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One Kind (one + kind)
Selected AbstractsEFNS guidelines on neurostimulation therapy for neuropathic painEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 9 2007G. Cruccu Pharmacological relief of neuropathic pain is often insufficient. Electrical neurostimulation is efficacious in chronic neuropathic pain and other neurological diseases. European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS) launched a Task Force to evaluate the evidence for these techniques and to produce relevant recommendations. We searched the literature from 1968 to 2006, looking for neurostimulation in neuropathic pain conditions, and classified the trials according to the EFNS scheme of evidence for therapeutic interventions. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is efficacious in failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I (level B recommendation). High-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) may be better than placebo (level C) although worse than electro-acupuncture (level B). One kind of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has transient efficacy in central and peripheral neuropathic pains (level B). Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is efficacious in central post-stroke and facial pain (level C). Deep brain stimulation (DBS) should only be performed in experienced centres. Evidence for implanted peripheral stimulations is inadequate. TENS and r-TMS are non-invasive and suitable as preliminary or add-on therapies. Further controlled trials are warranted for SCS in conditions other than failed back surgery syndrome and CRPS and for MCS and DBS in general. These chronically implanted techniques provide satisfactory pain relief in many patients, including those resistant to medication or other means. [source] Multiway microwave planar power divider/combiner based on substrate-integrated rectangular waveguide directional couplersMICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 6 2008Chao Wang Abstract One kind of novel microwave planar power dividers/combiners is proposed and investigated in this article. The narrow-side directional couplers constructed into substrate-integrated rectangular waveguide are employed to implement the proposed multiway power divider/combiner. The design considerations of the multiway power divider/combiner are introduced. One three-way power divider/combiner is designed and fabricated to demonstrate the validity of the proposed strategies. Good agreement between the experiments and the simulations can be observed, demonstrating 12% reflection bandwidth at ,15 dB and 10% isolation bandwidth at ,20 dB. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 1600,1605, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23438 [source] High-sensitive determination of human ,-thrombin by its 29-mer aptamer in affinity probe capillary electrophoresisELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 12 2008Yilin Li Abstract ACE technique provides an effective tool for the separation and identification of disease-related biomarkers in clinical analysis. In recent years, a couple of synthetic DNA or RNA oligonucleotides, known as aptamers, rival the specificity and affinity for targets to antibodies and are employed as one kind of powerful affinity probe in ACE. In this work, based on high affinity between antithrombin aptamer and thrombin (their dissociation constant is 0.5,nM), a carboxyfluorescein-labeled 29-nucleotide (nt) aptamer (F29-mer) was used and an aptamer-based affinity probe CE (aptamer-based APCE) method was successfully established for high-sensitive detection and quantitative analysis of thrombin. Experimental conditions including incubation temperature and time, buffer composition, and concentration of cations were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized condition, the linear range was from 0 to 400,nM and the LOD was 2,nM (74,ng/mL, S/N,=,3), i.e., 40,amol, both in running buffer and in 5% v/v human serum. This LOD is the lowest one than those achieved by the previous APCE methods but based on a 15-mer aptamer. This approach offers a promising method for the rapid, selective, and sensitive detection of thrombin in practical utility. Further binding experiments using one carboxyfluorescein-labeled aptamer and the other nonlabeled aptamer or vice versa were carried out to deduce the formation of ternary complex when these two aptamers coexisted in the free solution with thrombin. [source] THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM AND HABITAT USE IN GREATER ANTILLEAN ANOLIS LIZARDSEVOLUTION, Issue 1 2000Marguerite A. Butler Abstract., Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is the evolutionary result of selection operating differently on the body sizes of males and females. Anolis lizard species of the Greater Antilles have been classified into ecomorph classes, largely on the basis of their structural habitat (perch height and diameter). We show that the major ecomorph classes differ in degree of SSD. At least two SSD classes are supported: high SSD (trunk-crown, trunk-ground) and low SSD (trunk, crown-giant, grass-bush, twig). Differences cannot be attributed to an allometric increase of SSD with body size or to a phylogenetic effect. A third explanation, that selective pressures on male and/or female body size vary among habitat types, is examined by evaluating expectations from the major relevant kinds of selective pressures. Although no one kind of selective pressure produces expectations consistent with all of the information, competition with respect to structural habitat and sexual selection pressures are more likely possibilities than competition with respect to prey size or optimal feeding pressures. The existence of habitat-specific sexual dimorphism suggests that adaptation of Anolis species to their environment is more complex than previously appreciated. [source] Stress intensity factors for cracked triangular cross-section thin-walled tubesFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 12 2004Y. J. XIE ABSTRACT For one kind of finite-boundary crack problems, the cracked equilateral triangular cross-section tube, an analytical and very simple method to determine the stress intensity factors has been proposed based on a new concept of crack surface widening energy release rate and the principle of virtual work. Different from the classical crack extension energy release rate, the crack surface widening energy release rate can be defined by the G*-integral theory and expressed by stress intensity factors. This energy release rate can also be defined easily by the elementary strength theory for slender structures and expressed by axial strains and loads. These two forms of crack surface widening energy release rate constitute the basis of a new analysis method for cracked tubes. From present discussions, a series of stress intensity factors are derived for cracked equilateral triangular cross-section tubes. Actually, the present method can also be applied to cracked polygonal tubes. [source] Transnational politics at the edges of sovereignty: social movements, crossings and the state at the US,Mexico borderGLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 4 2001Hilary Cunningham This article documents the history of border crossings among a group of social movement activists located in southern Arizona. By comparing two types of US,Mexico border crossings separated ten years apart, the article explores how political groups become ,transnationalized' and in relation to what kinds of ,states'. By contrasting the shift from a state-centric movement to a transnational coalition, the case study analyses why, in the later period, political activists were no longer able to identify the same kind of state. In chronicling the disappearance of one kind of state formation and the emergence of a transnational one, this research argues that globalization,rather than simply reflecting a decline of the nation state,is a process entailing not only new forms of transnational political activism but also new forms of the state. [source] On the framing of one kind of indefinite referring expression: learning challenges and pedagogical implicationsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS, Issue 2 2002Asha Tickoo The paper shows that two key principles of communication (the Shared Knowledge Principle and the Economy Principle), which monitor the framing of all well-formed referring expressions, are manifest in a specialized mode in the framing of focal specific indefinite referring expressions. It is suggested that the special features associated with this type of reference pose a challenge for a group of advanced learners whose L1 is Cantonese. The strategies that these learners adopt in framing this category of indefinite referring expressions are examined and compared to those customarily used by educated native speakers. Pedagogical implications are explored. [source] Law, Patriarchies, and State Formation in England and Post-Colonial Hong KongJOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIETY, Issue 2 2001Carol A. G. Jones The rise of the modern state is often associated with the demise of particularistic ties and authoritarian patriarchy. Classically, particularism gives way to universalism, patronage, hierarchy, and deference to the ,equalities' of contract. But history is not a one-way street nor is patriarchy all of one kind. Society's legal arrangements, structure, custom, power, affect, and sex swing back and forth between values of distance, deference, and patronage and those stressing greater egalitarianism in personal and political relations. Though they vary in type, patriarchy and particularism as cultural systems do not disappear but ebb, flow, and are revived, their oscillation driven by particular economic goals and political insecurities. [source] Preparation, morphology, and biolabeling of fluorescent nanoparticles based on conjugated polymers by emulsion polymerizationJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 21 2010Rui Wang Abstract Novel nanoparticles based on conjugated polymer with good fluorescent properties were synthesized by Suzuki coupling reaction using certain surfactants as one kind of special emulsion polymerization. The luminescent properties of the prepared nanoparticles could be controlled by selecting different monomers. Without using substances comprising any heavy metal element, these fluorescent nanoparticles show very good biocompatibility with cells, thus showing potential applications in cell biolabeling, drug delivery tracing, organic light-emitting diodes, flat displays, and other areas. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010 [source] Synthesis of raspberry-like silica/polystyrene/silica multilayer hybrid particles via miniemulsion polymerizationJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 6 2007Xiaoguang Qiao Abstract Organic,inorganic hybrid particles have many potential applications, but almost all research has been focused on hybrid particles with one kind of inorganic nanoparticle. This article presents a novel and facile preparation approach for raspberry-like silica/polystyrene/silica multilayer hybrid particles via miniemulsion polymerization. In this method, larger, surface-modified silica particles are first dispersed into monomer droplets to form a miniemulsion, and then raspberry-like silica/polystyrene/silica multilayer hybrid particles are directly obtained when miniemulsion polymerization is performed in the presence of smaller, unmodified silica particles with 4-vinylpyridine as an auxiliary monomer. Influential parameters such as the amount of 4-vinylpyridine, the surfactant concentration, and the pH value of the system have been investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1028,1037, 2007 [source] Dispositional and Organizational Influences on Sustained Volunteerism: An Interactionist PerspectiveJOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES, Issue 3 2002Louis A. Penner Community service often involves sustained prosocial actions by individuals. This article focuses on one kind of such actions, volunteerism. Volunteerism involves long,term, planned, prosocial behaviors that benefit strangers, and usually occur in an organizational setting. A selective review of the literature on the correlates of volunteerism is presented. One part of the review concerns the relationship between dispositional variables and volunteerism; it includes new data from an on,line survey that show significant relationships among personality traits, religiosity, and volunteer activities. The other part concerns how organizational variables, alone and in combination with dispositional variables, are related to volunteerism. A theoretical model of the causes of sustained volunteerism is presented and the practical implications of this model are discussed. [source] Investigating information retrieval support techniques for different information-seeking strategiesJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 8 2010Xiaojun Yuan We report on a study that investigated the efficacy of four different interactive information retrieval (IIR) systems, each designed to support a specific information-seeking strategy (ISS). These systems were constructed using different combinations of IR techniques (i.e., combinations of different methods of representation, comparison, presentation and navigation), each of which was hypothesized to be well suited to support a specific ISS. We compared the performance of searchers in each such system, designated "experimental," to an appropriate "baseline" system, which implemented the standard specified query and results list model of current state-of-the-art experimental and operational IR systems. Four within-subjects experiments were conducted for the purpose of this comparison. Results showed that each of the experimental systems was superior to its baseline system in supporting user performance for the specific ISS (that is, the information problem leading to that ISS) for which the system was designed. These results indicate that an IIR system, which intends to support more than one kind of ISS, should be designed within a framework which allows the use and combination of different IR support techniques for different ISSs. [source] Null-field approach for Laplace problems with circular boundaries using degenerate kernelsNUMERICAL METHODS FOR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, Issue 1 2009Jeng-Tzong Chen Abstract In this article, a semi-analytical method for solving the Laplace problems with circular boundaries using the null-field integral equation is proposed. The main gain of using the degenerate kernels is to avoid calculating the principal values. To fully utilize the geometry of circular boundary, degenerate kernels for the fundamental solution and Fourier series for boundary densities are incorporated into the null-field integral equation. An adaptive observer system is considered to fully employ the property of degenerate kernels in the polar coordinates. A linear algebraic system is obtained without boundary discretization. By matching the boundary condition, the unknown coefficients can be determined. The present method can be seen as one kind of semianalytical approaches since error only attributes to the truncated Fourier series. For the eccentric case, vector decomposition technique for the normal and tangential directions is carefully considered in implementing the hypersingular equation in mathematical essence although we transform it to summability to divergent series. The five advantages, well-posed linear algebraic system, principal value free, elimination of boundary-layer effect, exponential convergence, and mesh free, are achieved. Several examples involving infinite, half-plane, and bounded domains with circular boundaries are given to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2009 [source] The Origin of IntentionsPHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS, Issue 4 2006Richard Scheer Professor Emeritus In contemporary discussions of the concept of intention, the assumption is made that an intention results from a person's decision, or resolution, or plan, or the like. And the intention persists, generally, until the appropriate action is carried out. However, intentions cannot be said to have temporal duration, or beginnings, or endings. And it is not necessary for a person who is intending to do something to have made a decision to do it, or a resolution, or anything else. It may be that a person acquires an intention because of the circumstances that he finds himself in. If one sees that a tricycle is in front of his car, he will move it. No decision is necessary, obviously, because running over it would be contrary to common sense. Or one may gradually come to realise that he is obliged to do something and thereupon acquires the intention to do it. By focusing on one kind of intention, the "desire-belief" theories have failed to realise that intentions originate in various ways, and for various reasons. [source] Edge-transitive lattice netsACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION A, Issue 5 2009Olaf Delgado-Friedrichs Lattice nets have one vertex in the topological unit cell. Some two- and three-periodic lattice nets with one kind of edge (edge-transitive) are described. Simple expressions for the topological density of the two-periodic nets are found empirically. Thirteen infinite families of three-periodic cubic lattice nets and hexagonal, trigonal and tetragonal families are identified. [source] Unawareness in schizophrenia: Neuropsychological and neuroanatomical findingsPSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES, Issue 5 2006LORENZO PIA phd Abstract, The lack of insight in schizophrenia has so far been interpreted as a primary symptom of the illness, namely a defensive mechanism rather than a neurologically-based condition. However, recent findings have emphasized its relationship with damage to specific brain areas as well as the domain specificity in which it may occur. This supports a neuropsychological interpretation of the lack of insight in schizophrenia. The present article reviews the foregoing data, and takes into account the most relevant anatomo-clinical results. There is evidence that the lack of insight in schizophrenia may occur as a neurological disease per se following brain damage that seems related to frontal lobe areas. Additionally, it could either be related to all aspects of the disease or be domain-specific, occurring for one kind of symptom but not for others. These data indicate several analogies with the phenomenon called anosognosia for a neurological deficit. [source] Three-periodic nets and tilings: semiregular netsACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION A, Issue 6 2003Three-periodic nets Three-periodic semiregular nets are defined as those with just one kind of vertex and one kind of edge, but excluding the five regular and one quasiregular nets described earlier. Fourteen of these and their natural tilings are described and their importance in crystal chemistry is indicated. [source] 3233: Effectiveness of a new lubricant for dry eye after photoablation using an osmolarity measurementACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010B COCHENER Purpose LASIK has been shown to lead to corneal hypoesthesia, which can trigger a decrease in the reflex arc regulating tears secretion. The goal of this study was to evaluate the benefits of a new lubricant after LASIK compared to a classical treatment by measuring tear osmolarity. Methods Twenty patients scheduled to undergo LASIK were enrolled in the study and randomized into two groups. A baseline osmolarity measurement was taken (TearLab Osmolarity System, TearLab Corp) and then randomized into one of two groups. Patients in the first group received two artificial tears (Refresh and Celluvisc, Allergan) following surgery while the 2nd group received a PEG 400 and hylauronic acid (HA) artificial tear (Blink, Abbott Medical Optics) following treatment. These patients were assessed at 1 month postoperative for changes in osmolarity. Results Normal values of osmolarity with Tear Lab range between 275 and 308 mOsm/L; above this, we consider that the eye is dry. The single tear treatment had the same efficiency as our standard two-drop therapy. No side effects were noted in any patients. Most patients found it easier to have only one kind of lubricant instead of a combination of two, which lead to a better observance. The use of the tear osmolarity system provided a quick, reliable test for detecting patient with a risk of postoperative dry eye and for assessing the effectiveness of the therapy. Conclusion The new lubricant, Blink, is another choice in the therapeutic panel for treatment of dry eye disease. It is well tolerated and as efficient as the combination of Refresh and Celluvisc. New osmolarity measurement is an easy, fast and non-invasive well tolerated test for detecting infraclinical dryness especially before refractive surgery. [source] Disulfides, Imines, and Metal Coordination within a Single System: Interplay between Three Dynamic EquilibriaCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 34 2007Rupam Abstract We report a system in which three distinct dynamic linkages, disulfide (SS), imine (CN), and coordinative (N,metal) bonds were shown to be capable of simultaneous reversible exchange. The "disulfide layer" of the system under study consists of two homo-disulfides, bis(4-aminophenyl) disulfide 1 and bis(4-methoxyphenyl) disulfide 2 that equilibrate in the presence of catalytic amount of triethylamine to favor the formation of a hetero-disulfide product, 4-aminophenyl-4,-methoxyphenyl disulfide 3. The addition of 2-formylpyridine and a metal salt strongly perturbed this 1+2,3 equilibrium through the formation of metal complexes incorporating disulfide 1 as a subcomponent. CuI perturbed the equilibrium by a factor of 3.3, and FeII by a factor of 179, in both cases in favor of the homo-disulfides. The disulfide equilibrium could be further modified, following metal-complex formation, by coordinative (transmetallation: substitution of FeII for CuI) or covalent (imine exchange: the substitution of one amine residue for another) exchange. Thus, although the three kinds of dynamic linkages were demonstrated to be mutually compatible, changes at one kind of linkage could be used to predictably perturb an equilibrium involving another. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||