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Oil Used (oil + used)
Selected AbstractsAssessment of the Oxidative and Hydrolytic Degradation of Oils Used as Liquid Medium of In-oil Preserved VegetablesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2003F. Caponio ABSTRACT: An experimental investigation was carried out on several in-oil preserved vegetables to evaluate the quality and genuineness of different oils used as liquid medium. The results obtained showed that the lipids released by vegetables to the oils are negligible, and that the routine analyses are not fully effective to assess the quality of the oils. More reliable results may be achieved from the percent determination of trans isomers, and from the classes of oxidation, polymerization, and hydrolysis substances contained in the polar compounds. In sunflower seed oils, much higher contents of trans isomers (p < 0.001), triglyceride oligopolymers, and oxidized triglycerides (p < 0.01) have been observed as compared to olive and extra virgin olive oils. [source] Factors Dominating Adhesion of NaCl onto Potato ChipsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 8 2007V.E. Buck ABSTRACT:, In this study, the adhesion factors examined were time between frying and coating, surface oil content, chip temperature, oil composition, NaCl size, NaCl shape, and electrostatic coating. Three different surface oil content potato chips, high, low, and no, were produced. Oils used were soybean, olive, corn, peanut, and coconut. After frying, chips were coated immediately, after 1 d, and after 1 mo. NaCl crystals of 5 different particle sizes (24.7, 123, 259, 291, and 388 ,m) were coated both electrostatically and nonelectrostatically. Adhesion of cubic, dendritic, and flake crystals was examined. Chips were coated at different temperatures. Chips with high surface oil had the highest adhesion of salt, making surface oil content the most important factor. Decreasing chip temperature decreased surface oil and adhesion. Increasing time between frying and coating reduced adhesion for low surface oil chips, but did not affect high and no surface oil chips. Changing oil composition did not affect adhesion. Increasing salt size decreased adhesion. Salt size had a greater effect on chips with lower surface oil content. When there were significant differences, cubic crystals gave the best adhesion followed by flake crystals then dendritic crystals. For high and low surface oil chips, electrostatic coating did not change adhesion of small size crystals but decreased adhesion of large salts. For no surface oil content chips, electrostatic coating improved adhesion for small salt sizes but did not affect adhesion of large crystals. [source] The role of methylnaphthalene in EHV cable oil as related to oil breakdown and discharge velocityEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 6 2002A. Al-Sulaiman This experimental investigation explores the effect of high voltage lightning surges on the insulating oil used in the oil filled extra high voltage cables that serve electric power networks worldwide. Using non-uniform electrode configuration, the breakdown voltage and corresponding discharge propagation velocities in oil samples that are doped with trace amounts of 1-Methylnaphthalene are investigated under both polarities of applied stresses in gap spacing of up to 10 mm. Two distinct ranges of additive concentrations are observed which effect these characteristics. Generally, the positive discharge growth decreases with increase in gap spacing while the negative ones show opposite behaviour. Anomalous behaviour of discharge growth is observed at an optimum concentration of additive, as it attains supersonic velocity which increases with the increase in gap spacing. A correlation between the positive impulse breakdown voltage and the discharge propagation velocity is also established. [source] Microencapsulation of Fish Oil by Spray Granulation and Fluid Bed Film CoatingJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2010Sri Haryani Anwar Abstract:, The stability of microencapsulated fish oil prepared with 2 production processes, spray granulation (SG) and SG followed by film coating (SG-FC) using a fluid bed equipment, was investigated. In the 1st process, 3 types of fish oil used were based on the ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (10/50, 33/22, and 18/12). Each type was emulsified with soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS) and maltodextrin to produce 25% oil powders. In the 2nd process, 15% film coating of hydroxypropyl betacyclodextrin (HPBCD) was applied to the granules from the 1st process. The powder stability against oxidation was examined by measurement of peroxide values (PV) and headspace propanal after storage at room temperature and at 3 to 4 °C for 6 wk. Uncoated powder containing the lowest concentration of PUFA (18/12) was found to be stable during storage at room temperature with maximum PV of 3.98 ± 0.001 meq/kg oil. The PV increased sharply for uncoated powder with higher concentration of omega-3 (in 33/22 and 10/50 fish oils) after 3 wk storage. The PVs were in agreement with the concentration of propanal, and these 2 parameters remained constant for most of the uncoated powders stored at low temperature. Unexpectedly, the outcomes showed that the coated powders had lower stability than uncoated powders as indicated by higher initial PVs; more hydroperoxides were detected as well as increasing propanal concentration. The investigation suggests that the film-coating by HPBCD ineffectively protected fish oil as the coating process might have induced further oxidation; however, SG is a good method for producing fish oil powder and to protect it from oxidation because of the "onion skin" structure of granules produced in this process. [source] Hollow polylactide microcapsules with controlled morphology and thermal and mechanical propertiesAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 11 2009Hassan Sawalha Abstract Hollow polylactide microcapsules were prepared by multistage premix membrane emulsification of polylactide/dichloromethane/oil solutions in water (nonsolvent). The effects of the different oils on the morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of the hollow microcapsules were investigated. All oils resulted in hollow microcapsules with controlled shell thickness of ,60 nm except for eugenol, in which irregular, massive capsules were obtained. The properties of the microcapsules were strongly dependent on the oil used, for example the thermal transition temperatures found for hollow capsules were lower than for solid particles prepared without any oil. The crystallinity and transition temperatures of the capsules prepared with linear alkanes were higher than for cyclic alkanes; terpenes gave the lowest transition temperatures. The shell stiffness, measured with atomic force microscopy, was highly dependent on the oil used. Capsules prepared with dodecane showed higher stiffness (3.3 N m,1) than with limonene (2 N m,1) or cyclohexane (1.4 N m,1). © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009 [source] Friction evaluation of elastomers in lubricated contactLUBRICATION SCIENCE, Issue 10 2009Gregory F. Simmons Abstract Friction testing of elastomers in lubricated contact is discussed with a focus on developing experimental arrangements that can produce worthwhile results. Practical issues unique to elastomers are covered as well as their solutions, including contact mechanics, material response to loading, contact edges, oil absorption, cleaning and specimen geometry. A critique of reciprocating laboratory testing machines, including high-frequency short stroke and low-frequency long stroke friction and wear machines, is conducted for their usefulness, as is critical analysis of a wide variety of specimen configurations with the aim of helping the laboratory experimenter to overcome many of the pitfalls associated with testing of elastomers in lubricated conditions. Results from experiments using various testing arrangements are analysed, and it is found that the synthetic ester and mineral oil used produced similar results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Quantifying oxygen diffusion in paraffin oil used in oocyte and embryo cultureMOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 12 2009Yvonne M. StokesArticle first published online: 11 AUG 200 Oxygen diffusion through oil is important in the culture of oocytes and embryos. A diffusion coefficient two orders of magnitude smaller than that of oxygen in water has been thought possible, and this has led to concerns of anoxia in cultures. Using an assay for determining the oxygen consumption rate of embryos and oocytes, along with a mathematical model, it is here shown that the oxygen diffusion rate in paraffin oil at 37°C is about two-thirds of that in water at the same temperature. Although not previously recognised for the assay in question, the geometry is such that anoxia does occur for a period of time in excess of 1,hr and, by the completion of the assay, 30,40% of the medium is anoxic. Hence the quantity of oxygen consumed is less than would be consumed in conditions of plentiful oxygen supply. Nevertheless, using a model with a concentration dependent oxygen consumption rate, the oxygen consumption rate can be estimated. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 1178,1187, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Dynamics of petroleum markets in OECD countries in a monthly VAR,VEC model (1995,2007)OPEC ENERGY REVIEW, Issue 1 2008Mehdi Asali This paper contains some results of a study in which the dynamics of petroleum markets in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is investigated through a vector auto regression (VAR),vector error correction model. The time series of the model comprises the monthly data for the variables demand for oil in the OECD, WTI in real term as a benchmark oil price, industrial production in OECD as a proxy for income and commercial stocks of crude oil and oil products in OECD for the time period of January 1995 to September 2007. The detailed results of this empirical research are presented in different sections of the paper; nevertheless, the general result that emerges from this study could be summarised as follows: (i) there is convincing evidence of the series being non-stationary and integrated of order one I(1) with clear signs of co-integration relations between the series; (ii) the VAR system of the empirical study appears stable and restores its dynamics as usual, following a shock to the rate of changes of different variables of the model, taking between five and eight periods (months in our case); (iii) we find the lag length of 2 as being optimal for the estimated VAR model; (iv) significant impact of changes in the commercial crude and products' inventory level on oil price and on demand for oil is highlighted in our empirical study and in different formulations of the VAR model, indicating the importance of the changes in the stocks' level on oil market dynamics; and (v) income elasticity of deman for oil appears to be prominent and statistically significant in most estimated models of the VAR system in the long run, while price elasticity of demand for oil is found to be negligible and insignificant in the short run. However, while aggregate oil consumption does not appear to be very sensitive to the changes of oil prices (which is believed to be because of the so-called ,rebound effect' of oil (energy) efficiency in the macro level) in the macro level, the declining trend of oil intensity (oil used for production of unit value of goods and services), particularly when there is an upward trend in oil price, clearly indicates the channels through which persistent changes in oil prices could affect the demand for oil in OECD countries. [source] Oligomeric carbon and siloxane series observed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation and laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry during the analysis of soot formed in fuel-rich flamesRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 3 2004Barbara Apicella Oligomeric carbon and siloxane series have been observed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), during the analysis of the dichloromethane (DCM)-soluble fractions of condensable material recovered from fuel-rich flames. Laser desorption (LD) spectra showed a pattern of oligomeric dimethyl-siloxane structures with a spacing of 74,u. The siloxane series appears to have originated as contamination of samples by silicone oil used to lubricate connections of polymer tubing. This was confirmed by extracting silicone tubing and silicone grease with DCM followed by MALDI-MS analysis. A series of peaks with a mass spacing of 24,u was also observed, superimposed on the continuum of unresolved organic ions. This oligomeric series appears to correspond to polycyclic aromatics separated by (mainly) ethylene bridges. Thus LD-MS appears to have revealed a series of soot precursors, intermediate between polycyclic aromatics and particulate soot, which was not detected by MALDI-MS. More detailed work is necessary to define these species with precision. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Alternate oils in fish feedsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Jana Pickova Abstract Nearly half of the fish consumed as food worldwide are raised on fish farms rather than caught in the wild, as shown by FAO statistics. The increasing aquaculture of predatory carnivorous fish demands new sources of feed constituents, particularly oils at the moment. Common terrestrial plant oils contain only traces of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. In connection with fish feed, especially the lack of n -3 "marine fatty acids" is obvious. Recommendations on the required amounts of the fatty acids DHA (22:6n -3) and EPA (20:5n -3) exist from 1994. When plant oil-based diets are fed during the growing phase and replaced by a fish oil-based diet during a period prior to slaughter, most of the beneficial lipid composition of fish in terms of human dietary recommendations is restored. Little attention has been focused on the fish welfare in connection to substitution of dietary oil sources, and studies are still scarce. New fish diets will rely heavily on the use of alternate ingredients such as plant oils also for carnivorous cold-temperate water fish species. In the future, an addition of synthetic or GMO-produced "marine" fatty acids is a possible scenario. The aim of this review is to highlight some plant oils used in fish feeds, with special emphasis on compounds other than fatty acids. We also include some results from an ongoing study, where the effect of dietary soy oil on gonad maturation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is indicated. [source] Assessment of the Oxidative and Hydrolytic Degradation of Oils Used as Liquid Medium of In-oil Preserved VegetablesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2003F. Caponio ABSTRACT: An experimental investigation was carried out on several in-oil preserved vegetables to evaluate the quality and genuineness of different oils used as liquid medium. The results obtained showed that the lipids released by vegetables to the oils are negligible, and that the routine analyses are not fully effective to assess the quality of the oils. More reliable results may be achieved from the percent determination of trans isomers, and from the classes of oxidation, polymerization, and hydrolysis substances contained in the polar compounds. In sunflower seed oils, much higher contents of trans isomers (p < 0.001), triglyceride oligopolymers, and oxidized triglycerides (p < 0.01) have been observed as compared to olive and extra virgin olive oils. [source] Compatibility of detergents with the microbatch-under-oil crystallization methodACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D, Issue 6 2003Patrick J. Loll Detergents are required to solubilize integral membrane proteins and are common components of the solutions used to crystallize these molecules. It has been unclear whether these detergents are completely compatible with the oils used in the microbatch-under-oil crystallization technique, because they might conceivably be lost from solution by partitioning into the oil phase. The partitioning of the detergents n -octyl-,- d -glucopyranoside and Fos-Choline-12 into two different oils used for microbatch crystallization experiments has been examined. It was found that vigorous mixing and prolonged incubation of the aqueous detergent solutions with the oils leads to small losses of detergent (approximately 5% of the total detergent mass); however, gentle mixing that is more typical of the mixing encountered in a crystallization experiments leads to negligible loss of detergent. [source] | ||||||||||||||||