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Multiple Units (multiple + unit)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting	37%

Selected Abstracts

Efficiency of Large Double Auctions

ECONOMETRICA, Issue 1 2006
Martin W. Cripps
We consider large double auctions with private values. Values need be neither symmetric nor independent. Multiple units may be owned or desired. Participation may be stochastic. We introduce a very mild notion of "a little independence." We prove that all nontrivial equilibria of auctions that satisfy this notion are asymptotically efficient. For any ,>0, inefficiency disappears at rate 1/n2-,. [source]

Shared Services Transformation: Conceptualization and Valuation from the Perspective of Real Options

DECISION SCIENCES, Issue 3 2009
Ning Su
ABSTRACT In today's volatile global economy, where many organizations face severe pressure to downsize, the "shared services" model, in which a firm merges common functions performed by multiple units into a single service delivery organization, provides an innovative approach to make business more efficient and effective. To successfully implement shared services, firms need to strategically decide whether and how to pursue various service transformation alternatives such as simplification, standardization, consolidation, insourcing, or outsourcing. In this study, we develop the notion of real options into a unique theoretical lens for conceptualizing service organizations and their transformation in an uncertain business environment. Specifically, we view service organization as a set of strategic options that give the firm preferential access to future transformation opportunities. We create a taxonomy of these options, and introduce a decision methodology for valuing alternative shared services transformation approaches. We illustrate this methodology by applying it in a real business case to justify a global firm's decision regarding the transformation of its finance organization. [source]

Efficiency of Large Private Value Auctions

ECONOMETRICA, Issue 1 2001
Jeroen M. Swinkels
We consider discriminatory and uniform price auctions for multiple identical units of a good. Players have private values, possibly asymmetrically distributed and for multiple units. Our setting allows for aggregate uncertainty about demand and supply. In this setting, equlibria generally will be inefficient. Despite this, we show that such auctions become arbitrarily close to efficient if they are "large," and use this to derive an asymptotic characterization of revenue and bidding behavior. [source]

Transparent Photo-Stable Complementary Inverter with an Organic/Inorganic Nanohybrid Dielectric Layer

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 5 2009
Min Suk Oh
Abstract Transparent electronics has been one of the key terminologies forecasting the ubiquitous technology era. Several researchers have thus extensively developed transparent oxide-based thin-film transistors (TFTs) on glass and plastic substrates. However, work in transparent electronics has been limited mostly to high-voltage devices operating at more than a few tens of volts, and has mainly focused on transparent display drivers. Low-voltage logic devices, such as transparent complementary inverters, operating in an electrically stable and photo-stable manner, are now very necessary to practically realize transparent electronics. Electrically stable dielectrics with high strength and high capacitance must also be proposed to support this mission, and simultaneously these dielectrics must be compatible with both n- and p-channel TFTs in device fabrication. Here, a nanohybrid dielectric layer that is composed of multiple units of inorganic oxide and organic self-assembled monolayer is proposel to support a transparent complementary TFT inverter operating at 3,V. [source]

Real-time optimization of dynamic systems using multiple units

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBUST AND NONLINEAR CONTROL, Issue 13 2007
B. Srinivasan
Abstract Model-free, unconstrained, real-time optimization of the operating point of a dynamic system involves forcing the gradient of the cost function to zero. In these methods, gradient estimation is a key issue, for which methods that perturb the input over time are used. The main limitation of these methods is that they require the dynamics of the adaptation to be two orders of magnitude slower than the system dynamics. To circumvent this limitation, a novel, simple, yet effective way of estimating the gradient is presented in this paper. Multiple identical units with non-identical inputs are used and the gradient is computed via finite difference. Thus, the perturbation is along the ,unit dimension', thereby allowing a faster adaptation. The convergence of the scheme is rigorously established via Lyapunov analysis. An illustrative example is provided where the proposed scheme resulted in an 100-fold improvement in the time needed for convergence. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Accuracy of LED and Halogen Radiometers Using Different Light Sources

JOURNAL OF ESTHETIC AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY, Issue 4 2006
Howard W. Roberts dmd
ABSTRACT Purpose:, To determine the accuracy of commercially available, handheld light-emitting diode (LED) and halogen-based radiometers using LED and quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) curing lights with light guides of various diameters. Methods:, The irradiance of an LED curing light (L.E.Demetron 1, SDS/Kerr, Orange, CA, USA) and a QTH curing light (Optilux 501, SDS/Kerr) were measured using multiple units of an LED (Demetron L.E.D. Radiometer, SDS/Kerr) and a halogen radiometer (Demetron 100, SDS/Kerr) and compared with each other and to a laboratory-grade power meter (control). Measurements were made using five light guides with distal light guide diameters of 4, 7, 8, 10, and 12.5 mm. For each light guide, five readings were made with each of three radiometers of each radiometer type. Data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance/Tukey; ,=0.05. Results:, In general, both handheld radiometer types exhibited significantly different irradiance readings compared with the control meter. Additionally, readings between radiometer types were found to differ slightly, but were correlated. In general, the LED radiometer provided slightly lower irradiance readings than the halogen radiometer, irrespective of light source. With both types of handheld radiometers, the use of the larger-diameter light guides tended to overestimate the irradiance values as seen in the control, while smaller-diameter light guides tended to underestimate. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The evaluated LED or halogen handheld radiometers may be used interchangeably to determine the irradiance of both LED and QTH visible-light-curing units. Measured differences between the two radiometer types were small and probably not clinically significant. However, the diameter of light guides may affect the accuracy of the radiometers, with larger-diameter light guides overestimating and smaller-diameter guides underestimating the irradiance value measured by the control instrument. [source]

Innovation diffusion: Implications for evaluation

NEW DIRECTIONS FOR EVALUATION, Issue 124 2009
Shena R. Ashley
Whether looking at the spread and adoption of an intervention across a community, across multiple units, or within a single unit, an understanding of diffusion theory can help evaluators uncover patterns and impacts that might otherwise be overlooked. The theory alerts evaluators to examine why uptake of an intervention appeared different in different sites, according to the characteristics of the people involved, the social systems involved (for example, neighborhoods, states, or organizations), or the communications channels used. Insights might explain intervention intensity across sites and consequent differential effects. It also yields useful information to assist with subsequent replication of the intervention by practitioners and policymakers. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association. [source]

Poly(ADP-Ribose)-Polymerase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of NAD+: QM/MM Simulation of the Enzyme Reaction

CHEMMEDCHEM, Issue 5 2006
Daniele Bellocchi Dr.
Abstract Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a nuclear enzyme which uses NAD+ as substrate and catalyzes the transfer of multiple units of ADP-ribose to target proteins. PARP is an attractive target for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents and PARP inhibitors are currently evaluated for the treatment of a variety of pathological conditions such as brain ischemia, inflammation, and cancer. Herein, we use the PARP-catalyzed reaction of NAD+ hydrolysis as a model for gaining insight into the molecular details of the catalytic mechanism of PARP. The reaction has been studied in both the gas-phase and in the enzyme environment through a QM/MM approach. Our results indicate that the cleavage reaction of the nicotinamide-ribosyl bond proceeds through an SN2 dissociative mechanism via an oxacarbenium transition structure. These results confirm the importance of the structural water molecule in the active site and may constitute the basis for the design of transition-state-based PARP inhibitors. [source]