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Mutual Dependence (mutual + dependence)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting	60%

Selected Abstracts

Signal Dependence of Cross-Phase Modulation in WDM Systems

EUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS, Issue 2 2000
Lutz Rapp
In intensity modulated direct detection wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems, the effect of cross-phase modulation (XPM) combined with groupvelocity dispersion causes signal distortion, which depends on the transmitted signals. The influence of the mutual dependence of these signals on the resulting degradation of the system performance is investigated theoretically and by means of simulations. Considering the propagation of two digital signals, the eye-closure penalty is determined for different bit patterns and consequences for system design are pointed out. An approximation method is described in order to provide a better understanding of the signal dependence of XPM. Finally, a technique reducing the impact of XPM on data transmission in WDM systems is proposed. [source]

The Governance of Networks and Economic Power: The Nature and Impact of Subcontracting Relationships

JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 5 2003
Silvia Sacchetti
Abstract., Current debate on networking focuses on network structures and firm strategies. In this perspective, theoretical analysis has been concerned with allocative issues. This essay proposes a different interpretation. Starting from the existing theoretical framework, we emphasise the nature and the implications of different types of networks with respect to socio-economic development from a distributional point of view. Within this context, we develop the analysis of subcontracting starting from the concept of economic power. We then provide an analysis of governance in production by considering the attitudes and the nature of the actors involved. The externalisation of activities by large transnationals, which characterises current corporate restructuring, is often related to the search for greater flexibility, but also for greater power over governments, labour, and subcontractors. Differently, networks based on the mutual dependence of actors, which are not necessarily built around a large firm, could , under particular conditions , reach large production scales or more complex scopes without breaking the links with territorial systems, thus including local objectives in the strategic decision-making process. Our conclusion is that the impact of subcontracting networks varies enormously. This is crucial to an understanding of future trends and possibilities. Not least, firms and public policy agencies need to understand the implications of different forms of subcontracting network and how those forms actually differ in practice. [source]

AGAINST METAETHICAL IMPERIALISM: Several Arguments for Equal Partnerships between the Deontic and Aretaic

JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS, Issue 3 2010
Jesse Couenhoven
ABSTRACT Virtue and deontological ethics are now commonly contrasted as rival approaches to moral inquiry. However, I argue that neither metaethical party should seek complete, solitary domination of the ethical domain. Reductive treatments of the right or the virtuous, as well as projects that abandon the former or latter, are bound to leave us with a sadly diminished map of the moral territories crucial to our lives. Thus, it is better for the two parties to seek a more cordial and equal relationship, one that permits metaethical pluralism, and acknowledges mutual dependence. I do not seek to prescribe how that relationship should look: this essay offers less a positive metaethical position than a prolegomenon to such a position, one that attempts to head off harmful attempts to reduce the territory of the aretaic to that of the deontic, or that of the deontic to the aretaic. [source]

American Federalism and the Search for Models of Management

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW, Issue 6 2001
Robert Agranoff
Changes in the United States federal system mean that managers must operate by taking into account multiple interacting governments and nongovernmental organizations; dealing with numerous programs emanating from Washington and state capitols; and engaging in multiple intergovernmental transactions with an expanding number of intergovernmental instruments. Four models of management within this changing system are identified. The top-down model emphasizes executive-branch control and is embedded in enforcement and exchange related to the laws, regulations, funding rules, program standards, and guidelines associated with federal/state grant, procurement, and regulation programs. The donor-recipient model emphasizes mutual dependence or shared program administration, where two-party bargaining or reciprocal interactions among government officials is the norm. The jurisdiction-based model is defined by the initiated actions of local officials and managers who seek out program adjustments and other actors and resources to serve the strategic aims of their governments. The network model highlights the actions of multiple interdependent government and nongovernmental organizations pursuing joint action and intergovernmental adjustment. Although the first two models are long-standing and the latter two are emergent, all appear to be alive and well on the intergovernmental scene, posing complex challenges for public managers. [source]

Monetary integration in the ex-Soviet Union: A ,union of four'?*

THE ECONOMICS OF TRANSITION, Issue 1 2006
Vladimir Chaplygin
F02; F15; E58 Abstract The governments of four ex-Soviet countries recently discussed forming a currency union. To examine the economic feasibility of this proposition, we use conventional techniques and show that the arrangement is likely to find it difficult to handle the lack of structural symmetry, the asymmetric pattern of shocks, and the lack of market flexibility among the potential participants. Moreover, the union would be a unilateral one. It would require an unusual degree of political commitment to survive. Nonetheless, there are some subtleties in the timing and pattern of mutual dependence between Russia and Kazakhstan, and to a lesser extent in Belarus, which may reduce the strain from a currency union in those countries. Otherwise, the black market will have to provide the necessary market flexibility. [source]