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Selected AbstractsAn Alternate Approach for Harvesting Mohs Specimens with a Flexible ScalpelDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 10 2001Andrew T. Jaffe MD Background. Mohs micrographic surgery is a highly successful technique for removing skin cancers while conserving normal tissue. However, conservation of the deep margins can often be difficult to achieve when using a standard scalpel. An inability to conserve normal tissue at the deep margins can greatly impact the complexity of repair, duration of surgery, aesthetic result, and patient morbidity. Objective. To find an alternative method of obtaining Mohs specimens that offers greater control of the depth of incision when compared to the standard scalpel. Methods. We utilized a flexible scalpel to obtain Mohs levels on patients with superficial cutaneous malignancies in anatomic locations where careful conservation of the deep margins would allow for less extensive repair. Results. For those patients who had tumor-free margins after one level of Mohs surgery, the shallower defects achieved with the flexible scalpel allowed for excellent cosmetic outcomes and decreased patient operative time and morbidity. Conclusion. The flexible scalpel is both effective and efficient in obtaining thin Mohs specimens when conservation of the deep margin is of utmost importance. [source] Verbatim and gist recall of sentences by dyslexic and non-dyslexic adultsDYSLEXIA, Issue 3 2006T. R. Miles Abstract Forty-eight college students, 24 of them dyslexic, were presented with four sentences of increasing complexity. Participants were asked to repeat each sentence and a record was kept of the number of repetitions required before 100% correct accuracy was achieved. None of the 24 control participants required a total of more than eight repetitions over the four sentences, whereas among the dyslexics the total number of repetitions needed ranged from one to 25. Dyslexic participants were unpredictable in their performance from one level of difficulty to the next and inter-individual variability was far greater in the dyslexic group than in the control group. Overall, despite their relatively poor performance in achieving verbatim accuracy relative to non-dyslexic participants, dyslexic individuals regularly managed to preserve the gist of the sentences. Some theoretical issues arising from these results are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Connections between species diversity and genetic diversityECOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 7 2005Mark Vellend Abstract Species diversity and genetic diversity remain the nearly exclusive domains of community ecology and population genetics, respectively, despite repeated recognition in the literature over the past 30 years of close parallels between these two levels of diversity. Species diversity within communities and genetic diversity within populations are hypothesized to co-vary in space or time because of locality characteristics that influence the two levels of diversity via parallel processes, or because of direct effects of one level of diversity on the other via several different mechanisms. Here, we draw on a wide range of studies in ecology and evolution to examine the theoretical underpinnings of these hypotheses, review relevant empirical literature, and outline an agenda for future research. The plausibility of species diversity,genetic diversity relationships is supported by a variety of theoretical and empirical studies, and several recent studies provide direct, though preliminary support. Focusing on potential connections between species diversity and genetic diversity complements other approaches to synthesis at the ecology,evolution interface, and should contribute to conceptual unification of biodiversity research at the levels of genes and species. [source] Prediction of success and failure of behavior modification as treatment for dental anxietyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2004I. Eli Behavior modification techniques are effective in the treatment of extreme dental anxiety, but their success is by no means absolute. In the present article, the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS), the self-report symptom inventory SCL-90R and a questionnaire accessing subjects' daydreaming styles (the Short Imaginal Process Inventory) were used to develop possible predictive measures for success and failure of behavior modification as a treatment for dental fear. The patients' level of distractibility and mind wandering, initial dental anxiety and somatization significantly predicted the success of therapy. The odds ratio indicated that the risk of therapy failure increased about 11 times with an increase of one scale of the Poor Attention Control Scale, about three times with an increase of one level of the mean DAS score, and 0.17 times with an increase of one level of somatization. The predictive value of the chosen scales was 80%. Thus, the use of these scales as part of an initial admittance process for patients who suffer from dental anxiety can enhance our ability to better recognize patients who are prone to fail behavior therapy as treatment for their problem, and enable their referral for other possible modes of treatment. [source] ,In the Company of Men': A Reflexive Tale of Cultural Organizing in a Small OrganizationGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 4 2002Denise Fletcher A tale of fieldwork in a small organization is discussed in this article with a view to highlighting how social processes, cultural understandings and expressions of gender are produced during fieldwork interaction. The tale is told reflexively and retrospectively, recording an ongoing conversation about fieldwork experience. Central to the tale is discussion of how the researcher is drawn into ,culture,making' within the organization and the ways in which fieldwork interaction creates a ,space' through which organizational members engage with, work through and realize work,place values. In this article there are multiple levels of reflection. At one level it is examined how the organizational,researcher role of ,emotional nurturer' was constructed during fieldwork. At the same time some cultural insights drawn from ethnographic inquiry and intensive interviewing within the small organization are presented. The analysis is also shaped by a further layer of post,fieldwork reflection and interpretation which draws in emotional issues and expressions of gender. It is argued that a close scrutiny of fieldwork roles is important to organizational research in that it makes explicit how the researcher,,native' interaction is central to the theorizing process and how the researcher can become a participant in organizational culture,making. [source] Ambiguous incorporations: microfinance and global governmentalityGLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 2 2010ROB AITKEN Abstract In the spring of 2007 an event dramatically reshaped conversations relating to microfinance. This event was the Initial Public Offering (IPO) of Mexico's largest microfinance organization, Compartamos. The IPO, as this article suggests, is indicative or a broader trend through which microfinance is increasingly becoming financialized, increasingly becoming governable as a financial object. This is important at one level because it crystallizes some of the key issues at stake as microfinance becomes increasingly more reliant on global capital markets. At another level, however, the Compatarmos case is significant because of the conceptual issues it raises in relation to global finance. The main argument I put forward in this article is that the Compatarmos case , and the process of financialization it represents , is important because it allows us to glimpse global finance, and the question of global financial governance, as a decentred process in formation. Drawing on a Foucauldian notion of governmentality, I argue that the Compatarmos case orbits around two processes; processes of incorporation and differentiation. In this context, the Compartamos case implies the importance of analyses that can make global finance visible as a diverse and mundane object that is never settled in any final kind of way. [source] Napoleon's Lost Legions: French Prisoners of War in Britain, 1803,1814HISTORY, Issue 295 2004GAVIN DALY During the Napoleonic Wars, over 100,000 French prisoners of war were held captive in Britain. These prisoners remain a marginal group in the military history of the period, yet they represent a key turning point in the history of European prisoners of war, and their predicament offers insights into the nature of the French Revolution. This article considers the treatment and experiences of French prisoners, and in particular seeks to understand the circumstances surrounding their long-term captivity. Unlike eighteenth-century prisoners of war, prisoners of the Napoleonic Wars remained captive for the duration of the conflict, unable to return home through the traditional means of prisoner exchange or officer parole. This radical departure from the past gave rise to the modern practice of interning prisoners of war for the entire duration of a war. This historic shift was, on the one level, a result of the actions of one man , Napoleon Bonaparte. Yet, as this article highlights, it must also be understood as part of the long-term social and cultural legacy of the French Revolution. [source] Justification as Declaration and DeificationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY, Issue 1 2002Bruce D. Marshall Theological accounts of the way God justifies sinners often struggle to combine forensic or declarative ideas about justification with transformationist ones. Luther seems to have especially steep problems here, not because he fails to think of justification as transformation , indeed deification , but because his forensic claims seem to take back what he says about transformation. Yet in the end Luther shows how forensic and transformationist ideas of even the boldest sort can cohere. At one level the concept of justifying faith as union with Christ extra nos combines the two, but their deeper unity is trinitarian: it lies in the Father's eternal verdict on the work of his incarnate Son, whose death and resurrection win for us the coming of the Spirit. [source] Mechanisms for intergovernmental relations in federationsINTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 167 2001Brian R. Opeskin Federations employ a large variety of mechanisms for conducting relations between central, regional, and local levels of government. These mechanisms span the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government within each level. Executive involvement ranges widely in degree of formality, from the making of formal intergovernmental agreements to informal liaison between governmental officers. Executive mechanisms have also evolved for correcting vertical and horizontal fiscal imbalances in federal systems. Legislatures play an important role in giving the force of law to cooperative policies initiated by the executive. These legislative mechanisms include reciprocal schemes, complementary schemes, mirror legislation, and the reference or delegation of powers from one level of government to another. The judiciary, though often undervalued, is significant for its role in establishing the legal framework within which other branches of government conduct their intergovernmental relations, through articulation of powers and competencies. The article concludes that policy makers should exercise care in selecting mechanisms that are appropriate to their task. In particular, regard should be had to the efficiency of each mechanism, and its conformity with federal values and the rule of law. [source] Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Peptide in Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) in Different Reproductive Conditions, and in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) Relative to Chicken-Gonadotropin-Releasing HormoneJOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 8 2003G. E. Bentley Abstract Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates reproduction in all vertebrates. Until recently, an antagonistic neuropeptide for gonadotropin was unknown. The discovery of an RFamide peptide in quail that inhibits gonadotropin release in vitro raised the possibility of direct hypothalamic inhibition of gonadotropin release. This peptide has now been named gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH). We investigated GnIH presence in the hypothalamus of two seasonally breeding songbird species, house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Using immunocytochemistry (ICC), GnIH-containing neurones were localized in both species in the paraventricular nucleus, with GnIH-containing fibres visible in multiple brain locations, including the median eminence and brainstem. Double-label ICC with light microscopy and fluorescent ICC with confocal microscopy indicate a high probability of colocalization of GnIH with GnRH neurones and fibres within the avian brain. It is plausible that GnIH could be acting at the level of the hypothalamus to regulate gonadotropin release as well as at the pituitary gland. In a photoperiod manipulation experiment, GnIH-containing neurones were larger in birds at the termination of the breeding season than at other times, consistent with a role for this neuropeptide in the regulation of seasonal breeding. We have yet to elucidate the dynamics of GnIH synthesis and release at different times of year, but the data imply temporal regulation of this peptide. In summary, GnIH has the potential to regulate gonadotropin release at more than one level, and its distribution is suggestive of multiple regulatory functions in the central nervous system. [source] Contexts of Monumentalism: regional diversity at the Neolithic transition in north-west FranceOXFORD JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 1 2002Chris Scarre The origins of funerary monumentalism in north-west France remain inextricably linked to questions surrounding the Neolithic transition in that region. Debate continues over the relative importance of influences from earlier Neolithic communities in north-east or southern France on the Mesolithic communities of western France. An alternative interpretation places these influences within the context of broad processes of change affecting indigenous communities throughout northern and western France during the fifth millennium BC. The evidence from several regions of northern and western France is reviewed in this perspective, with emphasis on the regional character of monument traditions. Though at one level these regional narratives must have been interrelated, the regional diversity of the process must also be underlined. The argument moves us away from simplistic notions of extraneous influences to a more nuanced understanding of change within the context of individual communities at the Mesolithic/Neolithic transition. [source] Ideas, bargaining and flexible policy communities: policy change and the case of the Oxford Transport StrategyPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 3 2003Geoffrey DudleyArticle first published online: 8 AUG 200 Critiques of policy networks have highlighted particularly the inability of concepts such as policy communities to explain policy change. The established construction of policy community places it chiefly as a metaphor for a relatively stable network within the policy process, which emphasizes the resource dependencies between key stakeholders. Typically, a process of bargaining brings about accommodation and a state of negotiated order. However, a key problem arises in explaining major policy change where an established policy community persists. One solution here is to appreciate that, over time, dominant ideas and associated policy meanings may shift appreciably within an otherwise durable policy community. Thus, even a seemingly insulated policy community, under certain conditions, may not be immune to idea mutation and new policy meanings. Given the central importance of policy communities, these shifts may induce significant policy change. A case study of this type is provided by the Oxford Transport Strategy (OTS), where a dual process of change took place. On one level of analysis, a challenge to the policy community produced a typical bargaining strategy, with an emphasis on negotiated order. On another level of analysis, however, the terms of the policy debate shifted markedly, and produced a new meaning for the key concept of integrated transport within the policy community. In turn, this process induced significant policy change. The article concludes that, ironically, the survival of a policy community depends on its ability to re-create itself by visualizing a new future. [source] Towards an integrated environmental assessment for wetland and catchment managementTHE GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2003R Kerry Turner This paper develops a decision support system for evaluation of wetland ecosystem management strategy and examines its, so far partial, application in a case study of an important complex coastal wetland known as the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads, in the east of England, UK. Most managed ecosystems are complex and often poorly understood hierarchically organized systems. Capturing the range of relevant impacts on natural and human systems under different management options will be a formidable challenge. Biodiversity has a hierarchical structure which ranges from the ecosystem and landscape level, through the community level and down to the population and genetic level. There is a need to develop methodologies for the practicable detection of ecosystem change, as well as the evaluation of different ecological functions. What is also required is a set of indicators (environmental, social and economic) which facilitate the detection of change in ecosystems suffering stress and shock and highlight possible drivers of the change process. A hierarchical classification of ecological indicators of sustainability would need to take into account existing interactions between different organization levels, from species to ecosystems. Effects of environmental stress are expressed in different ways at different levels of biological organization and effects at one level can be expected to impact other levels, often in unpredictable ways. The management strategy, evaluation methodologies and indicators adopted should also assess on sustainability grounds whether any given management option is supporting, or reducing, the diversity of functions which are providing stakeholders with the welfare benefits they require. [source] Intraoperative frozen section examination of axillary sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer,APMIS, Issue 1 2005D. A. GRABAU The study presents the results from intraoperative frozen section assessment of axillary sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in breast cancer. Routine histological frozen sections from one level were used, two sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Immunohistochemistry for cytokeratins was applied to the permanent SLN paraffin sections only. Axillary dissection was performed on all SLN-positive cases regardless of the size of the metastatic deposits. With a detection rate of 83%, 272 patients entered the study over a period of 46 months. A total of 61 cases were SLN positive by frozen section analysis. The paraffin sections gave an additional 23 SLN-positive cases. The false-negative rate for frozen sections was then 27% (23/84). Micrometastases were found in 28 of 84 cases, and macrometastases in 56. The false-negative rate of frozen sections for micrometastases was 71% (20/28), and for macrometastases 5% (3/56). A total of 73% (61/84) of the patients underwent axillary surgery as a one-step procedure. [source] Social Identity, Self-categorization, and Work Motivation: Rethinking the Contribution of the Group to Positive and Sustainable Organisational OutcomesAPPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2000S. Alexander Haslam Traditional needs theories centre around hierarchies ranging from ,lower-level' needs for security, existence, or hygiene through to ,higher-level' needs for self-actualisation, achievement, and growth. As applied to the organisational domain, such theories tend to assume that an employee's personal need for challenge and development is the best source of work motivation. Based on social identity and self-categorisation theories, this paper interprets needs hierarchies as reflections of the variable definition of self. It suggests that the motivational impact of different needs changes as a function of the salience of norms and goals associated with self-categories defined at varying levels of abstraction (personal, social, human). As a result, no one level of need is inherently more relevant to employee motivation than any other. This analysis also suggests that group-based needs will play an especially important motivational role in situations where an individual's social identity is salient. Following work by Tyler, data that support this argument are provided by a study in which employees' willingness to engage in citizenship behaviour increased following manipulations of group-based pride and respect. Results point to the productive and sustainable potential of self-actualisation at a collective rather than just a personal level. Les the´ories traditionnelles des besoins produisent des hie´rarchies allant des besoins de la base (se´curite´, survie ou hygie`ne) aux besoins supe´rieurs (actualisation de soi, succe`s et de´veloppement). Applique´es au monde des organisations, ces the´ories pre´supposent que le meilleur stimulant de la motivation au travail est un besoin personnel orientant vers le de´fi et le de´veloppement. En s'appuyant sur les the´ories de l'identite´ sociale et de l'autocate´gorisation, cet article de´fend l'ide´e que les hie´rarchies de besoins sont des reflets des de´finitions diversifie´es de soi (dans la ligne´e de Haslam, sous presse; Turner, 1985). L'impact sur la motivation des diffe´rents besoins serait fonction de la pre´gnance des normes et des objectifs relie´s aux cate´gories de soi renvoyant a` diffe´rents niveaux d'abstraction (personnel, social, humain). Il apparaît qu'aucun niveau de besoin n'est intrinse`quement plus en phase avec la motivation des salarie´s que n'importe quel autre. Notre analyse indique aussi que les besoins lie´s a` la vie en groupe joueront un roôle motivationnel particulie`rement important dans les situations ou` l'identite´ sociale de l'individu est pre´dominante. En accord avec le travail de Tyler (sous presse), les donne´es qui vont dans le sens de ce point de vue sont fournies par une e´tude ou` l'empressement des salarie´s a` adopter une conduite citoyenne augmente avec la manipulation de l'estime de soi ancre´e dans le groupe. Les re´sultats soulignent le potentiel fe´cond et durable de l'actualisation de soi a` un niveau collectif plutôt que personnel. [source] If One is Looking for Meaning in Life, Does it Help to Find Meaning in Work?APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY: HEALTH AND WELL-BEING, Issue 3 2009Michael F. Steger People experience well-being at both global (life) and domain (e.g. careers) levels, and presumably people experience meaning on both levels as well. Two studies assessed whether finding meaning on one level "satisfies" people's search for meaning at the other level. Study 1 assessed this question by analysing survey responses from 231 undergraduate students, finding a significant interaction such that people seeking global-level meaning in life reported greater well-being and self-efficacy in choosing a career if they experienced domain-level meaning in their careers. Study 2 used both calling-focused and traditional career workshops in an effort to experimentally induce a sense of domain-level meaning in careers in a sample of 91 undergraduate students. There was a trend for people seeking global-level meaning in life to report greater reductions in depressive symptoms and increased domain-level meaning in their careers following the workshops. Together these studies suggest that people seeking global-level meaning in life are, indeed, satisfied by experiencing meaning in their careers. We discuss these results in terms of how career and workplace interventions might be tailored according to how intently people are seeking meaning. [source] Graduates' Views on Working in the Public Sector: A Comparative Analysis of the Three Tiers of GovernmentAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 1 2008Jeannette Taylor Why do university graduates choose to work for one level of government but not the others? This article examines the comparative appeal of government jobs across the three tiers of government , federal, state and local , in Australia. When asked to indicate their employer of choice, a majority of graduates in this case study ranked the federal and state governments close to each other. This article also compares and analyses the pre-employment views and motivations of the graduates with varying interests in working for the different tiers of government. [source] Interrater Agreement between Nurses for the Pediatric Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale in a Tertiary Care CenterACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 12 2008FRCPC, Jocelyn Gravel MD Abstract Objectives:, The objective was to measure the interrater agreement between nurses assigning triage levels to children visiting a pediatric emergency departments (EDs) assisted by a computerized version of the Pediatric Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (PedCTAS). Methods:, This was a prospective cohort study evaluating children triaged from Level 2 (emergent) to Level 5 (nonurgent). A convenience sample of patients triaged during 38 shifts from April to September 2007 in a tertiary care pediatric ED was evaluated. All patients were initially triaged by regular triage nurses using a computerized version of the PedCTAS. Research nurses performed a second evaluation blinded to the first evaluation using the same triage tool. These research nurses were regular ED nurses performing extra hours for research purposes exclusively. The primary outcome measure was the interrater agreement between the two nurses as measured by the linear weighted kappa score. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of patient for which nurses did not apply the triage level suggested by Staturg (override) and agreement for these overrides. Results:, A total of 499 patients were recruited. The overall interrater agreement was moderate (linear weighted kappa score of 0.55 [95% confidence interval {CI} = 0.48 to 0.61] and quadratic weighted kappa score of 0.61 [95% CI = 0.42 to 0.80]). There was a discrepancy of more than one level in only 10 patients (2% of the study population). Overrides occurred in 23.2 and 21.8% for regular and research triage nurses, respectively. These overrides were equally distributed between increase and decrease in triage level. Conclusions:, Nurses using Staturg, which is a computerized version of the PedCTAS, demonstrated moderate interrater agreement for assignment of triage level to children presenting to a pediatric ED. [source] Theory, Ideology, Rhetoric: Ideas in Politics and the Case of ,Community' in Recent Political DiscourseBRITISH JOURNAL OF POLITICS & INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Issue 1 2007Steve Buckler The article develops and applies a framework for examining the way in which ideas figure and re-figure in political discourse. The framework identifies three ,levels' of discourse: theory, ideology and rhetoric. These are distinguished by reference to the differing performative conditions pertaining at each level, which in turn explain differing styles and modalities. The framework allows a multilayered examination of political ideas, employing an analysis at one level in order to illuminate another. The framework is then applied to the case of the idea of community as it has figured in recent British political discourse and allows an elucidation of the ideological adaptations and rhetorical strategies in which the idea has featured. The analysis reveals the discursive complexities attaching to the use of ideas in politics. [source] Approaches and perspectives in social and environmental accounting: an overview of the conceptual landscapeBUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 2 2006Judy Brown Abstract In recent years there has been a marked resurgence of interest in the areas of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and social and environmental accounting (SEA) among business, governments, public policymakers, investors, unions, environmentalists and others. While at one level there appears to be widespread agreement that CSR and SEA are worthy topics of attention, different groups have very different understandings of these fields. This article provides an analysis of these differences by comparing three broad approaches to SEA: the business case, stakeholder-accountability and critical theory approaches. It also responds to concerns a number of commentators have expressed regarding the current dominance of ,business case' perspectives. While not seeking to impose on readers a ,correct' way of viewing SEA and CSR, exposure to competing perspectives is viewed as one way of challenging us to think more reflectively about the frames available to us and their implications for the social realities we construct, embed or seek to change. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Consumers' product evaluation: a study of the primary evaluative criteria in the precious jewellery market in the UKJOURNAL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR, Issue 2 2001Dr Ahmad Jamal Lecturer in Marketing Abstract It is normally argued that consumers make their purchase decisions on the basis of their evaluation of, and knowledge about, the product attributes. This paper reports findings from a research study, which was conducted to determine the nature and type of evaluative criteria used by an individual while purchasing a piece of precious jewellery. In doing so, the study looked into the significance of product category knowledge, brand familiarity and brand consciousness in product evaluation. A questionnaire was sent to 500 consumers of precious jewellery in five major cities of the UK. Results indicate that, in general, subjective attributes are more important for people buying precious jewellery than the objective attributes. The significance of specific attributes during product evaluation could vary according to one's level of product category knowledge, brand familiarity and brand consciousness. The paper discusses implications for the marketers. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications. [source] Perceived Group Status Differences and the Effects of Gender, Ethnicity, and Religion on Social Dominance OrientationPOLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2004Shana Levin Social dominance orientation (SDO) is a measure of general desire for group-based dominance. According to social dominance theory, the higher the status of one's group, the higher one's level of SDO should be. This study examined the extent to which between-group differences in SDO increase as the size of the perceived status gap between the groups increases. Data were collected in Israel, Northern Ireland, and the United States. In agreement with expectations, differences in SDO between arbitrary-set groups (e.g., ethnic and religious groups) were found to be greater when the status gap between the groups was perceived to be larger. In contrast, gender differences in SDO did not vary as a function of the size of the perceived status gap between men and women: Men had higher levels of SDO than women even when the gender status gap was perceived to be very small. These findings highlight the effects of perceived group status on SDO and the degree to which these effects vary depending on whether the salient group distinction is based on gender, ethnicity, or religion. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||