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Selected AbstractsOn the bounded rationality of gender stereotyping in fame judgmentsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2004Melanie C. Steffens The false-fame effect is the phenomenon that familiar names are falsely judged famous more often than unfamiliar names. M.R. Banaji and A.G. Greenwald (1995) demonstrated a gender bias in the false-fame effect: In line with existing gender stereotypes, the false-fame effect was larger for male than for female names. A more general explanation for gender biasing in fame judgments is based on cognitive availability. Name gender could be used as an ecologically valid cue when making fame judgments. If the relevant universe of famous names contained more male than female names, a gender bias in fame judgments should be observed, if it contained more female names, the gender bias should be reversed. Indeed, this pattern could be demonstrated experimentally, and we argue that it is not compatible with an account that draws on gender stereotyping but with one based on cognitive availability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Construction of Redispersible Polypyrrole Core,Shell Nanoparticles for Application in Polymer ElectronicsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 10-11 2009Jianjun Wang Redispersible conductive core,shell nanoparticles with a polystyrene core and a polystyrene sulfonate shell loaded with polypyrrole (PPy) are constructed. The smooth conducting thin films assembled from the PPy core,shell nanoparticles show high transmittance in the visible range and adequate adhesion to the substrates. Performance of light-emitting devices with the conducting thin film as the hole injection layer is tested and compared with the one based on PEDOT/PSS. [source] A cross-national examination of consumer perceived risk in the context of non-deceptive counterfeit brandsJOURNAL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR, Issue 1 2008Dr. Cleopatra Veloutsou This study investigates the relationships between six identified dimensions of perceived risk and the overall risk, and also their explanatory power to the overall risk when purchasing counterfeit brands in two different contexts. Using a self-administered instrument, a total of 525 responses were collected, 230 from the UK and 295 from China. The results support the hypothesised significant interrelationship between the dimensions of perceived risk in both contexts. However there are some differences. The models have a different exploratory power, with the one based on the British sample being stronger, while a somewhat different combination of the risk dimensions seems to predict the overall risk in each context. The psychological risk is the only dimension of risk that with no doubt contributes to the formation of the overall risk in both contexts. Although one could argue that when purchasing counterfeits social risk could be an issue, the evidence reported in this study does not support the view. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Comparing Dementia Diagnostic Methods Used with People with Intellectual DisabilitiesJOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 2 2005Diana B. Burt Abstract, Accurate detection of dementia in adults with intellectual disabilities is important for clinical care, program planning, and clinical research. This paper reports on a study that examined two major diagnostic methods that varied in the following ways: (1) the extent to which they relied on clinical judgment; (2) the statistical method used to detect declines; and (3) the sensitivity to declines in functioning. Two methods based on testing were compared with one based on clinical judgment. Data were drawn from annual sequential assessments of 168 adults with intellectual disabilities (78 with Down syndrome and 90 with other etiologies). Agreement between testing and clinical judgment methods was 72,75% depending on testing method used. Clinical judgment produced a higher rate of dementia diagnosis for adults with Down syndrome compared with testing methods, suggesting a possible bias. The authors found that diagnostic criteria were useful both for identifying dementia and for describing its characteristics. Our results suggest that clinical judgment could result in a higher number of adults with Down syndrome diagnosed with dementia than methods based on test batteries. Common results across research studies indicate that combinations of sources of information (interviews/direct testing) would be most useful for dementia diagnosis. Future collaboration across research sites is needed to promote rapid progress in this important area, with emphasis on differential diagnosis. [source] A superharmonic prior for the autoregressive process of the second-orderJOURNAL OF TIME SERIES ANALYSIS, Issue 3 2008Fuyuhiko Tanaka Abstract., The Bayesian estimation of the spectral density of the AR(2) process is considered. We propose a superharmonic prior on the model as a non-informative prior rather than the Jeffreys prior. Theoretically, the Bayesian spectral density estimator based on it dominates asymptotically the one based on the Jeffreys prior under the Kullback,Leibler divergence. In the present article, an explicit form of a superharmonic prior for the AR(2) process is presented and compared with the Jeffreys prior in computer simulation. [source] Surface abundances of light elements for a large sample of early B-type stars , III.MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 2 2004An analysis of helium lines in spectra of 102 stars ABSTRACT Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of He i lines in spectra of 102 B stars is implemented in order to derive the helium abundance He/H, the microturbulent parameter Vt and the projected rotation velocity v sin i. A simultaneous determination of He/H and Vt for the stars is effected by analysing equivalent widths of the 4471- and 4922-Å lines primarily as indicators of He/H and the 4713-, 5016-, 5876- and 6678-Å lines primarily as indicators of Vt. The rotation velocities v sin i are found from profiles of the same lines. It is shown that, when Vt > 7 km s,1, the Vt(He i) values determined from He i lines are systematically overestimated as compared with the Vt(O ii, N ii) values derived from O ii and N ii lines. This discrepancy is especially appreciable for hot evolved B giants with Vt(He i) = 16,23 km s,1 and may indicate a failure of classical model atmospheres to represent the strong He i lines for these stars. Two programme stars, HR 1512 and 7651, are found to be helium-weak stars. The remaining 100 stars are divided into three groups according to their masses M. The microturbulent parameter Vt(He i) is low for all stars of group A (M= 4.1,6.9 M,) and for all stars with the relative ages t/tMS < 0.8 of group B (M= 7.0,11.2 M,). Their Vt(He i) values are within the 0 to 5 km s,1 range, as a rule; the mean value is Vt= 1.7 km s,1. Only evolved giants of group B, which are close to the termination of the main-sequence (MS) evolutionary phase (t/tMS > 0.8), show Vt(He i) up to 11 km s,1. The helium abundance He/H is correlated with the relative age t/tMS in both groups; the averaged He/H enhancement during the MS phase is 26 per cent. For group C, containing the most massive stars (M= 12.4,18.8 M,), the Vt(He i) values display a correlation with t/tMS, varying from 4 to 23 km s,1. The He/H determination for hot evolved B giants of the group with Vt(He i) > 15 km s,1 depends on a choice between the Vt(He i) and Vt(O ii, N ii) scales. The mean He/H enrichment by 67 per cent during the MS phase is found, if the abundances He/H are based on the Vt(O ii, N ii) scale; however, two evolved giants with especially high v sin i, HR 7446 and 7993, show the He/H enhancement by about a factor of 2.5. When using the same Vt scale, we found a trend of He/H with projected rotational velocities v sin i; a large dispersion for v sin i > 150 km s,1 can result from differences in masses M. A comparison with the stellar model computations with rotationally induced mixing shows that the observed helium enrichment during the MS phase can be explained by rotation with initial velocities 250,400 km s,1. The He/H distribution on M and v sin i based on the Vt(O ii, N ii) scale seems to be in better agreement with the theory than one based on the Vt(He i) scale. The mean value He/H = 0.10 derived for stars in the zero age main sequence (ZAMS) vicinity can be adopted as the typical initial helium abundance for early B stars in the solar neighbourhood. [source] Empirical Evaluation of Asset,Pricing Models: A Comparison of the SDF and Beta MethodsTHE JOURNAL OF FINANCE, Issue 5 2002Ravi Jagannathan The stochastic discount factor (SDF) method provides a unified general framework for econometric analysis of asset,pricing models. There have been concerns that, compared to the classical beta method, the generality of the SDF method comes at the cost of efficiency in parameter estimation and power in specification tests. We establish the correct framework for comparing the two methods and show that the SDF method is as efficient as the beta method for estimating risk premiums. Also, the specification test based on the SDF method is as powerful as the one based on the beta method. [source] Estimation of genetic variability of the founder population in a conservation scheme using microsatellitesANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 3 2003M. A. Toro Summary In a conservation programme with genealogical records it is possible to estimate the amount of variability of the founder population from a measure of the similarity among the individuals in the current population based on microsatellite markers. Here we compare three available methods and we shown that the one based on the molecular coancestry coefficient should be preferred. [source] Implications of spatial variability of fish assemblages for monitoring of Australia's tropical estuariesAQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, Issue 3 2010Marcus Sheaves Abstract 1. Although often seen as ideal targets for monitoring environmental change because of their high public profile, fish assemblages rarely appear as indicators in monitoring and reporting. 2. Published data were evaluated to develop a simple approach to quantifying the temporal consistency in assemblage structure suitable for routine monitoring and assessment. Data were examined as catch per unit effort (CPUE) and probability of encounter (PoE), and compared using three approaches with the potential to produce simple indices quantifying the patterns of similarity within an estuary over time: species richness, Bray-Curtis Similarities and a new approach, DeltaPoE. Indices derived from published data were then tested against a time series of data from two estuarine lakes with a history of fish kills. 3. Multidimensional scaling based on PoE emphasizes the temporal consistency of fish assemblages within estuaries at least as well as one based on mean CPUE while providing operational advantages. Similarities based on PoE were more sensitive to change from ,natural' assemblage structure than the simpler indices and showed comparable results with Similarities from (log) CPUE data. The one drawback to Similarities is that their complex statistical formulation often makes them less effective vehicles for reporting and communication. Where this is the case the conceptual simplicity of DeltaPoE and its performance relative to Similarities suggests it is a good candidate from which to develop monitoring indices suitable for routine reporting. 4. The performance of each of the indices were considered against the known fish kills. Species richness tracked the observed changes, an expected outcome in this case because a major impact directly removed species. Both indices based on Similarities also tracked the changes faithfully. Of the two, Similarities based on PoE seemed to react more strongly to assemblage changes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Arid Recovery , A comparison of reptile and small mammal populations inside and outside a large rabbit, cat and fox-proof exclosure in arid South AustraliaAUSTRAL ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2009KATHERINE ELIZABETH MOSEBY Abstract Australian arid zone mammal species within the Critical Weight Range (CWR) of 35 g,5.5 kg have suffered disproportionately in the global epidemic of contemporary faunal extinctions. CWR extinctions have been attributed largely to the effects of introduced or invasive mammals; however, the impact of these threatening processes on smaller mammals and reptiles is less clear. The change in small mammal and reptile assemblages after the removal of rabbits, cats and foxes was studied over a 6-year period in a landscape-scale exclosure in the Australian arid zone. Rodents, particularly Notomys alexis and Pseudomys bolami, increased to 15 times higher inside the feral-proof Arid Recovery Reserve compared with outside sites, where rabbits, cats and foxes were still present. Predation by cats was thought to exert the greatest influence on rodent numbers owing to the maintenance of the disparity in rodent responses through dry years and the differences in dietary preferences between rabbits and P. bolami. The presence of introduced Mus domesticus or medium-sized re-introduced mammal species did not significantly affect resident small mammal or reptile abundance. Abundance of most dasyurids and small lizards did not change significantly after the removal of feral animals although reductions in gecko populations inside the reserve may be attributable to second order trophic interactions or subtle changes in vegetation structure and cover. This study suggests that populations of rodent species in northern South Australia below the CWR may also be significantly affected by introduced cats, foxes and/or rabbits and that a taxa specific model of Australian mammal decline may be more accurate than one based on body weight. [source] Variable Selection for Logistic Regression Using a Prediction-Focused Information CriterionBIOMETRICS, Issue 4 2006Gerda Claeskens Summary In biostatistical practice, it is common to use information criteria as a guide for model selection. We propose new versions of the focused information criterion (FIC) for variable selection in logistic regression. The FIC gives, depending on the quantity to be estimated, possibly different sets of selected variables. The standard version of the FIC measures the mean squared error of the estimator of the quantity of interest in the selected model. In this article, we propose more general versions of the FIC, allowing other risk measures such as the one based on Lp error. When prediction of an event is important, as is often the case in medical applications, we construct an FIC using the error rate as a natural risk measure. The advantages of using an information criterion which depends on both the quantity of interest and the selected risk measure are illustrated by means of a simulation study and application to a study on diabetic retinopathy. [source] | ||||||||||||||||