes. However, several different bacterial phyla were represented in the identified fraction suggesting that the attached microorganisms are phylogenetically diverse. The study of the in situ physiology of Type 0041 using MAR-FISH revealed that both the filaments and the attached bacteria on Type 0041 were versatile in the use of organic substrates and electron acceptors. It was observed that all Type 0041 could consume glucose, but none of the filaments were able to consume acetate under any conditions tested, in contrast to some of the attached bacteria. No significant physiological differences were found between TM7,positive and TM7,negative Type 0041 filaments, and only minor differences were observed between the two treatment plants tested. These are the first data on the physiology of the almost entirely uncharacterized TM7 phylum and show that TM7 filamentous bacteria can uptake carbon substrates under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. [source] Clinical and SEM evaluation of all-ceramic chair-side CAD/CAM-generated partial crownsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2003Andreas Bindl The effect of hardware and software on the quality of Cerec all-ceramic partial crowns was investigated in this cross-sectional study. Partial crowns (n = 818) had been adhesively placed in 496 patients between 1993 and 1997 using Cerec 1 and Cerec 2 units (groups 1 and 2) as well as Cerec 2 with wall-spacing software (group 3). From each group, 25 randomly selected partial crowns were evaluated using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Of these, 12 were randomly selected in each group, replicas taken and examined in a scanning electron microscope for marginal interfacial width and for continuous margin adaptation. Interfacial width of group 1 (308 ± 95 µm) was significantly larger than those of groups 2 (243 ± 48 µm) and 3 (207 ± 63 µm). Continuous margin adaptation at the tooth,luting composite and luting composite,restoration interfaces showed only minor differences in groups 1 (94.5 ± 8% and 95.5 ± 2%), 2 (98.1 ± 1% and 97.5 ± 1.4%) and 3 (96.8 ± 3% and 96.8 ± 2%). Pooled clinical rating was excellent or good at 97% for all groups, indicating acceptable restoration quality except for one breakage in group 1. [source] Hematological malignancies in the island of Sardinia, 1974,1993: age and sex distributions and temporal changes in incidenceHEMATOLOGICAL ONCOLOGY, Issue 3 2004G. Broccia Abstract We have collected, by an active retrospective survey, all the cases of hematologic malignancies (HM) newly diagnosed during the time period 1974,1993 in the resident population of Sardinia. Diagnosis was deemed valid, after consultation of clinical records, in more than 90% of the 7264 collected cases. The number of newly diagnosed cases by year more than doubled during the 20-year period investigated. This striking increase can be only partially accounted for by ageing of population. Indeed, age-specific and age-adjusted rates of most of HM increased during this period, although Hodgkin Disease (HD), Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) were notable exceptions. The observed increase in rates is likely, in a large part, to be fictitious, due to easier access to a health care system, which in the meantime, improved its diagnostic efficiency. This was particularly evident for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Multiple Myeloma (MM) and some others myelo- and lympho-proliferative disorders, but its relevance declined after 1984,1989. A likely true increase in occurrence was evidenced for Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL) and similarly, although to a lesser extent and more doubtful, for Myelodysplasias (MDS) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). At the end of the studied period each type of HM presented age and sex distributions and age-adjusted rates that show only minor differences from those reported for other western countries. No argument emerged to suggest that any genetic peculiarities of the Sardinian population might have affected the occurrence of HM. The confounding effects of improved diagnostic efficiency have prevented a reliable assessment of influence on incidences of environmental and socio-economic changes that, in relatively recent times, have occurred in Sardinia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Water Framework Directive: ecological classification of Danish lakesJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2005MARTIN SØNDERGAARD Summary 1The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires that all European waterbodies are assigned to one of five ecological classes, based primarily on biological indicators, and that minimum good ecological quality is obtained by 2015. However, the directive provides only general guidance regarding indicator definitions and determination of boundaries between classes. 2We used chemical and biological data from 709 Danish lakes to investigate whether and how lake types respond differently to eutrophication. In the absence of well-defined reference conditions, lakes were grouped according to alkalinity and water depth, and the responses to eutrophication were ordered along a total phosphorus (TP) gradient to test the applicability of pre-defined boundaries. 3As a preliminary classification we suggest a TP-based classification into high, good, moderate, bad and poor ecological quality using 0,25, 25,50, 50,100, 100,200 and > 200 µg P L,1 boundaries for shallow lakes, and 0,12·5, 12·5,25, 25,50, 50,100 and > 100 µg P L,1 boundaries for deep lakes. Within each TP category, median values are used to define preliminary boundaries for the biological indicators. 4Most indicators responded strongly to increasing TP, but there were only minor differences between low and high alkalinity lakes and modest variations between deep and shallow lakes. The variability of indicators within a given TP range was, however, high, and for most indicators there was a considerable overlap between adjacent TP categories. Cyanophyte biomass, submerged macrophyte coverage, fish numbers and chlorophyll a were among the ,best' indicators, but their ability to separate different TP classes varied with TP. 5When using multiple indicators the risk that one or more indicators will indicate different ecological classes is high because of a high variability of all indicators within a specific TP class, and the ,one out , all out' principle in relation to indicators does not seem feasible. Alternatively a certain compliance level or a ,mean value' of the indicators can be used to define ecological classes. A precise ecological quality ratio (EQR) using values between 0 and 1 can be calculated based on the extent to which the total number of indicators meets the boundary conditions, as demonstrated from three Danish lakes. 6Synthesis and applications. The analysis of Danish lakes has identified a number of useful indicators for lake quality and has suggested a method for calculating an ecological quality ratio. However, it also demonstrates that the implementation of the Water Framework Directive faces several challenges: gradual rather than stepwise changes for all indicators, large variability of indicators within lake classes, and problems using the one out , all out principle for lake classification. [source] Olfactory responses to steroids in an African mouth-brooding cichlid, Haplochromis burtoni(Günther)JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2006T. B. Cole Underwater electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings involving 150 steroids and eight prostaglandins were used to determine which of these potential odorants are detected by the olfactory organ of an African cichlid, Haplochromis burtoni. In initial EOG tests at 10,9 M, H. burtoni did not respond to unconjugated steroids or prostaglandins, but did respond to 17 conjugated steroids, 11 of which (17,-oestradiol-17,-glucuronide; 17,-oestradiol-3-sulphate; 17,-oestradiol-3,17,-disulphate; epiandrosteron-3,-sulphate; etiocholanolone-3,-glucuronide; testosterone-17,-sulphate; dehydroepiandrosterone-3,-sulphate; 5,-pregnan-3,-ol-20-one-3,-sulphate; 5,-pregnan-3,,17-diol-20-one-3,-glucuronide; 5,-pregnan-3,,17,21-triol-11,20-dione-3,-glucuronide; pregnenolone-3,-sulphate) were selected for EOG concentration-response, cross-adaptation and binary mixture tests. The EOG detection thresholds ranged from 10,11 to 10,9 M in all but one instance (female threshold to pregnenolone-3,-sulphate; 10,8 M), and males and females exhibited only minor differences in EOG threshold or response magnitude. Results of EOG cross-adaptation tests, which were supported by results of binary mixture tests, indicated that the response to the 11 steroid conjugates is mediated by five putative olfactory receptor mechanisms characterized by specificity for conjugate position and type: 3-sulphate, 17-sulphate, 3,17-disulphate, 3-glucuronide, 17-glucuronide. Although there is no evidence that H. burtoni releases, or exhibits biological response to, the steroids shown to be detected in this study, the present results are suggestive of a complex pheromone system utilizing steroid conjugates. [source] VARIATION OF LAG TIME AND SPECIFIC GROWTH RATE AMONG 11 STRAINS OF SALMONELLA INOCULATED ONTO STERILE GROUND CHICKEN BREAST BURGERS AND INCUBATED AT 25C,JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY, Issue 4 2000THOMAS P. OSCAR ABSTRACT One strain of 11 serotypes or 11 strains of Salmonella, which were isolated from the ceca of broilers, were surveyed for their growth kinetics on sterile ground chicken breast burgers incubated at 25C to determine the variation of lag time and specific growth rate. Growth curves, four per strain, were fit to a two-phase linear model to determine lag time (h) and specific growth rate (log10/h). Repeatability of growth kinetics measurements for individual strains had a mean coefficient of variation of 11.7% for lag time (range: 5.8 to 17.3%) and a mean coefficient of variation of 6.7% for specific growth rate (range: 2.7 to 13.3%). Lag time among strains ranged from 2.2 to 3.1 h with a mean of 2.8 h for all strains, whereas specific growth rate among strains ranged from 0.3 to 0.38 log10 per h with a mean of 0.35 log10per h for all strains. One-way analysis of variance indicated that lag time (P =0.029) and specific growth rate (P =0.025) differed slightly among strains. S. Haardt had a shorter (P < 0.05) lag time than S. Agona and S. Brandenburg, whereas the specific growth rate of S. Enteritidis was less than (P < 0.05) the specific growth rates of S. Typhimurium and S. Brandenburg. All other strains had similar lag times and specific growth rates. The coefficient of variation among strains was 9.4% for lag time and 5.7% for specific growth rate. These results indicate that there were only minor differences in the lag times and specific growth rates among the strains of Salmonella surveyed. Thus, the growth kinetic values obtained with one strain of Salmonella may be useful for predicting the growth of other strains of Salmonella for which data do not currently exist. [source] Controlling Light Oxidation Flavor in Milk by Blocking Riboflavin Excitation Wavelengths by InterferenceJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 9 2009J.B. Webster ABSTRACT:, Milk packaged in glass bottles overwrapped with iridescent films (treatments blocked either a single visible riboflavin [Rb] excitation wavelength or all visible Rb excitation wavelengths; all treatments blocked UV Rb excitation wavelengths) was exposed to fluorescent lighting at 4 °C for up to 21 d and evaluated for light-oxidized flavor. Controls consisted of bottles with no overwrap (light-exposed treatment; represents the light barrier properties of the glass packaging) and bottles overwrapped with aluminum foil (light-protected treatment). A balanced incomplete block multi-sample difference test, using a ranking system and a trained panel, was used for evaluation of light oxidation flavor intensity. Volatiles were evaluated by gas chromatography and Rb degradation was evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy. Packaging overwraps limited production of light oxidation flavor over time but not to the same degree as the complete light block. Blocking all visible and UV Rb excitation wavelengths reduced light oxidation flavor better than blocking only a single visible excitation wavelength plus all UV excitation wavelengths. Rb degraded over time in all treatments except the light-protected control treatment and only minor differences in the amount of degradation among treatments was observed. Hexanal production was significantly higher in the light-exposed control treatment compared to the light-protected control treatment from day 7; it was only sporadically significantly higher in the 570 nm and 400 nm block treatments. Pentanal, heptanal, and an unidentified volatile compound also increased in concentration over time, but there were no significant differences in concentration among the packaging overwrap treatments for these compounds. [source] Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Finishes.JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 3 2006ABSTRACT: The identification, analysis, and occurrence in U.S. automobile original finishes (1974,1989) of Nickel Titanate (yellow) and Chrome Titanate (yellow,orange) are described in this report. The titanate pigments are based on the rutile (titanium dioxide) structure and there are only minor differences between the infrared absorptions of rutile and the titanates. Titanate pigment absorptions in paint spectra can thus be easily mistaken for those of rutile. Each of the titanates, however, contains two elements in addition to titanium that can serve to distinguish them using elemental analyses. Fourier transform infrared (4000,220 cm,1) and X-ray fluorescence instruments were used in combination for the in situ analysis of the titanates. In addition to titanium, nickel, and antimony, the three main detectable elements comprising Nickel Titanate, all of the commercial products of this pigment that were examined also contained impurities of zirconium, niobium, and usually lead. These elements were also detected in most of the monocoats in which Nickel Titanate was identified, as well as in the Chrome Titanate pigments, and the zirconium to niobium ratio was found to exhibit a wide variation. Nickel Titanate is a relatively common pigment that was identified in nearly three dozen U.S. automobile yellow nonmetallic monocoats (1974,1989), while Chrome Titanate appears to have been used in only a few yellow and orange nonmetallic monocoats. The use of the titanate pigments likely increased after this time period as they were replacements for lead chromate pigments (last used in a U.S. automobile original finish in the early 1990s), and are more amenable for use in basecoat/clearcoat finishes than in monocoats. Minor distortions of the infrared absorptions of rutile, anatase, and the titanates obtained using accessories with diamond windows were noted, and their origins are discussed. [source] X-ray crystallographic studies on fibrinogen and fibrinJOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS, Issue 7 2003R. F. Doolittle Summary., More than a dozen crystal structures of fibrinogen and fibrin fragments have been reported, including a structure of a native fibrinogen. The majority of the other structures are fragments D and d -dimer crystallized in the presence or absence of synthetic peptide ligands patterned on the A and B ,knobs'. Overall, fibrinogens or their fragments from four different species , human, bovine, chicken and lamprey , have been studied so far, with only minor differences in the structures being observed. Although these studies have thrown much light on the details of the fibrinogen to fibrin conversion, much remains to be found out. [source] Prior academic background and student performance in assessment in a graduate entry programmeMEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 11 2004P L Craig Objectives, This study aims to identify whether non-science graduates perform as well as science graduates in Basic and Clinical Sciences (B & CS) assessments during Years 1,3 of a four-year graduate-entry programme at the University of Sydney (the ,USydMP'). Methods, Students were grouped into five categories: Health Professions (HP), Biomedical Sciences (BMS), Other Biology (BIOL), Physical Sciences (PHYS) or Non-Science (NONS). We examined the performance rank of students in each of the five groups for single best answer (SBA) and modified essay (MEQ) assessments separately, and also calculated the relative risk of failure in the summative assessments in Years 2 and 3. Results, Students with science-based prior degrees performed better in the SBA assessments. The same occurred initially in the MEQs, but the effect diminished with time. The HP students performed consistently better but converged with other groups over time, particularly in the MEQs. Relative performance by the NONS students improved with time in both assessment formats. Overall, differences between the highest and lowest groups were small and very few students failed to meet the overall standard for the summative assessments. HP and BMS students had the lowest failure rate. NONS students were more likely to fail the assessments in Year 2 and 3, but their pass rates were still high. Female students performed significantly better overall at the end of Year 2 and in Year 3. There were only minor differences between Australian resident and International students. Conclusion, While there are small differences in performance in B & CS early in the programme, these lessen with time. The study results will inform decisions regarding timing of summative assessments, selection policy and for providing additional support to students who need it to minimize their risk of failure. Readers should note that this paper refers to student performance in only one of the four curriculum themes, where health professional and science graduates would be expected to have a significant advantage. [source] Genetic variation in Holocene bowhead whales from SvalbardMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 11 2007T. BORGE Abstract Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) are distributed in the Arctic in five putative stocks. All stocks have been heavily depleted due to centuries of exploitation. In the present study, nucleotide sequence variation of the mitochondrial control region was determined from bone remains of 99 bowhead whales. The bones, 14C dated from recent to more than 50 000 bp, were collected on Svalbard (Spitsbergen) and are expected to relate to ancestors of the today nearly extinct Spitsbergen stock. Fifty-eight haplotypes were found, a few being frequent but many only found in one individual. The most abundant haplotypes of the Spitsbergen stock are the same as those most abundant in the extant Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort (BCB) Seas stock of bowhead whales. Although FST indicates a slight but statistically significant genetic differentiation between the Spitsbergen and the BCB stocks this was not considered informative due to the very high levels of genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in both bowhead whale stocks. Other measures such as KST also indicated very low genetic differentiation between the two populations. Nucleotide diversity and haplotype diversity showed only minor differences between the Spitsbergen and BCB stocks. The data suggest that the historic Spitsbergen stock , before the severe bottleneck caused by whaling , did not have substantially more genetic variation than the extant BCB stock. The similar haplotypes of the Holocene Svalbard samples and the current BCB stock indicate significant migration between these two stocks and question the current designation of five distinct stocks of bowhead whales in the Arctic. [source] Constraints on jet X-ray emission in low/hard-state X-ray binariesMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY: LETTERS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2005Thomas J. Maccarone ABSTRACT We show that the similarities between the X-ray properties of low-luminosity accreting black holes and accreting neutron stars, combined with the differences in their radio properties, argue that the X-rays from these systems are unlikely to be formed in the relativistic jets. Specifically, the spectra of extreme island-state neutron stars and low/hard-state black holes are known to be quite similar, while the power spectra from these systems are known to show only minor differences beyond what would be expected from scaling the characteristic variability frequencies by the mass of the compact object. The spectral and temporal similarities thus imply a common emission mechanism that has only minor deviations from having all key parameters scaling linearly with the mass of the compact object, while we show that this is inconsistent with the observations that the radio powers of neutron stars are typically about 30 times lower than those of black holes at the same X-ray luminosity. We also show that an abrupt luminosity change would be expected when a system makes a spectral state transition from a radiatively inefficient jet-dominated accretion flow to a thin disc-dominated flow, but that such a change is not seen. [source] Identification of RGS1 as a candidate biomarker for undifferentiated spondylarthritis by genome-wide expression profiling and real-time polymerase chain reactionARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 11 2009Jieruo Gu Objective To compare gene expression profiles between ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and undifferentiated spondylarthritis (uSpA) patients with inflammatory low back pain. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with AS, patients with uSpA, and healthy subjects were screened using genome-wide microarrays, followed by validation by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Microarray profiling and real-time PCR assays showed only minor differences between AS patients and healthy subjects. In contrast, 20 genes were strikingly more highly expressed in uSpA patients. Regulator of G protein signaling 1 (RGS1) was identified as the most useful biomarker for distinguishing uSpA patients, and to a lesser extent AS patients, from control subjects (P = 2.3 × 10,7 and 6.7 × 10,3, respectively). These findings were verified in an independent cohort that also included patients with rheumatoid arthritis and patients with mechanical low back pain. The receiver operating characteristic area under the curve values in the first and second cohorts of uSpA patients were 0.99 and 0.93, respectively (P = 1 × 10,4). To evaluate the possible derivation of RGS1, we cultured a monocyte-derived cell line with a panel of cytokines and chemokines. RGS1 was significantly induced either by tumor necrosis factor , (TNF,) or by interleukin-17 (IL-17). Conclusion Our findings indicate that uSpA PBMCs carry strikingly more highly expressed genes compared with PBMCs from AS patients or healthy subjects, and that TNF,- and IL-17,inducible RGS1 is a potential biomarker for uSpA, and to a lesser extent for AS, with inflammatory low back pain. [source] Introducing robustness to maximum-likelihood refinement of electron-microsopy dataACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D, Issue 7 2009Sjors H. W. Scheres An expectation-maximization algorithm for maximum-likelihood refinement of electron-microscopy images is presented that is based on fitting mixtures of multivariate t -distributions. The novel algorithm has intrinsic characteristics for providing robustness against atypical observations in the data, which is illustrated using an experimental test set with artificially generated outliers. Tests on experimental data revealed only minor differences in two-dimensional classifications, while three-dimensional classification with the new algorithm gave stronger elongation factor G density in the corresponding class of a structurally heterogeneous ribosome data set than the conventional algorithm for Gaussian mixtures. [source] Induced current measurements in whole body exposure condition to radio frequency electric fieldsBIOELECTROMAGNETICS, Issue 8 2001Jonna Wilén Abstract The current induced in a human exposed to radio frequency electric fields has been studied by the use of a stripline, in which whole body exposure to vertical electric fields (3,27 MHz) can be produced. We have examined two different techniques to measure the induced current; parallel plate meters and current probes. When the subject has good connection to the ground, the choice of measurement technique is not crucial, since there are only minor differences in readings between the instruments. But when the subject is wearing shoes and/or standing on a wooden plate, the difference between the instruments increases considerably. The difference can mainly be explained by the capacitive coupling between the parallel plate meters and the ground; therefore, the current probes are preferred when the subject does not have perfect contact with the ground. Since the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines demand measurements of induced current in humans exposed to radio frequency fields in the range of 10,110 MHz, the importance of finding an appropriate measurement procedure becomes apparent. Bioelectromagnetics 22:560,567, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||||||||