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One Ethnic Group (one + ethnic_group)
Selected AbstractsCommunity-based Security and Justice: Arbakai in AfghanistanIDS BULLETIN, Issue 2 2009Mohammad Osman Tariq This article discusses the successful bottom-up justice and security institutions in south-east Afghanistan that are delivering justice and security to the people in a complex atmosphere characterised by a weak and contested state, high levels of corruption, massive international and regional intervention, internal conflict based on ideology and ethnicity, and exclusion of one ethnic group and overrepresentation of others in the political arena. These local-level institutions are called Jirga and Arbakai. They have their own conceptual and contextual principles, which differentiate the Arbakai from private security companies, militias, or warlord-related armed groups. In effect, the Arbakai serves as an alternative system to the state security sector, delivering physical security to individual members of a tribe and community. [source] A Functional Polymorphism in the Promoter Region of the Tryptophan Hydroxylase Gene Is Associated With Alcohol Dependence in One Aboriginal Group in TaiwanALCOHOLISM, Issue 1 2005H Sunny Sun Background: Polymorphisms within intron 7 of the tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH1) gene were found to be associated with alcohol dependence in different ethnic groups, including the aboriginal Bunun group in Taiwan. This study aimed to identify genetic variants at the TPH1 locus and to examine their associations with alcoholism. We hypothesized that the polymorphism of TPH1 gene is functional and influences the human circadian rhythm to contribute to the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence. Methods: DNA from the Taiwanese Han and Bunun was subjected to sequence for screening genetic variation in the coding and promoter regions of the TPH1 locus. Polymorphisms among individuals with alcohol dependence and control subjects in two ethnic groups in Taiwan were investigated. Results: Three variants in the TPH1 promoter region were identified, and the markers are in complete linkage disequilibrium in both populations. Positive associations at both allelic and genotypic levels were obtained between case and control groups in the Bunun. Expression studies demonstrated that the variants indeed affected reporter gene activity in human choriocarcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. Conclusions: Polymorphisms in the promoter region may influence the function of the TPH1 gene and further influence the proclivity of alcohol dependence in one ethnic group in Taiwan. The associations between TPH1 genotypes and alcoholism may deserve further investigation. [source] mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in the Talysh of Iran and AzerbaijanAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Ivan Nasidze Abstract The Northern Talysh from Azerbaijan and the Southern Talysh from Iran self-identify as one ethnic group and speak a Northwestern Iranian language. However, the Northern and Southern Talysh dialects are so different that they may actually be separate languages. Does this linguistic differentiation reflect internal change due to isolation, or could contact-induced change have played a role? We analyzed mtDNA HVI sequences, 11 Y-chromosome bi-allelic markers, and 9 Y-STR loci in Northern and Southern Talysh and compared them with their neighboring groups. The mtDNA data show a close relatedness of both groups with each other and with neighboring groups, whereas the Northern Talysh Y-chromosome variation differs from that of neighboring groups, probably as a result of genetic drift. This genetic drift most likely reflects a founder event in the male gene pool of Northern Talysh: either fewer males than females migrated to Azerbaijan, or there was a higher degree of relatedness among the male migrants. Since we find no evidence of substantial genetic contact between either Northern or Southern Talysh and neighboring groups, we conclude that internal change, rather than contact-induced change, most likely explains the linguistic differentiation between Northern and Southern Talysh. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Culture and psychiatric symptoms in Puerto Rican children: longitudinal results from one ethnic group in two contextsTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 5 2008Cristiane S. Duarte Background:, The development of youth psychopathology may be associated with direct and continuous contact with a different culture (acculturation) and to distress related to this process (cultural stress). We examine cultural experiences of Puerto Rican families in relation to youth psychiatric symptoms in two different contexts: one in which migrant Puerto Ricans reside on the mainland as an ethnic minority and another in which they reside in their place of origin. Methods:,Sample: Probability samples of 10- to 13-year-old youth of Puerto Rican background living in the South Bronx, New York City (SB) and in the San Juan Metropolitan area in Puerto Rico (PR) (N = 1,271) were followed over time. Measures: Three assessments of internalizing psychiatric symptoms (elicited through the DISC-IV) and of antisocial behaviors (ASB) quantified through a six-point index were carried out. Independent variables included scales of adult and child acculturation and cultural stress, and other putative correlates. Data analysis: Within each study site, multilevel linear regression models were examined. Results:, Parental acculturation was associated with ASB in youth at both sites, but youth acculturation itself was not related to psychiatric symptoms. At both contexts, cultural stress was a more consistent correlate of youth psychiatric symptoms than acculturation after controlling for nativity, maternal education, child gender, stressful life events and parental psychopathology. However, the strength of the youth cultural stress association decreased over time. Conclusion:, The association between cultural factors and child psychiatric symptoms is not restricted to contexts where an ethnic group is a minority. [source] The Influence of Ethnic Discrimination and Ethnic Identification on African American adolescents' School and Socioemotional AdjustmentJOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 6 2003Carol A. Wong Does African American ethnic identity buffer these relations? This paper addresses these two questions using two waves of data from a longitudinal study of an economically diverse sample of African American adolescents living in and near a major East Coast metropolis. The data were collected at the beginning of the 7th grade and after the completion of the 8th grade. As expected, experiences of racial discrimination at school from one's teachers and peers predicts declines in grades, academic ability self-concepts, academic task values, mental health (increases in depression and anger, decreases in self-esteem and psychological resiliency), and increases in the proportion of one's friends who are not interested in school and who have problem behaviors. A strong, positive connection to one's ethnic group (our measure of ethnic identity) reduced the magnitude of the association of racial discrimination experiences with declines in academic self-concepts, school achievement, and perception of friends' positive characteristics, as well as the association of the racial discrimination experiences with increases in problem behaviors. [source] | ||||||||||