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Off-farm Employment (off-farm + employment)
Selected AbstractsDoes Education Still Pay Off in Rural China: Revisit the Impact of Education on Off-farm Employment and WagesCHINA AND WORLD ECONOMY, Issue 2 2008Haiqing Zhang I21; J24; O15 Abstract The present study considers how education affects off-farm job participation and wages. We use a nationally representative dataset from a survey conducted in 5 provinces, 101 villages and 808 households by the authors in early 2005. The empirical results show that educational attainment, skill training and years of experience of rural residents have positive, statistically significant effects on off-farm employment. The average return to a year of education is 7 percent, which is higher than those observed in previous studies. We also find the return to an additional year of schooling to be higher for post-junior high schooling than for junior high and below schooling: 11.8 versus 3.2 percent. We conclude that not only does education still pays off in rural China, but also the rate of return to education is increasing over time. [source] Moving off the farm and intensifying agricultural production in Shandong: a case study of rural labor market linkages in ChinaAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2009Jikun Huang Off-farm employment; Fruit production; Labor market; Linkages Abstract This study examines linkages between off-farm labor markets and the labor allocated by farmers to on-farm production of fruit crops. Using a stratified random sample of rural households in Shandong Province, we find that young and educated members of the labor force tend to work more frequently in the off-farm labor market, and that off-farm employment reduces the likelihood and intensity of fruit production. Fruit production is associated with lower levels of off-farm employment. Households and individuals who are less likely (or able) to find off-farm employment can benefit from shifting into fruit production. Although off-farm employment is an important avenue out of poverty, fruit production provides ways for the less educated and older households to raise their income. [source] Intertemporal analysis of employment decisions on agricultural holdings in SloveniaAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2005Luka Juvan Employment decisions; Mobility of labor supply; Off-farm employment; Probit model Abstract The article attempts to quantify determinants influencing the dynamics of employment decisions on agricultural holdings in Slovenia and to test specific aspects of labor reallocation during the transition period by the application of an agricultural household model. Through the use of a 1991,2000 longitudinal data set for 22,055 farm households, quantitative analysis of intertemporal employment decisions by farm holders is carried out using probit techniques. The determinants tested relate to the personal characteristics of farm holders (gender, age, education level, and potential off-farm income), household characteristics (size, structure), characteristics of the agricultural holding (economic size, labor intensity), and local labor market conditions. The model results generally confirm existing empirical evidence on asymmetrical and irreversible participation of holders on the labor market. Despite intensive restructuring of agriculture and profound changes in the nonfarm labor market in the analyzed period, labor supply of farm holders remains rigid. The mobility of labor supply is lower than expected, which can be attributed to the importance of structural problems constraining intersectoral mobility. Low labor mobility reduces the efficiency of labor allocation on agricultural holdings in Slovenia. Elements of this problem emerge on both supply (e.g., low level of educational and professional attainment of reference persons) and demand sides of the labor market (e.g., unfavorable local labor market conditions). A marked tendency toward maintaining the same employment status is more distinct in the case of holders employed on-farm only. [source] Agricultural diversification and integrated pest management in BangladeshAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2004Chowdhury Mahmoud IPM; Bangladesh; Vegetable production; Off-farm employment Abstract We study factors associated with a shift toward diversified, high-valued vegetable crops and the incentives associated with the use of IPM methods for vegetable producers in Bangladesh. The primary objective is to measure how IPM technologies affect the crop and technology choices of low-income rice farmers. A three-season household optimisation model is used to study crop and technology choice under price and yield uncertainty. The model is parameterised using data from vegetable farms and experimental IPM trials conducted in Bangladesh. Simulation results show that access to IPM technology and IPM availability combined with access to credit increase household welfare and lead to higher rates of vegetable adoption. Off-farm employment opportunities work against vegetable cultivation and IPM use by risk-averse farmers. Implications for policy and extension efforts are highlighted. [source] Moving off the farm and intensifying agricultural production in Shandong: a case study of rural labor market linkages in ChinaAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2009Jikun Huang Off-farm employment; Fruit production; Labor market; Linkages Abstract This study examines linkages between off-farm labor markets and the labor allocated by farmers to on-farm production of fruit crops. Using a stratified random sample of rural households in Shandong Province, we find that young and educated members of the labor force tend to work more frequently in the off-farm labor market, and that off-farm employment reduces the likelihood and intensity of fruit production. Fruit production is associated with lower levels of off-farm employment. Households and individuals who are less likely (or able) to find off-farm employment can benefit from shifting into fruit production. Although off-farm employment is an important avenue out of poverty, fruit production provides ways for the less educated and older households to raise their income. [source] A Farm Household Conception of Pluriactivity in Canadian Agriculture: Motivation, Diversification and Livelihood*CANADIAN REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY/REVUE CANADIENNE DE SOCIOLOGIE, Issue 1 2006KENNETH C. BESSANTArticle first published online: 14 JUL 200 La collecte d'information du recensement sur la pluriactivité agricole ou sur l' « agriculture à temps partiel », comme on l'appelait au début, a commencé aussi tôt que dans les années trente aux États-Unis et dans les années quarante au Canada. Depuis, les chercheurs ne se sont pas contentés de rapporter les statistiques descriptives de base, ils ont effectué des enquêtes détaillées des diverses sources non agricoles sur le revenu familial global, sur les types d'emplois à l'exterieur de la ferme et sur les motivations sous-jacentes. Quoique l'intérêt pour le sujet ait quelque peu diminué, une analyse plus approfondie des ménages pluriactifs est justifiée, particulièrement à la lumière de la restructuration et du dépeuplement ruraux et de la « crise agricole ». Les spécialistes en sciences humaines ont suivi des pistes divergentes sur la nature de la pluriactivité; cependant, plusieurs de ces travaux sont liés aux concepts des collectivités rurales durables (CRD), comme les stratégies adaptatives, la diversification et la résilience. Dans cet article, l'auteur explore l'utilité de l'analyse des CRD pour interpréter la présence, la persistance, les formes et fonctions variées de pluriactivité dans les ménages agricoles canadiens. The collection of census information about pluriactivity or "part-time farming," as it was initially termed, began as early as the 1930s in the United States and the 1940s in Canada. Researchers have since moved beyond reporting basic descriptive statistics to detailed investigations of the various non-farm sources of total family income, types of off-farm employment, and underlying motivations. Although interest in the topic has waned somewhat, further analysis of pluriactive households is warranted, particularly in light of rural restructuring, farm depopulation, and the "farm crisis." Social scientists have pursued divergent lines of inquiry into the nature of pluriactivity; however, much of this work is related to Sustainable Rural Livelihoods (SRL) concepts such as adaptive strategies, diversification and resilience. This paper explores the utility of SRL analysis for interpreting the presence, persistence, and varied forms and functions of pluriactivity among Canadian farm households. [source] Does Education Still Pay Off in Rural China: Revisit the Impact of Education on Off-farm Employment and WagesCHINA AND WORLD ECONOMY, Issue 2 2008Haiqing Zhang I21; J24; O15 Abstract The present study considers how education affects off-farm job participation and wages. We use a nationally representative dataset from a survey conducted in 5 provinces, 101 villages and 808 households by the authors in early 2005. The empirical results show that educational attainment, skill training and years of experience of rural residents have positive, statistically significant effects on off-farm employment. The average return to a year of education is 7 percent, which is higher than those observed in previous studies. We also find the return to an additional year of schooling to be higher for post-junior high schooling than for junior high and below schooling: 11.8 versus 3.2 percent. We conclude that not only does education still pays off in rural China, but also the rate of return to education is increasing over time. [source] | ||||||||||