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Old Children (old + child)
Kinds of Old Children Selected AbstractsResternotomy for a Retrosternal Cardiac Pseudoaneurysm in a 1.5-Year- Old Child: A Case ReportJOURNAL OF CARDIAC SURGERY, Issue 5 2005Ghassan M. Baslaim M.D. The wall of the pseudoaneurysm consists of fibrous tissue and lacks the structural elements found in a normal cardiac wall, and it is contained by the pericardial adhesions or the epicardial wall. Early surgery is recommended even for asymptomatic patients due to the propensity for rupture and fatal outcome. We report our experience with the surgical approach of a child with a cardiac pseudoaneurysm who had undergone a biventricular repair of a double outlet right ventricle with non-committed ventricular septal defect in the form of intraventricular tunneling. [source] Utilization of parenting groups and consultation services as parenting support services by Japanese mothers of 18 month old childrenJAPAN JOURNAL OF NURSING SCIENCE, Issue 2 2008Azusa ARIMOTO Abstract Aim:, To clarify the factors related to the utilization of parenting groups and consultation services by mothers with children aged 18 months. Methods:, This was a cross-sectional study using a self-report questionnaire survey at health examinations in five health centers of an urban city in Tokyo, Japan, from July to September 2003. The final study population was comprised of the 371 mothers who provided information on both demographics and the utilization of services. Results:, Of these 371 mothers, 166 participated in parenting groups since the birth of their 18 month old child. Logistic regression analyses indicated the following factors related to such participation: past experience in the use of services provided by the local government, trust in the specific group, and worries about their children. Participation in the parenting groups was not related to child-rearing anxiety or mental health status. The participants indicated that the groups provided friends and child-rearing information and alleviated stress. Worries about children and past experience in the use of public services would enhance the utilization of services. Conclusion:, It is essential for service-providers to offer services specific to the situation or desires of mothers. Mothers might need both consultation services and support groups to reinforce the mother,child relationship, for social support, and to freely discuss worries with both professionals and peers. [source] Asthma symptoms in rural living Tanzanian children; prevalence and the relation to aerobic fitness and body fatALLERGY, Issue 8 2009S. Berntsen Objective:, To determine the prevalence of asthma symptoms in children from a rural district in North-Tanzania, and their relationship to aerobic fitness and body fat. Methods:, In Manyara region in Tanzania, children (aged 9,10 years) were randomly selected to participate in the present cross-sectional study. Hundred and seventy two participants completed a video questionnaire showing the symptoms and signs of asthma. Lung function was measured by maximum forced expiratory flow-volume curves. Aerobic fitness was estimated from a standardized indirect maximal cycle ergometer test and sum of three skinfolds reflected body fat. Results:, Twenty four per cent reported asthma symptoms last year. Severe wheezing attacks last year were reported in 5% of the participants. Thirty seven per cent of the participants were underweight. Underweight children had significantly lower (P < 0.02) lung function (per cent of predicted). Lower body fat was associated with higher occurrence of asthma symptoms (odds ratio and 95% CI; 0.45 (0.22,0.95; P = 0.04). Aerobic fitness was not associated with asthma symptoms. Conclusions:, More than every fifth 9,10 year old child from a rural district in North-Tanzania reported asthma symptoms. Lower body fat was associated with higher occurrence of asthma symptoms, but aerobic fitness was not associated with asthma symptoms. [source] Cardiovascular collapse during ethanol sclerotherapy in a pediatric patientPEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 3 2006G.A. WONG MD FANCZA Summary Ethanol sclerotherapy is a first line management therapy for low flow vascular malformations. It is usually performed under general anesthesia because of the pain associated with ethanol injection. Ethanol sclerotherapy frequently produces minor local complications but may rarely produce catastrophic cardiopulmonary complications. This report describes the cardiovascular collapse associated with an ethanol sclerotherapy procedure in an 11-year- old child. The evidence for ethanol-induced cardiovascular derangements is discussed. [source] A comparison of differential reinforcement and noncontingent reinforcement for the treatment of a child's multiply controlled problem behaviorBEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS, Issue 4 2003Tiffany Kodak Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) and differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) with escape as the reinforcer were evaluated after an initial functional analysis indicated the problem behaviors exhibited by a 7 year old child were maintained by escape. When NCR and DRO did not decrease the problem behaviors, a second functional analysis was conducted and showed that the behaviors were maintained by attention and escape. DRO with attention and escape as reinforcers was compared to NCR with attention and escape as reinforcers for the treatment of the child's multiply controlled behavior problems. Results showed that DRO and NCR were both effective at reducing the problem behavior to low levels and increasing compliance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Uveal melanoma in a 12-year old childACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2009L DESJARDINS [source] Irido-cilio-choroidal melanoma in a 5-year old childACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2009J PE'ER [source] Tricks of Festival: Children, Enculturation, and American HalloweenETHOS, Issue 2 2005CINDY DELL CLARK The American children's ritual, Halloween, involves an emergent, active and complex process rather than unidirectional socialization of children by adults. Inversions of meaning are prominent in Halloween through: 1) adult support for inverted, anti-normative themes, and 2) a turnabout by which children gain ascendance through costumed trick-or-treating. Based on interviews with six and seven year old children and their parents, as well as participant observation at Halloween events, Halloween's inversions had different interpretations for adults compared to children. For example the degree and quality of fear associated with Halloween varied between elders and children. Following the traumatic events of September 11, 2001, adult-rendered meanings of Halloween were shown to be unfixed and subject to modification. These findings raise critical questions about simplistic notions of socialization and cultural reduplication. [source] The effects of spatial configuration on preschoolers' attention strategies, selective attention, and incidental learningINFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2005Fran C. Blumberg Abstract This study investigated the effects of spatial arrangement on preschool children's selective attention and incidental learning. Three- and four-year old children were shown a multi-coloured box designated as a ,special place' containing miniature chairs and models of animals. One category of objects were designated as relevant and one as irrelevant. Relevant items were placed in each of the apparatus' corners, in the middle of its walls, or in two corners and in the middle of two walls. Findings revealed that children shown relevant items in corners demonstrated the greatest number of correct relocations for relevant items while those shown relevant items in the middle of the walls showed the greatest number of correct relocations for irrelevant items. Findings also suggest that for both age groups, the ability to recall relevant items may have been independent of their ability to demonstrate a selective attention strategy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Family and work predictors of parenting role stress among two-earner families of children with disabilitiesINFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2005Marji Erickson Warfield Abstract Family resources (i.e. household income and spouse support), parenting challenges (i.e. number of children, difficulty finding reliable child care, and child characteristics), work rewards (i.e. work interest) and work demands (i.e. hours and work overload) were tested as predictors of parenting role stress among mothers and fathers in two-earner families of five-year old children with disabilities. The two-level hierarchical model was adapted to assess mothers and fathers as nested within married couples. Both common and unique predictors of maternal and paternal parenting role stress were found. Having fewer children in the family predicted less stress for both parents. Household income and an interaction between child behaviour problems and work interest were significant predictors of maternal parenting role stress. In contrast, greater difficulty in finding reliable child care predicted higher levels of parenting role stress for fathers but not mothers. The policy and research implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The effects of early relational antecedents and other factors on the parental sensitivity of mothers and fathersINFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2003Diane Pelchat Abstract This study examines the effect of early relational antecedents (ERA, i.e. the quality of parenting parents recalled receiving as children), parenting stress, marital stress, socio-economic factors and children's characteristics (gender and disability condition) on the parental sensitivity of mothers and fathers. The sample consisted of 116 mothers and 84 fathers of 117 eighteen month old children drawn from a larger longitudinal study on the adaptation of parents to a child with a disability. Thirty-four children were diagnosed with Down syndrome (DS), 51 with a cleft lip and/or palate (CLP), and 32 were non-disabled children. Multiple regression analyses reveal that mothers' sensitivity is best predicted by her level of education and family income, whereas fathers' sensitivity is best predicted by their ERA, marital stress, family income and the child's disability condition. Mothers with more education and a greater family income displayed a greater sensitivity to their children, as did fathers who perceive less marital stress, those with a greater family income and those who perceived their parents as less controlling. Also, fathers of children with DS displayed less sensitivity for their children than fathers of children with CLP or fathers of non-disabled children. These results concord with many studies about the importance of socio-economic factors, ERA, marital stress, parent's gender and children's factors in the understanding of parental sensitivity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Biological and caregiver correlates of behavioral inhibitionINFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2003Ty Partridge Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the relationships among measures of behavioral inhibition, physiological reactivity, and caregiver attitudes. Measures comprised of heart rate; survey assessments of caregiver empathy with the child, appropriateness of caregiver developmental expectations of the child, and use of positive discipline techniques; and observational measures of behavioral inhibition were gathered in a laboratory setting on 72, 5,6-year old children. It was found that heart rate and behavioral inhibition were positively correlated (0.595), whereas behavioral inhibition was negatively correlated with caregiver attitudes of empathy (,0.356), appropriate expectations (,0.366), and use of positive discipline techniques (,0.275). However, there was no correlation between heart rate and caregiver attitudes. These data suggest that physiological reactivity to novel stimuli and caregiver attitudes of empathy, appropriate expectations, and use of positive discipline techniques conjointly influence behavioral inhibition in early childhood. Further, these three caregiver variables accounted for significant variance in children who had high reactive physiological profiles associated with inhibited behavior patterns, but did not display such patterns. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Concomitant developmental dental anomalies in Chinese children with dens evaginatusINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 4 2006S. Y. CHO Summary., Aim., To determine the prevalence of concomitant developmental dental anomalies in a group of Chinese children with dens evaginatus. Methods., The dental records and orthopantomograms of 10,15 year old children and adolescents who had been diagnosed with dens evaginatus in a school dental clinic were reviewed retrospectively. Results., Four hundred and forty-eight of 7102 (6·3%) children were found to have dens evaginatus. Concomitant developmental dental anomalies were found in 77 children (17·2%). The most commonly seen dental anomalies in the study population were hypodontia, hyperdontia, microdontic maxillary lateral incisor, and dental impaction. The prevalence of these anomalies did not differ significantly to that found in the general Chinese population. When analysed separately, however, the prevalence of supernumerary premolars was found to be higher in children with dens evaginatus than in the general population, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0·01). Conclusion., Supernumerary premolars appeared to be more prevalent in Chinese children with dens evaginatus than in the general population. There may be an association of supernumerary premolars with dens evaginatus in this study population. [source] Utilization of parenting groups and consultation services as parenting support services by Japanese mothers of 18 month old childrenJAPAN JOURNAL OF NURSING SCIENCE, Issue 2 2008Azusa ARIMOTO Abstract Aim:, To clarify the factors related to the utilization of parenting groups and consultation services by mothers with children aged 18 months. Methods:, This was a cross-sectional study using a self-report questionnaire survey at health examinations in five health centers of an urban city in Tokyo, Japan, from July to September 2003. The final study population was comprised of the 371 mothers who provided information on both demographics and the utilization of services. Results:, Of these 371 mothers, 166 participated in parenting groups since the birth of their 18 month old child. Logistic regression analyses indicated the following factors related to such participation: past experience in the use of services provided by the local government, trust in the specific group, and worries about their children. Participation in the parenting groups was not related to child-rearing anxiety or mental health status. The participants indicated that the groups provided friends and child-rearing information and alleviated stress. Worries about children and past experience in the use of public services would enhance the utilization of services. Conclusion:, It is essential for service-providers to offer services specific to the situation or desires of mothers. Mothers might need both consultation services and support groups to reinforce the mother,child relationship, for social support, and to freely discuss worries with both professionals and peers. [source] Families, food, and pester power: beyond the blame game?JOURNAL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR, Issue 4 2007David Marshall Given the moral and medical panic surrounding rising rates of childhood obesity, there has been much debate about who on what is to be blamed, with parents and HFSS (high fat, salt, and sugar) food advertising often censured for their role. In this paper, we review the literature on childhood obesity and pester power, and the broader context of consumer socialization within the family. We then discuss findings from a questionnaire and focus group study of 8,11 year old children in New Zealand exploring aspects of their advertising experiences and everyday snack food consumption. HFSS food ads were well-represented in their repertoire of favorite ads, and they reported being influenced by these. However, their accounts of snacking highlighted the extent to which their actual consumption was shaped by parental agendas and concerns. Although they gravitated towards less healthy snack foods, fruit, and vegetables were included in their categorization and repertoire of snacks, perhaps reflecting the level of monitoring and gatekeeping exerted by their parents, who established ground rules for snacking and in many cases directly controlled their access to snack foods, although the limits imposed varied according to context. The children were generally accepting of this, although they drew on a range of strategies and tactics to access their preferred snacks. We conclude by considering the implications of this study for parents who seek to provide their children with a healthy diet and others concerned about health and public policy, and we suggest some avenues for developing knowledge in this area. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Spelling of Inflected Verb Morphology in Children with Spelling DeficitsLEARNING DISABILITIES RESEARCH & PRACTICE, Issue 1 2003Laura Boynton Hauerwas Children with spelling deficits demonstrate significant difficulty using inflectional morphology in their writing. This study investigated whether phonological deficits account for these pronounced difficulties or if they are more accurately explained by limitations in morphological or orthographic awareness. Twenty,six 11,13,year,old children with spelling deficits, 31 younger spelling,level,matched children, and 31 age,matched children were asked to spell a series of verbs with past tense and progressive markers in dictated sentences and in list form. Performance on spelling tasks was compared to performance on phonological, morphological, and orthographic awareness tasks. Results suggest that children with spelling deficits have significant difficulty including inflections as well as spelling inflections and base words. Difficulty was most pronounced in a sentence context. Ability to spell inflectional forms was related to variation in morphological awareness in children with spelling deficits and to variation in orthographic awareness in spelling,level,matched children. [source] Global map of the prevalence of symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis in children: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase ThreeALLERGY, Issue 1 2009N. Aït-Khaled Background:, Phase One of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) measured the global patterns of prevalence and severity of symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis in children in 1993,1997. Methods:, International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase Three was a cross-sectional survey performed 5,10 years after Phase One using the same methodology. Phase Three covered all of the major regions of the world and involved 1 059 053 children of 2 age groups from 236 centres in 98 countries. Results:, The average overall prevalence of current rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms was 14.6% for the 13- to 14-year old children (range 1.0,45%). Variation in the prevalence of severe rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms was observed between centres (range 0.0,5.1%) and regions (range 0.4% in western Europe to 2.3% in Africa), with the highest prevalence being observed mainly in the centres from middle and low income countries, particularly in Africa and Latin America. Co-morbidity with asthma and eczema varied from 1.6% in the Indian sub-continent to 4.7% in North America. For 6- to 7-year old children, the average prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms was 8.5%, and large variations in symptom prevalence were also observed between regions, countries and centres. Discussion:, Wide global variations exist in the prevalence of current rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms, being higher in high vs low income countries, but the prevalence of severe symptoms was greater in less affluent countries. Co-morbidity with asthma is high particularly in Africa, North America and Oceania. This global map of symptom prevalence is of clinical importance for health professionals. [source] Exhaled nitric oxide and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in young wheezy children , interactions with atopyPEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 7 2009L. Pekka Malmberg The association between exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) has not been investigated in young children with atopic or non-atopic wheeze, two different phenotypes of asthma in the early childhood. Steroid naïve 3- to 7-yr-old children with recent wheeze (n = 84) and age-matched control subjects without respiratory symptoms (n = 71) underwent exercise challenge test, measurement of FENO and skin prick testing (SPT). EIB was assessed by using impulse oscillometry, and FENO by standard online technique. Although FENO levels were highest in atopic patients with EIB, both atopic and non-atopic wheezy children with EIB showed higher FENO than atopic and non-atopic control subjects, respectively. In atopic wheezy children, a significant relationship between FENO and the severity of EIB was found (r = 0.44, p = 0.0004), and FENO was significantly predictive of EIB. No clear association between FENO and EIB or predictive value was found in non-atopic wheezy children. Both atopic and non-atopic young wheezy children with EIB show increased FENO levels. However, the association between the severity of EIB and FENO is present and FENO significantly predictive of EIB only in atopic subjects, suggesting different interaction between bronchial responsiveness and airway inflammation in non-atopic wheeze. [source] Dietary advice, dietary adherence and the acquisition of tolerance in egg-allergic children: a 5-yr follow-upPEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Clare Wendy Allen IgE-mediated egg allergy is a common childhood food allergy affecting about 1,2% of 2-yr-old children. Egg avoidance is the mainstay of treatment for egg allergy; however, it is unclear what type of dietary advice parents of children with egg allergy receive and to what extent this dietary advice is adhered to. This study aimed to assess: (i) the type and source of dietary advice parents receive in a tertiary hospital setting, (ii) how closely parents adhere to advice given, (iii) what patient characteristics influenced adherence to diet and (iv) whether strict adherence to dietary advice was an identifiable factor in whether children outgrew their egg allergy. In 2006, a questionnaire was sent to 261 parents of children seen in a tertiary paediatric allergy clinic in 2003 and diagnosed with egg allergy which included 84 children who had undergone an in-hospital open oral egg challenge during this time period (2003,2006). Questions included demographic data, details of egg allergy, dietary avoidance and attainment of unrestricted egg ingestion. Of 199 questionnaires confirmed received, 167 were returned (84%). The mean age of the cohort was 6.6 yr with an average of 5.5 yr of follow-up since the first reaction. Sixty-eight percent of subjects reported avoidance of all food containing egg all the time. Forty-seven percent of the children had been accidentally exposed to egg. The severity of the initial reaction did not appear to influence adherence to an advised diet. Of the 84 children who underwent in-hospital open egg challenges, 57 children were able to ingest egg without clinical reaction and were classified as having outgrown their egg allergy. These children did not differ from those who were challenge positive to egg in terms of either the dietary advice they received or the degree to which they had undertaken strict avoidance of egg. In addition, children who had outgrown their egg allergy did not differ from those who remained egg-allergic on in-hospital challenge in terms of either the frequency of accidental ingestion or the severity of initial reaction. Strict avoidance of egg and accidental ingestion of egg did not appear to influence the acquisition of tolerance. [source] Age and sex as factors of response to RSV infections among those with previous history of wheezingPEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Yoko Nagayama Although enhanced immune reaction caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in allergen-sensitized animal model has been reported, RSV illnesses in children already sensitized or having recurrent wheezing episodes have not been completely studied. In addition, the reason for male dominances in RSV infection at young ages was also inconclusive. Therefore, gender analysis in recurrent wheezing children with RSV infection can shed light on asthma pathogenesis. We studied the clinical features and the laboratory data of RSV infections in children who had recurrent wheezing histories. The subjects with RSV infection consisted of 98 boys and 58 girls. The children under 4 yr of age were 123 (78.8%) in number. Children with pneumonia were 78 and those with febrile episode were 119. Children above 1 yr of age were highly sensitized with mite antigen (75/96, 78.1%). The clinical symptoms and signs differed according to their ages. Children in each age group behaved differently in their immune reaction to RSV. Above all, 3-yr-old children deteriorated clinically during acute RSV infection, accompanied by transient elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and suppressed blood eosinophil counts. Clinical features differed in several points between boys and girls. In general, the white blood cell count and the CRP levels were higher in girls in every age group. Blood eosinophil counts at the acute illness were significantly higher in boys than girls aged 2 and 3< yr. Age and gender comparison in already sensitized children might suggest a clue to asthma pathogenesis. [source] Failure of inactivated influenza A vaccine to protect healthy children aged 6,24 monthsPEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2004Taro Maeda AbstractBackground:,The efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccine in healthy infants and children younger than 24 months has not been confirmed. The aim of the present study was to determine the prophylactic effect of inactivated influenza vaccine against influenza A in healthy children aged 6,24 months. Methods:,Healthy infants and young children (6,24 months old) were immunized by subcutaneous injection of inactivated influenza vaccine before influenza seasons. Age matched children were randomly assigned as the control. These children were followed up from January to April in each year (2000, 2001 and 2002). The attack rates of influenza A infection was compared and statistically assessed. Results:,The attack rate of influenza A virus infection in the vaccine group and the control group were 14.8% (n = 27) vs 12.5% (n = 32) in 2000 (P = 0.526); 2.8% (n = 72) vs 7.2% (n = 69) in 2001 (P = 0.203); and 3.4% (n = 52) vs 8.9% (n = 56) in 2002 (P = 0.205). The attack rates of influenza A between the two groups were not significantly different. Conclusion:,Inactivated influenza vaccine did not reduce the attack rate of influenza A infection in 6,24 month old children. [source] Children and adults are differentially affected by presentation modality in the DRM paradigmAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Maya M. Khanna Using the Deese,Roediger,McDermott (DRM) method for free recall, we examined mode of list presentation and association type in 8,9 year old children and adults. Participants verbally recalled lists of associates that were presented orally (Experiment 1) or visually (Experiment 2). Lists consisted of semantic associates (e.g. hound, puppy, etc.), phonological associates (e.g. log, dot, etc.) and both semantic and phonological associates (e.g. hound, dot, etc.) to a nonpresented lure word (e.g. dog). Interestingly, the ratio of false to true recall was higher in children than adults only when lists were presented orally. These results suggest that children rely more on sublexical information or item-specific information than adults when reading lists, and, thus, are less likely to activate the critical lure via lexical associations. Furthermore, these results suggest that information processing differences at encoding between children and adults need to be taken into account when interpreting free recall studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Abducted by a UFO: prevalence information affects young children's false memories for an implausible eventAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Henry Otgaar This study examined whether prevalence information promotes children's false memories for an implausible event. Forty-four 7,8 and forty-seven 11,12 year old children heard a true narrative about their first school day and a false narrative about either an implausible event (abducted by a UFO) or a plausible event (almost choking on a candy). Moreover, half of the children in each condition received prevalence information in the form of a false newspaper article while listening to the narratives. Across two interviews, children were asked to report everything they remembered about the events. In both age groups, plausible and implausible events were equally likely to give rise to false memories. Prevalence information increased the number of false memories in 7,8 year olds, but not in 11,12 year olds at Interview 1. Our findings demonstrate that young children can easily develop false memories of a highly implausible event. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Event frequency and children's suggestibility: a study of cued recall responsesAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 7 2004Heather L. Price Research examining the effect of repeated experience on children's suggestibility for particular kinds of information has produced differing results. In one study, responses to recognition questions revealed heightened suggestibility for variable details in children who repeatedly experienced an event compared to children who experienced an event once. In other studies, no such effect was found with cued recall. In this study, 4,5-year old children engaged in one or four play sessions. Children were later given a biasing interview wherein half of the details were incorrectly represented. Children were then given a final memory test using free and cued recall prompts that was preceded by one of three instruction types: no special instructions, moderate instructions, or opposition instructions. Children in the repeated-event condition were more suggestible than those in the single-event condition, regardless of instructions. No significant differences in suggestibility were found across instructions conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effects of parental perception of neighbourhood deprivation and family environment characteristics on pro-social behaviours among 4,12 year old childrenAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 4 2010Andre M. N. Renzaho Abstract Objective: To assess the effect family environment stressors (e.g. poor family functioning and parental psychological distress) and neighbourhood environment on child prosocial behaviour (CPB) and child difficulty behaviour (CDB) among 4-to-12 year old children. Methods: Analysis of the 2006 Victorian Child Health and Wellbeing Survey (VCHWS) dataset derived from a statewide cross-sectional telephone survey, with a final total sample of 3,370 children. Results: Only family functioning, parental psychological distress, child gender, and age were associated with CPB, explaining a total of 8% of the variance. Children from healthily functioning families and of parents without any psychological distress exhibited greater prosocial behaviours than those from poorly functioning families and of parents with mental health problems. Neighbourhood environment was not found to contribute to CPB. A total of eight variables were found to predict CDB, explaining a total of 16% of the variance. Poor family and parental psychological functioning as well as poor access to public facilities in the neighbourhood were associated with conduct problems in children. Conclusion: Our results point to the importance of the family environment in providing a context that fosters the development of empathic, caring and responsible children; and in buffering children in exhibiting behaviour difficulties during the formative years of life. Programs aimed at promoting prosocial behaviours in children need to target stressors on the family environment. [source] A case-control study of risk factors for asthma in New Zealand childrenAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 1 2001Kristin Wickens Objective: As in other English-speaking countries, asthma is a major and increasing health problem in New Zealand. This study examined the risk factors for asthma in children aged 7,9. Methods: Cases and controls were randomly selected from participants in the Wellington arm of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Cases were children with a previous diagnosis of asthma and current medication use (n=233), and controls were children with no history of wheezing and no diagnosis of asthma (n=241). Results: After controlling for confounders, factors significantly associated with asthma were maternal (OR=3.36, 95% Cl 1.88,5.99) and paternal asthma (OR=2.67, 95% Cl 1.42,5.02), and male sex (OR=1.81, 95% Cl 1.17,2.81). Children from social classes 5 and 6 or with unemployed parents (OR=2.32, 95% Cl 1.22,4.44) were significantly more likely to have asthma than children in social classes 1 and 2. There was no significant association between having polio vaccination (OR=2.48, 95% Cl 0.83,7.41), hepatitis B vaccination (OR=0.66, 95% Cl 0.42,1.04) or measles/mumps/rubella vaccination (OR=1.43, 95% Cl 0.85,2.41) and asthma. Conclusions: This study has confirmed the associations of family history and lower socio-economic status with current asthma in 7,9 year old children. The role of vaccinations requires further research. [source] Factors influencing oral colonization of mutans streptococci in young childrenAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007V. Law Abstract This paper aims to critically review current knowledge about the key factors involved in oral colonization of the cariogenic group of bacteria, mutans streptococci (MS) in young children. MS, consisting mainly of the species Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, are commonly cultured from the mouths of infants, with prevalence of infection ranging from around 30 per cent in 3 month old predentate children to over 80 per cent in 24 month old children with primary teeth. MS is usually transmitted to children through their mothers, and the risk of transmission increases with high maternal salivary levels of MS and frequent inoculation. Factors that affect the colonization of MS may be divided into bacterial virulence, host-related and environmental factors. Complex interaction among these factors determine the success and timing of MS colonization in the child. As clinical studies have shown that caries risk is correlated with age at which initial MS colonization occurred, strategies for the prevention of dental caries should include timely control of colonization of the cariogenic bacteria in the mouths of young children. [source] Obesity in 4 year old children more prevalent in girls and in municipalities with low socioeconomic level.ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 11 2009Acta Paediatr 200, Bergström E, Blomquist HK No abstract is available for this article. [source] Group Size Regulates Self,Assertive versus Self,Deprecating Responses to Interpersonal CompetitionCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 6 2002Joyce F. Benenson The current study examined the hypothesis that group size can influence whether children display self,assertive versus self,deprecating responses to interpersonal competition, especially under stress. Twenty same,sex playgroups (N= 120) of 9, to 10,year,old children played a competitive game in groups and in dyads. Stress was induced by causing some of the children to lose the game and watch as their opponents received psychological and material rewards. Results demonstrated that both the dynamics of the game and individual reactions to stress varied consistently as a function of the social context. Individuals displayed more assertive behaviors in groups than in dyads. In contrast, individuals exhibited more self,deprecating behaviors in dyads than in groups. Given that under naturalistic conditions males are more likely than are females to interact in groups and females are more likely than are males to interact in dyads, group size provides one possible mechanism for the development of sex differences in self,assertive versus self,deprecating behaviors. [source] Family Adversity, Positive Peer Relationships, and Children's Externalizing Behavior: A Longitudinal Perspective on Risk and ResilienceCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2002Michael M. Criss Peer acceptance and friendships were examined as moderators in the link between family adversity and child externalizing behavioral problems. Data on family adversity (i.e., ecological disadvantage, violent marital conflict, and harsh discipline) and child temperament and social information processing were collected during home visits from 585 families with 5,year,old children. Children's peer acceptance, friendship, and friends' aggressiveness were assessed with sociometric methods in kindergarten and grade 1. Teachers provided ratings of children's externalizing behavior problems in grade 2. Peer acceptance served as a moderator for all three measures of family adversity, and friendship served as a moderator for harsh discipline. Examination of regression slopes indicated that family adversity was not significantly associated with child externalizing behavior at high levels of positive peer relationships. These moderating effects generally were not qualified by child gender, ethnicity, or friends' aggressiveness, nor were they accounted for by child temperament or social information,processing patterns. The need for process,oriented studies of risk and protective factors is stressed. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||