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Oil Yield (oil + yield)
Selected AbstractsThe effect of salinity on the growth, yield and essential oils of turnip-rooted and leaf parsley cultivated within the Mediterranean regionJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 9 2009Spiridon A Petropoulos Abstract BACKGROUND: Turnip-rooted parsley, a field-crop of northern Europe, has recently been introduced to the Mediterranean region for fresh consumption or production of essential oil. Because of soil salinity within this area, the sensitivity of turnip-rooted and two other parsley subspecies (plain- and curly-leafed) to salt was studied. RESULTS: NaCl or CaCl2 additions to the irrigation water raised the electrical conductivity (EC) in increments from 0.5 dS m,1 to 4.5 dS m,1 (year 1) or 6.0 dS m,1 (year 2), reducing parsley foliage weight in year 2, but increasing the root weight of turnip-rooted parsley in year 1. Raising the EC with NaCl increased the yield of foliar essential oil from curly-leafed parsley (both years), but not from the other cultivars. CaCl2 had less effect on oil yield. The relative concentrations of the principal aroma constituents (,-phellandrene, myristicin, ,-myrcene and apiole) of the foliar essential oil were affected by NaCl or CaCl2 in a way that differed between cultivars. Oil yield from parsley roots was very low and apparently unaffected by salinity. CONCLUSION: All three parsley subspecies are moderately sensitive to salinity, but may be cultivated at <4.5 dS m,1 EC. Salinity may assist oil production by increasing oil yield (curly-leafed parsley) and positively affecting certain aroma constituents. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Comparative study of the leaf oil of Juniperus macropoda growing in Garhwal regions of Uttranchal (India)FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2005Divya Srivastava Abstract Leaf oils of Juniperus macropoda collected from different localities (Hindolkhal and Mussorie) of Garhwal Himalaya (Uttaranchal) exhibited much variation in their yield and composition. Oil yields in the Hindolkhal and Mussorie samples were 1.2% and 0.52% respectively. In the Hindolkhal sample, , -elemene (42.5%) was the main constituent of oil, followed by t -sabinene hydrate (8.8%) and , -cubebene (7.9%), while in the Mussorie sample the main oil constituent was , -thujone (22.6%), followed by biformene (7.7%) and sabinene (5.8%). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Quantification of seed oil from species with varying oil content using supercritical fluid extractionPHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 6 2008Charlotte E. Seal Abstract Introduction: The quantity and composition of seed oil affects seed viability and storability and hence the value of a species as a resource for nutrition and plant conservation. Supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2) offers a rapid, environmentally friendly alternative to traditional solvent extraction. Objective: To develop a method using SFE-CO2 to quantify the seed oil content in a broad range of species with high to low oil contents. Methodology: Seed oil was extracted using SFE-CO2 from four crop species representing high, medium and low oil content: Helianthus annuus, Asteraceae, with ca. 55% oil; Brassica napus, Brassicaceae, with ca. 50% oil; Glycine max, Fabaceae, with ca. 20% oil; and Pisum sativum, Fabaceae, with ca. 2% oil. Extraction pressures of 5000, 6000 and 7500 psi and temperatures of 40, 60 and 80°C were examined and a second step using 15% ethanol as a modifier included. Oil yields were compared with that achieved from Smalley Butt extraction. The optimised SFE-CO2 method was validated on six species from taxonomically distant families and with varying oil contents: Swietenia humilis (Meliaceae), Stenocereus thurberi (Cactaceae), Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae), Robinia pseudoacacia (Fabaceae), Poa pratensis (Poaceae) and Trachycarpus fortunei (Arecaceae). Results: The two-step extraction at 6000 psi and 80°C produced oil yields equivalent to or higher than Smalley Butt extraction for all species, including challenging species from the Brassicaceae family. Conclusion: SFE-CO2 enables the rapid analysis of seed oils across a broad range of seed oil contents. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Stachys plumosa Griseb.FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006Silvana Petrovi Abstract The essential oil of Balkan endemic Stachys plumosa Griseb. obtained by steam distillation was analysed by GC and GC,MS. Essential oil yield was 0.15% (v/w) and 45 components were identified (86.9% of the total amount). Dehydroabietane was identified as the most prominent component (61.2%), while other constituents were present in much lower quantity, predominantly diterpenes kaurene and biformene (3.2% and 3.0%, respectively). The antimicrobial activity was tested on six bacterial strains and two fungal strains, using the agar diffusion method. Diameters of growth inhibition zones were measured. The most sensitive microorganisms were, in order: Pseudomonas aeruginosa > Bacillus subtilis > Enterococcus faecalis > Klebsiella pneumoniae > Candida albicans (ATCC 10259) > Candida albicans (ATCC 24433) > Escherichia coli > Staphylococcus aureus. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Post-harvest storage effect on quantity and quality of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp. cv. ,Bourbon') oil in UttaranchalFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2005P. Ram Abstract Drying and storage of herbage for 5 days prior to distillation significantly reduced the essential oil recovery as well as oil quality. The study suggested that the geranium green biomass should be distilled afresh for better oil yield and quality in the conditions of Uttaranchal. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The essential oil of Anemia tomentosa (Savigny) Sw. var. anthriscifolia (Schrad.) MickelFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2004Hector R Juliani Abstract The essential oil composition of the aerial parts of Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia (Anemiaceae) was characterized by GC,MS. Total volatile oil yield extracted by steam distillation was 0.2% dry weight basis. The volatile oil was composed mainly of sesquiterpenes (75%, as the relative percentage of the total essential oil) with lower amounts of monoterpenes (15%); no phenylpropanoids were detected. The sesquiterpenes were composed mainly of oxygenated components (67%), including , -bisabolol (51%), spathulenol (1%), caryophyllene oxide (3%), , -bisaboloxide (1%) and 14-hydroxy-9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene (1%). The monoterpenes were dominated by neral (5%) and geranial (7%), with lower amounts of , -pinene, camphene, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 1,8-cineole and pinocarveol. This is the ,rst report of the essential oil accumulation (0.2%) and volatile composition in the aromatic fern A. tomentosa. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Chemical composition variability of the essential oil of Conyza canadensis Cronq.FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2003Anna Lis Abstract The essential oils from different botanical parts (herb, leaves, ,owers, stems, roots) of Conyza canadensis Cronq. were analysed at various ontogenesis phases. R -(+)-limonene and trans - , -bergamotene were the main constituents of the herb, leaf and ,ower oil at all phases of vegetation. The early ,owering phases are the best time for harvesting C. canadensis herb, because the oil yield is the highest (0.7,0.8%) and its chemical composition is constant (limonene 80,81%, trans - , -bergamotene 6,8%). Limonene was the dominating compound of the oils of European origin (French, Italian, Spanish, Belgian, Bulgarian and Lithuanian). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Inflorescence characteristics, seed composition, and allometric relationships predicting seed yields in the biomass crop Cynara cardunculusGCB BIOENERGY, Issue 3 2010S. V. ARCHONTOULIS Abstract Cynara (Cynara cardunculus) is a perennial C3 herb that has its potential as bioenergy crop. This paper aims (a) to derive empirical relationships to predict cynara seed yield per head and per unit area, avoiding laborious extraction of seeds from the complex structure of its inflorescences; (b) to determine the head-weight distribution per unit area, the seed composition and the oil profile of cynara seeds; and (c) to estimate the range of cynara biomass, seed and oil yield in representative parts of Greece. We analyzed 16 field experiments, varying in crop age and environmental conditions in Greece. Seed yield per head (SYhead) can be accurately predicted as a linear function of dry head weight (Hw): SYhead=0.429·Hw,2.9 (r2=0.96; n=617). Based on this relationship, we developed a simple two-parameter equation to predict seed yield per unit area (SY): SY=HN·(0.429·,,2.9), where , is the mean head weight (g head,1) and HN is the total number of heads per unit area, respectively. The models were tested against current and published data (n=180 for head-level; n=35 for unit area-level models), and proved to be valid under diverse management and environmental conditions. Attainable cynara seed yields ranged from 190 to 480 g m,2 yr,1, on dry soils and on aquic soils (shallow ground water level). This variation in seed yield was sufficiently explained by the analyses of head-weight distribution per unit area (small, medium and large heads) and variability of seed/head weight ratio at head level. Seed oil concentration (average: 23%) and crude protein concentration (average: 18.7%) were rather invariant across different seed sizes (range: 26,56 mg seed,1) and growing environments. [source] Effect of particle size and drying temperature on drying rate and oil extracted yields of Buccholzia coriacea (MVAN) and Butyrospermum parkii ENGLINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 5 2007César Kapseu Summary The effect of particle size and drying temperature on drying rate and oil extracted yields of Buccholzia coriacea (MVAN) and Butyrospermum parkii (ENGL) was investigated. Air drying studies carried out on B. coriacea and B. parkii, tropical food sources subject to high post-harvest losses, have resulted in the establishment of a significant difference between oil yields extracted from samples of various particle size pretreatments (paste, 4 mm, 8 mm and whole kernels) dried at 45 and 60 °C with the highest oil yield given by the 4 mm thick slices dried at 45 °C. The influence of temperature and particle thickness on the drying rate has been evaluated. The drying constants were found to depend on both temperature and particle thickness. Analysis of the oil extracted from the 4 mm thick slices dried at 45 °C showed that apart from the acid value (52.4%), the saponification (181.2 mg g,1 KOH), peroxide (8.6 meq kg,1) and the unsaponifiable (7.43%) matter values of the extracted shea butter remain within the limits cited in the literature while a close analysis of the cake suggests that it could be a good mineral source. [source] Improving Drought Tolerance by Exogenous Application of Glycinebetaine and Salicylic Acid in SunflowerJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 3 2008M. Hussain Abstract Water shortage is a severe threat to the sustainability of crop production. Exogenous application of glycinebetaine (GB) and salicylic acid (SA) has been found very effective in reducing the adverse affects of drought stress. This study was conducted to examine the possible role of exogenous GB and SA application in improving the yield of hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under different irrigation regimes. There were three levels of irrigation, viz. control (normal irrigations), water stress at vegetative stage (irrigation missing at vegetative stage) and water stress at flowering stage (irrigation missing at flowering stage). GB and SA were applied exogenously at 100 and 0.724 mm, respectively, each at the vegetative and at the flowering stage. Control plants did not receive application of GB and SA. Water stress reduced the head diameter, number of achene, 1000-achene weight, achene yield and oil yield. Nevertheless, exogenous GB and SA application significantly improved these attributes under water stress. However, drought stress increased the free leaf proline and GB, and were further increased by exogenous application of GB and SA. However, exogenous GB application at the flowering stage was more effective than other treatments. Oil contents were also reduced under water stress; however, GB and SA application could not ameliorate the negative effect of water stress on achene oil contents. The effects of water stress and foliar application of GB were more pronounced when applied at the flowering stage than at the vegetative stage. Moreover, exogenous GB application was only beneficial under stress conditions. [source] GEOMETRICAL, THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF OLIVE FRUITSJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2010MOHAMAD I. AL-WIDYAN ABSTRACT In Mediterranean countries, olive trees play a significant economical role. Knowledge of olive fruits properties is essential for the efficient handling of the product and optimizing oil yield. The lack of such knowledge at the local level triggered this study in an attempt to report the fruit's chemical composition and some major engineering properties. Established procedures were followed in conducting the measurements and calculations on fruit samples. The study examined four major varieties of olive fruits, including Spanish, Black Spanish, improved Nabali and Nabali Baladi for their chemical composition and other properties, including geometrical, thermal and frictional properties. Thermal properties, including thermal conductivity, heat capacity and thermal diffusivity, ranged from 0.41 to 0.47 W/(m·K), 2.35 to 2.39 kJ/(kg·K) and 2.88 × 10,7to 2.779 × 10,7 m2/s, respectively. The geometrical properties of the Spanish and Black Spanish were quite similar except for roundness and sphericity. Similar results were found for improved Nabali and Nabali Baladi. The properties of weight, density and packing coefficient ranged from 2.22 to 8.60 g, 890 to 1,230 kg/m3 and 0.43 to 0.52, respectively. The fruit's static friction coefficient over mild steel, aluminum and softwood surfaces ranged from 0.20 to 0.30, 0.21 to 0.29 and 0.22 to 0.33, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS In Jordan and other Mediterranean countries, olive fruits are produced in large quantities every season. They are very widely used as pickled fruits or are processed in mills to extract their oil. Despite the fact that fruit properties are a necessary prerequisite for the efficient handling and processing of fruits, literature search indicated the lack of a comprehensive study of scientific merit that reports on the engineering properties of olive fruits. In addition, it is established that knowledge of the fruit properties leads to optimized handling and processing and results in knowledge-based development of all processes and equipment that deal with the fruits. The practical merit of this study stems from the fact that it reports on the key properties of a major product (olive fruits) that has social, cultural and economical significance throughout a whole region and is expanding throughout the globe. [source] Extraction of Poppy Seed Oil Using Supercritical CO2JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 2 2003B. Bozan ABSTRACT: Extraction of poppy seed oil with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) was performed and the effect of extraction conditions on oil solubility and yield as well as oil composition was evaluated. Within the temperature (50 to 70 °C) and pressure (21 to 55 MPa) ranges studied, 55 MPa/70 °C gave the highest oil solubility (24.1 mg oil/g CO2) and oil yield (38.7 g oil/100g seed). Fatty acid composition of the oil obtained with SC-CO2 at 55 MPa/70 °C was similar to that of petroleum ether-extracted oil (p > 0.05) with linoleic acid making up 69.0 to 73.7% of fatty acids. Tocol content of the SC-CO2 -extracted oils varied from 22.37 to 33.35 mg/100 g oil, which was higher than that of petroleum ether-extracted oil (15.28 mg/100 g oil). Poppy seed oil may have potential in the rapidly growing specialty oil market. [source] Walnut Staminate Flowers Can Be Explored as a Supplementary Plant Oil SourceJOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2006Husen Jia Abstract Fossil fuel is currently the major energy source driving global socio-economy, but its stock is being heavily depleted due to increasing anthropogenic activities worldwide. There are also concerns regarding the burning of fossil fuels, which contributes to global climate warming and air pollution. As such, the development of biodiesel as a non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable alternative energy source using oil crops such as soybean and rapeseed has quickly emerged in the West countries. However, the production of oil crops in China is far from sufficient to meet the demands of the country's population of 1.3 billion, and increasing oil crop production is inhibited by a severe shortage of agricultural land, which currently averages 0.2 acre per person and, as such, is less than half the world average. The current national policy in China regarding land use is more towards revering cultivated lands in ravins and hills to forestry, which presents an ideal opportunity to further develop plantations of walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees, a plant that is tolerant to drought and infertile soils and has a high oil content. Study in this paper shows that one ament of walnut staminate flowers produces about 0.168 g dry pollen, and the dry pollen contained 49.67% oil. Based on this discovery, oil yield obtained from staminate flowers is estimated to reach 6.95% of that from walnut nuts. Thus walnut staminate flower is suggested to explore as supplementary plant oil source, and has a great opportunity to utilize as a biodiesel feedstock. (Managing editor: Wei Wang) [source] Designing supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of rice bran oil that contain oryzanols using response surface methodologyJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 8 2008Chih-Hung Wang Abstract This study examines the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of oryzanols contained rice bran oil from powdered rice bran. The extraction efficiencies and concentration factors of oryzanols, free fatty acids and triglycerides in the SC-CO2 extracts were determined. With top-flow type SC-CO2 extraction the total oil yield was 18.1% and the extraction efficiencies of oryzanols and triglycerides were 88.5 and 91.3% respectively, when 2750 g CO2 was consumed during the extraction of 35 g rice bran powder. The concentration factors of oryzanols and triglycerides in SC-CO2 -extracted oil were higher than in the Soxhlet n -hexane extracted oil. SC-CO2 extractions indicated that pressure can be used more effectively than temperature to enhance the extraction efficiency and concentration factor of oryzanols. A two-factor central composite scheme of response surface methodology was employed to determine the optimal pressure (300 bar) and temperature (313 K) for increasing the concentration of oryzanols in the SC-CO2 extracted oil. [source] The effect of salinity on the growth, yield and essential oils of turnip-rooted and leaf parsley cultivated within the Mediterranean regionJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 9 2009Spiridon A Petropoulos Abstract BACKGROUND: Turnip-rooted parsley, a field-crop of northern Europe, has recently been introduced to the Mediterranean region for fresh consumption or production of essential oil. Because of soil salinity within this area, the sensitivity of turnip-rooted and two other parsley subspecies (plain- and curly-leafed) to salt was studied. RESULTS: NaCl or CaCl2 additions to the irrigation water raised the electrical conductivity (EC) in increments from 0.5 dS m,1 to 4.5 dS m,1 (year 1) or 6.0 dS m,1 (year 2), reducing parsley foliage weight in year 2, but increasing the root weight of turnip-rooted parsley in year 1. Raising the EC with NaCl increased the yield of foliar essential oil from curly-leafed parsley (both years), but not from the other cultivars. CaCl2 had less effect on oil yield. The relative concentrations of the principal aroma constituents (,-phellandrene, myristicin, ,-myrcene and apiole) of the foliar essential oil were affected by NaCl or CaCl2 in a way that differed between cultivars. Oil yield from parsley roots was very low and apparently unaffected by salinity. CONCLUSION: All three parsley subspecies are moderately sensitive to salinity, but may be cultivated at <4.5 dS m,1 EC. Salinity may assist oil production by increasing oil yield (curly-leafed parsley) and positively affecting certain aroma constituents. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Nitrogen fertilisation in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.): a review and meta-analysisJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 6 2009Alessandra Carrubba Abstract Nitrogen (N) fertilisation is one of the most important external inputs in assessing coriander seed yield and plant growth. Recent concerns related to the misuse of N fertilisers in agricultural environments, however, stress the opportunity for a fine-tuning of N management in order to optimise the use of this element, avoiding losses and reducing environmental hazards. In this study, some results from the literature concerning N fertilisation in coriander are reviewed and, by means of statistical analysis, an attempt is made to derive from them some general suggestions about practices of N fertilisation. In most cases examined, N fertilisation allowed a 10,70% increase in seed yields in comparison with each respective untreated control. The efficiency of use of this element, however, has proven to be greatly dependent on the overall fertility conditions of the growing site. The greatest yield advantages were actually found in more favourable environments, whereas in low-yielding environments plants reached their maximum yield with a comparatively reduced N supply. In low-yielding environments a careful risk/benefit assessment of this practice is therefore advisable. No definite conclusion could be drawn at this stage about essential oil yield and composition in relation to N fertilisation. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Essential oil composition and antifungal activity of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. obtained by different distillation conditionsPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 4 2003N. Mimica-Duki Abstract The in,uence of different hydrodistillation conditions was evaluated from the standpoint of essential oil yield, chemical composition and antifungal activity from seeds of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Three hydrodistillation conditions were considered. The main constituents of the oils were: (E)-anethole (72.27%,74.18%), fenchone (11.32%,16.35%) and methyl chavicol (3.78%,5.29%). The method of distillation signi,cantly effected the essential oil yield and quantitative composition, although the antifungal activity of the oils against some fungi was only slightly altered. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Latitudinal trends in foliar oils of eucalypts: Environmental correlates and diversity of chrysomelid leaf-beetlesAUSTRAL ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2010MARTIN J. STEINBAUER Abstract Eucalypts are characterized by their oleaginous foliage, yet no one has considered the universality of oil expression or its ecological associations and implications for biodiversity. Published literature on the oils of 66 eucalypts was combined with geographic distribution information contained in the Australian National Herbarium (ANHSIR) database to investigate continent-scale changes in oil yield and composition. The exposure to fire and rainfall of each eucalypt was considered in reference to Walker's data on fire frequency and Australian Bureau of Meteorology 97-year records of rainfall variability. Host collection records for 69 species of chrysomelid leaf-beetle were collated from entomologists to consider patterns of association with a subset of 16 eucalypts. Eucalypts endemic to the seasonally arid, sub-tropical to tropical climates of northern Australia have less oleaginous and aromatic leaves than species endemic to the mesic, temperate climates of the southern parts of the continent. Maximum oil yield and the concentrations of cineole and pinene were positively correlated with minimum fire interval but not with rainfall variability. Low oil contents in more northerly distributed species may facilitate persistence in highly fire-prone habitats. There were no patterns in the diversity of chrysomelid leaf-beetles with either the oil yield or the concentrations of 1,8-cineole or ,-pinene in their hosts. When taken in consideration with the apparent strategy of eucalypts to tolerate insect herbivory, current evidence augurs against high concentrations of cineole or pinene acting alone as antibiotic plant secondary metabolites. [source] Pittosporum undulatum Vent. grown in Portugal: secretory structures, seasonal variation and enantiomeric composition of its essential oilFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2007Nicolau J. Ferreira Abstract Aerial parts of Pittosporum undulatum were collected fortnightly for 1 year at the Parque de Saúde de Lisboa. Collective samples of two populations were investigated, i.e. from pruned and non-pruned trees, and in addition samples from one pruned and one non-pruned individual. An SEM study of the aerial parts showed the presence of non-glandular T-shaped trichomes, and capitate trichomes with an elongated stalk and two to four round-shaped cells on the top. Numerous canals were seen at the level of the capsule wall as well as in the leaves and stems. Essential oil samples were isolated from the (deep-frozen) aerial parts by hydrodistillation to estimate the oil yields, and by distillation,extraction to determine their percentage composition, and analysed by GC and GC,MS. Monoterpenes (59,97%) were dominant in all oils, sabinene (5,58%), limonene (2,37%) and terpinen-4-ol (4,27%) being the major components, although in different relative amounts during the year of collection. Benzyl benzoate (8%) and benzyl salicylate (10%) attained high relative amounts in the oils from fully developed flowers, whereas in the oils from the other plant parts their relative amounts did not exceed 1%. The enantiomeric ratio of sabinene, limonene and terpinen-4-ol was investigated in the leaf, flower and capsule oils, showing dominance of the (+)-forms and homogeneity between all the oil samples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effect of particle size and drying temperature on drying rate and oil extracted yields of Buccholzia coriacea (MVAN) and Butyrospermum parkii ENGLINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 5 2007César Kapseu Summary The effect of particle size and drying temperature on drying rate and oil extracted yields of Buccholzia coriacea (MVAN) and Butyrospermum parkii (ENGL) was investigated. Air drying studies carried out on B. coriacea and B. parkii, tropical food sources subject to high post-harvest losses, have resulted in the establishment of a significant difference between oil yields extracted from samples of various particle size pretreatments (paste, 4 mm, 8 mm and whole kernels) dried at 45 and 60 °C with the highest oil yield given by the 4 mm thick slices dried at 45 °C. The influence of temperature and particle thickness on the drying rate has been evaluated. The drying constants were found to depend on both temperature and particle thickness. Analysis of the oil extracted from the 4 mm thick slices dried at 45 °C showed that apart from the acid value (52.4%), the saponification (181.2 mg g,1 KOH), peroxide (8.6 meq kg,1) and the unsaponifiable (7.43%) matter values of the extracted shea butter remain within the limits cited in the literature while a close analysis of the cake suggests that it could be a good mineral source. [source] | ||||||||||||||||