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Mucosa
Kinds of Mucosa Terms modified by Mucosa Selected AbstractsEARLY GASTRIC CANCER WITH WIDESPREAD DUODENAL INVASION WITHIN THE MUCOSADIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 3 2010Tsutomu Namikawa We report a rare case of early gastric cancer confined to the mucosal layer with extensive duodenal invasion, curatively removed with distal gastrectomy. An 84-year-old Japanese woman was referred to our hospital with gastric cancer. A barium meal examination and esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed an irregular nodulated lesion measuring 6.5 x 5.5 cm in the gastric antrum and an aggregation of small nodules in the duodenal bulb. A biopsy specimen showed well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. The patient underwent distal gastrectomy with partial resection of the duodenal region containing the tumor and regional lymph node dissection, with no complication. Histological examination of the resected tissue confirmed well-differentiated adenocarcinoma limited to the mucosal layer and without lymph node metastasis. The cancer extended into the duodenum as far as 38 mm distant from the pyloric ring, and the resected margins were free of cancer cells. Gastric cancer located adjacent to the pyloric ring thus has the potential for duodenal invasion, even when tumor invasion is confined to the mucosal layer. In such cases, care should be taken during examinations to detect duodenal invasion, and the distal surgical margin must be negative given sufficient duodenal resection. [source] ENDOSCOPIC MICROVASCULAR ARCHITECTURE OF THE PORTAL HYPERTENSIVE GASTRIC MUCOSA ON NARROW BAND IMAGINGDIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 3 2007Seishu Hayashi Background:, We evaluated the endoscopic microvascular architecture of the gastric mucosa in portal hypertension patients using the prototype of narrow band imaging (NBI). Material and Methods:, The study included 103 Helicobacter pylori -negative patients with chronic liver disease (22 without portal hypertension (group 1), 81 with portal hypertension (group 2)). Results:, (i) Abnormality of collecting venules, reddening mucosa, red spots, a mosaic-like pattern, and gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) were observed on the gastric mucosa, and an obscure change in collecting venules (73% vs 14%; P < 0.001), reddening mucosa (49% vs 5%; P < 0.001), red spots (36% vs 5%; P < 0.01) and a mosaic-like pattern (40% vs 5%; P < 0.01) were more frequently observed in group 2 than in group 1. (ii) On magnifying endoscopy with NBI, the mucosa with an obscure change in collecting venules was demonstrated as dilation of the capillaries surrounding the gastric pits in various degrees, and reddening mucosa was observed as extended and swollen gastric pits and various degrees of dilated and convoluted capillaries surrounding the gastric pits. Red spots were demonstrated as extended and swollen gastric pits, dilated and convoluted capillaries surrounding the gastric pits, and intramucosal hemorrhage around these capillaries. GAVE was recognized as partial and marked dilatation of the capillaries surrounding the gastric pits. Conclusion:, Abnormality of collecting venules, swelling of gastric pits, dilatation of capillaries surrounding the gastric pits, intramucosal hemorrhage around capillaries, and partial and marked dilatation of the capillaries were observed on the gastric mucosa in portal hypertension patients. [source] Permeation of Sumatriptan Through Human Vaginal and Buccal MucosaHEADACHE, Issue 2 2000P. Van Der Bijl DSc Continued interest in the various routes by which sumatriptan may be administered prompted us to investigate its passage through buccal mucosa. Because human buccal mucosa is scarce, we proposed using the relatively abundant vaginal mucosa, which has been shown to have comparable diffusion rates for a number of widely varying molecules, as a model of buccal mucosa. In addition, by comparing these two tissues with respect to their permeability to sumatriptan, the human vaginal/buccal mucosa model could be further evaluated. Clinically healthy human vaginal and buccal mucosa specimens were used in the permeability studies. Permeability to sumatriptan was determined using a continuous flow-through diffusion system in the presence and absence of permeation enhancers. No statistically significant differences in permeability could be demonstrated for both mucosae toward sumatriptan. Flux values obtained in the absence and presence of glycodeoxycholate and lauric acid (1:1 molar ratio) to sumatriptan of buccal and vaginal mucosa, respectively, were not significantly different. The results obtained further support the hypothesis of the vaginal/buccal mucosal in vitro permeability model and suggest that this model may be used in conjunction with various absorption enhancers. Further studies on the buccal route of absorption of sumatriptan are thus warranted. [source] Natural Killer Cell Receptor+ T-Lymphocytes in Normal and Helicobacter pylori -Infected Human Gastric MucosaHELICOBACTER, Issue 6 2008Joan O'Keeffe Abstract Background:,Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with development of chronic inflammation and infiltration of immune cells into the gastric mucosa. As unconventional T-lymphocytes expressing natural killer cell receptors are considered to play central roles in the immune response against infection, a study investigating their frequencies in normal and H. pylori -infected gastric mucosa was undertaken. Materials and Methods:, Flow cytometry was used to quantify T-cells expressing the natural killer cell markers CD161, CD56, and CD94 in freshly isolated lymphocytes from the epithelial and lamina propria layers of gastric mucosa. Thirteen H. pylori -positive and 24 H. pylori -negative individuals were studied. Results:, CD94+ T-cells were the most abundant (up to 40%) natural killer receptor-positive T-cell population in epithelial and lamina propria layers of H. pylori -negative gastric mucosa. CD161+ T-cells accounted for about one-third of all T-cells in both compartments, but the lowest proportion were of CD56+ T-cells. Compared with H. pylori -negative mucosa, in H. pylori -infected mucosa the numbers of CD161+ T-cells were significantly greater (p = .04) in the epithelium, whereas the numbers of CD56+ T-cells were lower (p = .01) in the lamina propria. A minor population (< 2%) of T-cells in both mucosal layers of H. pylori -negative subjects were natural killer T-cells, and whose proportions were not significantly different (p > .05) to those in H. pylori -infected individuals. Conclusions:, The predominance, heterogeneity, and distribution of natural killer cell receptor-positive T-cells at different locations within the gastric mucosa reflects a potential functional role during H. pylori infection and warrants further investigation. [source] Helicobacter pylori Stimulates a Mixed Adaptive Immune Response with a Strong T-Regulatory Component in Human Gastric MucosaHELICOBACTER, Issue 3 2007Rasmus Goll Abstract Background:, Host factors play an important role in the pathophysiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and development of gastritis and related disease. The established opinion is that the T-cell-mediated immune response to H. pylori infection is of Th1 type. Our earlier immune cell phenotype studies indicate a mixed Th1,Th2 profile of the effector cells. Therefore, an extensive adaptive and regulatory cytokine gene expression profile was conducted by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Materials and Methods:, Biopsies from gastric mucosa of 91 patients diagnosed as H. pylori negative, H. pylori positive with gastritis, or H. pylori positive with peptic ulcer were obtained by endoscopy. Gene expressions of nine cytokines and CagA status were measured by qPCR. Results:, All cytokine genes showed higher expression levels in the presence of H. pylori when compared to H. pylori- negative samples (fold increase: IL8: × 11.2; IL12A: × 2.4; TNF-,: × 5.2; IFN-,: × 4.3; IL4: × 3.6; IL6: × 14.7; and IL10: × 6.7). Patients infected with CagA-positive strains had higher expression of IL1-, and IL18 compared to patients infected with CagA-negative strains (× 1.6 for IL1-, and × 2.0 for IL18). Patients with duodenal ulcer had a lower antral Th1/Th2 ratio than other H. pylori -positive patients. Conclusions:, The cytokine profile of H. pylori -infected gastric mucosa shows a mixed Th1,Th2 profile. Furthermore, a high IL10 expression may indicate that also regulatory T cells play a role in the chronic phase of H. pylori infection. [source] Enhanced Activation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Downregulates Th1 Signaling Pathway in Helicobacter pylori -infected Human Gastric MucosaHELICOBACTER, Issue 3 2007Antonia Pellicanò Abstract Background:, Evidence suggests that an impaired T-cell response against Helicobacter pylori plays a role in the pathogenesis of H. pylori -related diseases. Cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 has been shown to inhibit the production of T-helper (Th) 1 cytokines. This study aimed to ascertain whether COX-2 downregulates Th1 signaling pathway in human gastric mucosa colonized by H. pylori. Methods:, COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production were determined in total proteins extracted from freshly obtained gastric biopsies of H. pylori -infected and uninfected patients by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Phosphorylated (p)STAT4, pSTAT1, T-bet, and pSTAT6 expression and interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN)-,, and IL-4 production were also determined by Western blotting and ELISA, respectively, in total protein extracts from gastric biopsy cultures of H. pylori -infected patients treated without and with COX-2 inhibitor NS-398. Results:, Enhanced expression of COX-2 and production of PGE2 was found in H. pylori -infected compared to uninfected patients. COX-2 inhibition significantly increased expression of Th1 transcription factors along with production of IL-12 and IFN-,. By contrast, no changes in the expression of STAT6 and production of IL-4 were found. Conclusion:, This study provides a mechanism by which H. pylori may actually interfere with normal T-cell activation in human gastric mucosa, possibly enhancing its pathogenicity. The use of COX-2 selective inhibitors as immunomodulators in the course of H. pylori infection deserves investigations. [source] Visualization of Helicobacter Species Within the Murine Cecal Mucosa Using Specific Fluorescence In Situ HybridizationHELICOBACTER, Issue 2 2005Vivian Chan ABSTRACT Background., Members of the genus Helicobacter have been associated with colitis development in a number of immunodeficient animal models. While it is known that these organisms can initiate colitis development, the location and spatial distribution of these bacteria within the intestinal tract is currently unknown. In this study, we developed and optimized fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes specifically for Helicobacter species. Materials and Methods., Based on 16S-RNA gene alignments, two probes specific for the entire family Helicobacteraceae and two probes specific for Helicobacter ganmani and Helicobacter hepaticus were designed. Evaluation of these probes was determined using ATCC reference strains and cecum samples from ten IL-10 knockout mice. The presence of Helicobacter species was determined using FISH and verified using PCR-DGGE and microscopic examination of silver stained sections. Results., Analysis of the ATCC reference strains revealed that the probes HEL274/HEL717 were specific for the family Helicobacteraceae, while HEP642 was specific for H. hepaticus and GAN1237 for H. ganmani. Using these probes, a pattern of spatial localization of the two different Helicobacter species was observed in the cecum tissues of IL-10 knockout mice. This consistently showed that H. ganmani was localized to the lower regions and H. hepaticus to the mid-upper regions of the crypts. Conclusion., We have developed FISH probes specific for the family Helicobacteraceae as well as two individual Helicobacter species. This study will allow the future use of the FISH to better understand host-pathogen interactions in vitro. [source] Discrimination of Normal Gastric Mucosa from Helicobacter pylori Gastritis using Standard Endoscopes and a Single Observation Site: Studies in Children and Young AdultsHELICOBACTER, Issue 2 2004Yoshiko Nakayama ABSTRACT Background., In the Helicobacter pylori -negative normal stomach, collecting venules are visible in the gastric corpus as numerous minute points. This finding has been termed ,regular arrangement of collecting venules' (RAC). The aim of the present study was to investigate the reliability of the presence of the RAC pattern for discrimination of normal gastric mucosa from H. pylori gastritis in pediatric patients. Methods., Fifty-two consecutive children, adolescents and young adults (male:female 24 : 28; median age 15 years, range 8,29 years) referred for endoscopy and assessed for H. pylori infection were prospectively studied. The lower lesser curvature of the corpus near the incisura was evaluated for the RAC pattern using a standard endoscope with the tip close to, but not in contact with, the gastric surface. Gastric biopsies were taken after the endoscopic observation. Results., In all the 29 RAC-positive patients, active H. pylori gastritis was absent, whereas H. pylori gastritis was found in 20 of 23 RAC-negative patients (86.9%). Conclusions., Identification of the RAC pattern at the lower lesser curvature of the corpus using close observation with a standard endoscope proved to be an effective and practical marker to discriminate normal histology from H. pylori gastritis among both children and young adults. Absence of the RAC pattern should prompt gastric mucosal biopsies despite otherwise normal-appearing gastric mucosa. [source] The Influence of Lactobacillus brevis on Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity and Polyamine Profiles in Helicobacter pylori -Infected Gastric MucosaHELICOBACTER, Issue 2 2004Michele Linsalata ABSTRACT Background., Functional probiotics may prevent Helicobacter pylori infection, and some evidence suggests that they also possess antitumor properties. Lactobacillus brevis (CD2) is a functional Lactobacillus strain with peculiar biochemical features, essentially related to the activity of arginine deiminase. This enzyme catalyzes the catabolism of arginine and affects the biosynthesis of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine). Polyamines are polycations found in high concentrations in both normal and neoplastic cells. Our aims were: 1, to assess whether oral administration of L. brevis (CD2) affects H. pylori survival in the human gastric mucosa; 2, to evaluate the effects of L. brevis (CD2) on polyamine biosynthesis in gastric biopsies from H. pylori- positive patients. Materials and Methods., For 3 weeks before endoscopy, 22 H. pylori- positive dyspeptic patients randomly received (ratio 1 : 1) high oral doses of L. brevis (CD2) or placebo. Before and after treatment, H. pylori infection was determined by urea breath test (UBT). In gastric biopsies, ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine levels were, respectively, evaluated by a radiometric technique and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results.,L. brevis (CD2) treatment did not eradicate H. pylori. However, a reduction in the UBT delta values occurred, suggesting a decrease in intragastric bacterial load. Significantly, L. brevis (CD2) induced a decrease in gastric ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine levels. Conclusions., Our data support the hypothesis that L. brevis (CD2) treatment decreases H. pylori colonization, thus reducing polyamine biosynthesis. Alternatively, the arginine deiminase activity following L. brevis (CD2) administration might cause arginine deficiency, preventing polyamine generation from gastric cells. [source] Oxidative Damage of the Gastric Mucosa in Helicobacter pylori Positive Chronic Atrophic and Nonatrophic Gastritis, Before and After EradicationHELICOBACTER, Issue 5 2003Federico Iacopini ABSTRACT Background.,Helicobacter pylori is the main cause of gastritis and a primary carcinogen. The aim of this study was to assess oxidative damage in mucosal compartments of gastric mucosa in H. pylori positive and negative atrophic and nonatrophic gastritis. Materials and methods., Five groups of 10 patients each were identified according to H. pylori positive or negative chronic atrophic (Hp-CAG and CAG, respectively) and nonatrophic gastritis (Hp-CG and CG, respectively), and H. pylori negative normal mucosa (controls). Oxidative damage was evaluated by nitrotyrosine immunohistochemistry in the whole mucosa and in each compartment at baseline and at 2 and 12 months after eradication. Types of intestinal metaplasia were classified by histochemistry. Results., Total nitrotyrosine levels appeared significantly higher in H. pylori positive than in negative patients, and in Hp-CAG than in Hp-CG (p < .001); no differences were found between H. pylori negative gastritis and normal mucosa. Nitrotyrosine were found in foveolae and intestinal metaplasia only in Hp-CAG. At 12 months after H. pylori eradication, total nitrotyrosine levels showed a trend toward a decrease in Hp-CG and decreased significantly in Hp-CAG (p = .002), disappearing from the foveolae (p = .002), but remaining unchanged in intestinal metaplasia. Type I and II of intestinal metaplasia were present with the same prevalence in Hp-CAG and CAG, and did not change after H. pylori eradication. Conclusions., Oxidative damage of the gastric mucosa increases from Hp-CG to Hp-CAG, involving the foveolae and intestinal metaplasia. H. pylori eradication induces a complete healing of foveolae but not of intestinal metaplasia, reducing the overall oxidative damage in the mucosa. [source] Enhanced Expression of Transcription Factor E2F in Helicobacter pylori -infected Gastric MucosaHELICOBACTER, Issue 3 2002Hajime Isomoto Abstract Objective.Helicobacter pylori is implicated in gastric carcinogenesis through increased gastric epithelial cell turnover. In fact, high proportions of proliferating and apoptotic epithelial cells are found in H. pylori -infected gastric mucosa. E2F, a transcription factor, induces coordinated transactivation of a set of genes involved in cell cycle progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of E2F in H. pylori -infected gastric mucosa and examine the correlation between such expression and gastric epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. Methods. Twenty-five patients with H. pylori -associated gastritis (HAG) and 13 control subjects negative for H. pylori were examined. E2F expression was studied in situ by Southwestern histochemistry, a method used to localize transcription factors. Labeled double-stranded oligo-DNA with specific consensus sequence for E2F binding sites was reacted with frozen sections from antral biopsy specimens obtained at endoscopy. Gastric epithelial cell proliferation was assessed by immunostaining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), while apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL). The percentages of epithelial cells with nuclear staining for PCNA and E2F were expressed as a positivity index (PI). The percentage of TUNEL-positive epithelial cells was defined as apoptotic index. Results. E2F was expressed in the nuclei of gastric epithelial cells within gastric pits. E2F PI in H. pylori -infected gastric mucosa was significantly higher than that in noninfected. Expression of E2F correlated well with PCNA-positive epithelial cells. We also demonstrated colocalization of PCNA with E2F expression in the same epithelial cells. Apoptotic index was also high in H. pylori -infected mucosa, and correlated with E2F PI. Conclusion. Our results demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of E2F in H. pylori -infected mucosa, which correlated with both the percentages of PCNA- and TUNEL-positive cells. Our results suggest that enhanced E2F expression in gastric mucosa may be involved in H. pylori -related gastric carcinogenesis through accelerated cell turnover. [source] Different Helicobacter pylori Strains Colonize the Antral and Duodenal Mucosa of Duodenal Ulcer PatientsHELICOBACTER, Issue 2 2000Ann-Catrin E. Thoreson Background. We have investigated the possibility that the same patients may be colonized by Helicobacter pylori strains of different genotypes or phenotypes in the antrum as compared to in the duodenum. The strains were typed for DNA fingerprints, different lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and Lewis antigen expression on the O,side chains of LPS. Materials and Methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications using primer sequences (i.e., the Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus [ERIC]) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) elements were performed to asses chromosomal DNA diversity between H. pylori strains. The expression of different LPS types and Lewis antigens in the various H. pylori isolates were determined by whole bacterial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using monoclonal antibodies. Results. Duodenal ulcer patients had different H. pylori genotypes in the duodenum as compared to in the antrum as shown by ERIC-PCR (44%) and by RAPD-PCR (75%). Different DNA patterns were found among the strains that were isolated from various regions of the duodenum in 4 of 16 patients (25%) as shown by ERIC-PCR and in 8 of 16 patients (50%) as shown by RAPD-PCR. Sixty-three percent of the duodenal ulcer patients had H. pylori strains with a different Lewis antigen phenotype in the duodenum as compared to in the antrum, and 3 of 16 patients (19%) had strains with different Lewis antigens expressed by strains from different duodenal biopsies from the same patient. Conclusion. The results suggest that a mixed population of different H. pylori strains with marked variation, both genotypically and phenotypically, colonize the same patient. [source] Structural Features of the NAD-Dependent In Situ Retinoic Acid Supply System in Esophageal MucosaALCOHOLISM, Issue 2010Hirokazu Yokoyama Background:, We previously reported that an NAD-dependent in situ retinoic acid supply system, which comprises some isoforms of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and provides retinoic acid from retinol via a 2-step oxidation process, exists in the rat esophagus. Herein, their isoforms responsible for the pathway and its localization in the rat esophagus was examined. Methods:, The expressions of mRNAs of various isoforms of ADH and ALDH were examined in the fraction mainly comprising mucosal layer of the rat esophagus by RT-PCR. Expression levels of Class IV ADH and ALDH 1A1 were compared between the fractions and that mainly comprising muscle layer of the rat esophagus by quantitative PCR. The catalytic activities producing retinoic acid from retinal were compared between the 2 fractions and its optimum pH was also determined. Results:, Classes I, III, and IV ADHs and ALDHs 1A1 and 3A1 were predominant isoforms in the rat esophageal mucosa. The expression levels of mRNA of Class IV ADH and ALDH 3A1 were significantly higher in the mucosal than in the muscle layer. Consistently, the catalytic activities producing retinoic acid from retinal were significantly higher in the former than the latter. The optimum pH of the process was 9.0. Conclusions:, Considering the affinities for retinol and retinal of ADHs and ALDHs expressed in the rat esophagus, the NAD-dependent in situ retinoic acid supply system in the rat esophagus is thought to comprise Class IV ADH and ALDH 1A1. In the rat esophagus, the system exists predominantly in the mucosal layer. [source] Kinetics of Protoporphyrin IX Formation in Rat Oral Mucosa and Skin After Application of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and its Methylester,PHOTOCHEMISTRY & PHOTOBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2005Stefan Kristiansson ABSTRACT The kinetics of accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) after topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and its methylester (5-aminolevulinic acid methylester [ALA-Me]) was studied on rat oral mucosa. The accumulation of PpIX in mucosa and skin after intravenous injection of ALA and ALA-Me was also studied. The elimination rate of PpIX was dependent on drug and dose as well as on administration route. Application of ALA on rat oral mucosa and skin caused a systemic effect with PpIX building up in remote skin sites not exposed to the drugs. No such systemic effect was seen after application of ALA-Me either in mucosa or on skin. Intravenous injection of the drugs (0.2 g/kg) leads to more fluorescence in the skin than topical application of the drug (20%). For mucosa, the opposite is true. Maximal PpIX fluorescence appeared later after application of high concentrations of the drugs (around 8 h for 5% and 20% wt/wt) than after application of low concentrations (around 3,5 h for 1% and 2% wt/wt). [source] Over-Expression of Neuropeptide Urocortin and Its Receptors in Human Allergic Nasal Mucosa,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 9 2007Tae Hoon Kim MD Abstract Objectives: Urocortin (UCN) is a member of the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) neuropeptide family. UCN act as locally expressed proinflammatory factor and induce mast cell degranulation, cytokine secretion, and trigger vascular permeability, which are mediated by CRF receptors in peripheral tissues. Considering its functional roles, UCN and its receptors may play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic nasal mucosa. Therefore, we investigated the expression profile and distribution of UCN and CRF receptors in normal and allergic nasal mucosa. Methods: Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting were applied to the normal and allergic nasal mucosa. Results: The expression levels of UCN and CRF receptors were increased in allergic nasal mucosa in comparison with normal nasal mucosa. In normal nasal mucosa, UCN and CRF receptors were restricted to the vascular endothelium of submucosal cavernous sinusoids where faint staining was found. However, in allergic nasal mucosa, UCN was expressed in small vessels distributed in lamina propria and the vascular endothelium of cavernous sinusoid located in submucosa. Many scattered positive cells were also found in allergic nasal mucosa, probably UCN-positive leukocytes. CRF receptors were also localized in the vascular endothelium of small vessels and cavernous sinusoid. Conclusions: These results indicate that UCN may play a role in the regulation of vascular swelling in normal nasal mucosa. Moreover, in allergic nasal mucosa, increased expression levels of UCN and its receptors may contribute to increased mucosal swelling and vascular permeability, playing an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. [source] Blue Nevi of the Sinonasal Mucosa: A Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 2 2007Wen-Yu Chuang MD Abstract Blue nevi are uncommon melanocytic proliferations. They occur mostly in the skin and occasionally in mucosae. Blue nevi of the sinonasal mucosa are extremely rare with only two cases reported to date. We report two more cases and review the literature. Compared with sinonasal malignant melanomas, which usually present as symptomatic tumors, sinonasal blue nevi are asymptomatic lesions found incidentally. A biopsy is required for a definitive diagnosis. Although none of the four cases had recurrence, given a rare but possible occurrence of malignant transformation in cutaneous blue nevi, complete excision with follow up should be the treatment of choice. [source] Heme Oxygenase (HO)-1 Is Upregulated in the Nasal Mucosa With Allergic Rhinitis,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 3 2006Ahmed Elhini MD Abstract Background: Heme oxygenase (HO) is considered to be an antioxidant enzyme that catabolizes heme to produce carbon monoxide (CO) and biliverdin. Three isoforms of HO have been discovered. Recently, HO-1 has been found to be upregulated after allergic inflammations of the lower airway. Objective: The objective of this study was to address the expression of HO isoenzymes 1 and 2 in the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis as well as normal control subjects. Methods: Nasal mucosa from 30 patients with persistent allergic rhinitis as well as from 10 normal volunteers was used in this study. We used immunofluorescent technique, Western blotting, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to localize and quantify the expression of these isoenzymes in normal and allergic human nasal tissues. Results: We found that HO-1 is expressed in the epithelial cells of seromucinous glands and macrophages with significant upregulation of its glandular expression in allergic rhinitis but with no difference in its macrophage expression between the study groups in contrast to HO-2 that is expressed in the vascular endothelial lining cells as well as macrophages with no marked difference between the study groups. Conclusion: We demonstrated that expression of HO-1, but not HO-2, was upregulated within the nasal tissues in allergic rhinitis inflammation, and understanding the induction of HO-1 expression may provide for better management of allergic rhinitis that involves oxidative stress. [source] Growth Factors and Their Receptors in the Middle Ear Mucosa During Otitis Media,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 3 2002Sean D. Palacios MD Abstract Objective The hyperplastic response of the middle ear mucosa during bacterial otitis media is thought to be mediated by the actions of growth factors and their respective receptors. The purpose of the study was to explore the expression of growth factors known to stimulate epithelial cells in other systems, as well as their receptors, in the middle ear mucosa during otitis media. Study Design Expression of mRNA growth factors and receptors was measured over time after inoculation of the rat middle ear with bacteria. Methods The middle ears of 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 105/mL Haemophilus influenzae strain 3655 (nontypeable, biotype II). Three rats were killed at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Three untreated rats were also killed to serve as negative controls. The middle ear mucosa samples were surgically removed and homogenized. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed on each sample with primers for rat epidermal growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB), heparin binding epidermal-like growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor receptor, keratinocyte growth factor, betacellulin, amphiregulin, and neuregulin-,. Results Hepatocyte growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor primers demonstrated polymerase chain reaction products of the expected size that were not displayed in the normal middle ear mucosa. Keratinocyte growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor receptor demonstrated polymerase chain reaction products at all time points tested. Betacellulin and neuregulin-, products were present at all time points except 72 hours after infection. Conclusions The results of the study support a role for growth factors in the middle ear mucosa during otitis media. These bioactive ingredients contribute to mucosal hyperplasia. [source] Characteristics of Filiform, Fungiform and Vallate Papillae and Surface of Interface Epithelium-Connective Tissue of the Maned Sloth Tongue Mucosa (Bradypus torquatus, Iliger, 1811): Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy StudyANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 1 2009E. J. Benetti Summary The study of lingual surfaces and the surface of interface epithelium-connective tissue of the tongue of Bradypus torquatus was performed by employing the light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results revealed that the rostral part of the tongue presents a round apex and covered by filiform and fungiform lingual papillae and a ventral smooth surface. It was observed that the epithelial layer of the dorsal surface possesses the basal, spinosum, granular and cornified epithelial cells. The lamina propria is characterized by a dense connective tissue forming the long, short and round papillae. Numerous typical filiform papillae are located especially in the rostral part intermingled for few fungiform papillae, which were revealed in three-dimensional SEM images. Usually, the fungiform papillae are located in the border of rostral apex of the tongue exhibiting the rounded form. They are covered by keratinized epithelial cells. In the fungiform papillae, several taste pores were observed on the surface. The vallate papillae presented numerous taste buds in the wall of epithelial cells, being that the major number of taste buds is located on the superior half of vallate papilla. The taste pores are surrounded by several laminae of keratinized epithelial cells. The samples treated with NaOH solution and examined by SEM revealed, after removal of the epithelial layer, the dense connective core in original disposition, presenting different sizes and shapes. The specimens stained with Picrosirius and examined by polarized light microscopy revealed the connective tissue, indicating the collagen fibres type I and type III. [source] Immunohistolocalization and Gene Expression of the Secretory Carbonic Anhydrase Isozymes (CA-VI) in Canine Oral Mucosa, Salivary Glands and OesophagusANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 1 2007T. Kasuya Summary The immunohistolocalization of secretory carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes (CA-VI) in canine salivary glands, parotid, submandibular, sublingual and zygomatic glands, oral and oesophageal mucosa was studied using a specific antiserum against a canine CA-VI. In addition, the gene expression of CA-VI from the same tissue was studied using a real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In all salivary glands and oesophageal gland, immunostaining intensely localized CA-VI antiserum throughout the cytoplasm of serous acinar cells, including serous demilune and ductal epithelial cells. In contrast, no immunoreaction localized CA-VI in the mucous acinar cells of the gland. CA-VI gene transcripts were also detected in the same areas. The physiological significance of secretory CA-VI in the oral and oesophageal cavity is thought to play a highly specialized role in the maintenance of bicarbonate level in saliva and to protect mucosa from acid injury. It is shown that the major sites of the CA-VI secretion in dogs were in serous (demilune) secretory cells in all four major salivary glands and oesophageal glands in particular. [source] Fabrication of Myomucosal Flap Using Tissue-engineered Bioartificial Mucosa Constructed With Oral Keratinocytes Cultured on Amniotic MembraneARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 6 2006Kang-Min Ahn Abstract:, The purpose of this study was to fabricate bioartificial mucosa using cultured oral keratinocytes (OKCs) on an amniotic membrane (AM), and to evaluate the possibility of developing a prelaminated myomucosal flap using the fabricated bioartificial mucosa and local muscle flap. Buccal mucosa was harvested from male New Zealand rabbits (n = 40, 2.5,3.0 kg) and primary cultivation was performed. The cultured OKCs were seeded on the AM and a submerged culture was performed. Prelamination of the bioartificial mucosa was performed on the latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of rabbits. Survival rate, layer of OKCs, and Cinamon's score (CS) based on macroscopic and microscopic examinations were evaluated 7, 10, 14, and 21 days after prelamination (n = 10 per day). The OKCs cultured on AM showed multiple layers (3.85 ± 1.32) and cells were tightly adhered with desmosomes. Basal layer cells adhered to the AM with hemidesmosomes. In addition, the AM played an excellent role as a substrate for the OKCs and simplified handling during prelamination. A myomucosal flap with OKCs cultured on AM was fabricated within 2 weeks (CS: 11.05 ± 2.63). The basement component of laminin was observed 2 weeks after prelamination and showed enough strength to adhere to the underlying fascia. A myomucosal flap was successfully developed using prelamination of bioartificial mucosa on the LD muscle between 10 and 14 days. [source] Eradication of Helicobacter pylori Restores Glutathione S-Transferase Activity and Glutathione Levels in Antral MucosaCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 12 2001Arnoud H. A. M. van Oijen Glutathione S-transferases (GST) and glutathione peroxidases (GPO) are important in detoxification. GST activity in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract is inversely correlated with the development of gastrointestinal cancer. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been associated with gastric cancer. We studied GST activity and the substrate glutathione (GSH) in patients with H. pylori-associated gastritis. GST activity and isoenzyme levels, GPO activity and GSH levels were studied in antral biopsies of 38 H./pyfori-positive patients, before and after eradication treatment. In 31 patients in whom H. pylori was successfully eradicated, antral GST enzyme activity before therapy was 532 (465,598) nmol/mg protein-min (mean and 95% confidence interval) and that after therapy was 759 (682,836) nmol/mg protein-min (P<0.0001). Correspondingly, levels of GST , and GST-P1 were higher after eradication (P<0.001). GSH concentration significantly increased: 21.2 (16.2,26.2) nmol/mg protein before and 27.1 (23.6,30.6) nmol/mg protein after therapy (P<0.05). In 7 patients in whom H. pylori was not eradicated, GST activity was 671 (520,823) nmol/mg protein min and 599 (348,850) nmol/mg protein before and after treatment respectively (P=0.32). GSH levels were 17.4 (9.0,25.7) nmol/mg protein and 18.2 (9.1,27.3) nmol/mg protein, respectively (P=0.84). No differences in antral GPO enzyme activity, both of selenium (Se)-dependent and total GPO, before and after successful treatment were found. Eradication of H. pylori infection increases GST activity and GSH levels in antral mucosa. Low GST activity and GSH concentration due to H. pylori infection might play a role in gastric carcinogenesis. [source] Overexpression of Human Telomerase RNA in Helicobacter pylori -infected Human Gastric MucosaCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 11 2000Kwon Hur Telomerase, an enzyme associated with cellular immortality and malignancy, plays an important role in cellular immortalization and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, overexpression of the RNA component of the telomerase, called human telomerase RNA (hTR), has been demonstrated in various human cancers as an early event. The pattern of hTR expression following Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in human gastric mucosa was investigated by a radioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) assay. Paraffin-embedded sections of 50 biopsy specimens taken from the gastric antrum of individual patients infected to different extents with H. pylori, as well as normal gastric mucosa, were studied. In normal gastric mucosa, only weak hTR expression was noted and the expression was limited to basal cells of the gastric glands. However, the degree of hTR expression gradually increased in parallel with the degree of H. pylori infection. The mean scores of gastric mucosa with mild, moderate and severe degrees of H. pylori infection were 2.3, 2.8, and 3.7 times higher than that of normal gastric mucosa, respectively. The results of this study suggested that up-regulation of hTR expression is a frequent and early event associated with H. pylori infection in the gastric mucosa and may play some role in gastric carcinogenesis. Sufficient synthesis of hTR during this early stage may be a prerequisite for telomerase reactivation to occur in gastric cancer. [source] Expression of Drug Resistance-related Genes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Normal MucosaCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 1 2000Shitau Hirata We examined the expression levels of mRNA for multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), human canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cMOAT), lung resistance-related protein (LRP), topoisomerase II,, ,(Topo II,, ,) and topoisomerase I (Topo I) genes in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) specimens and mucosa (HNM) specimens, to elucidate their roles in relation to the biological characteristics and drug resistance in vivo. Fifty-eight samples (45 head and neck carcinomas and 13 head and neck mucosa) obtained during surgical resection or biopsy from 38 patients were analyzed using the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. MDR1, MRP, LRP, Topo II,, Topo II,, and Topo I gene transcripts were detected in all the samples tested, but cMOAT mRNA was not detected in them. Comparisons of the expression levels in HNSCC with those in HNM showed that the Topo II, gene expression level was higher in HNSCC than in HNM (P=0.0298). Moreover, the Topo II, mRNA level was significantly higher in metastatic lymph node samples of HNSCC than in HNM samples (P=0.0205). There were no significant differences in the six genes' expression levels between samples exposed to platinum drugs and those not exposed to platinum drugs. These results suggest that it may be effective in anticancer therapy to use topoisomerase-targetting drugs against HNSCC, especially metastatic neck tumors, and that the expression of these genes in HNSCC is not associated with platinum drug exposure. [source] Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Regulation of Ion Transport in Porcine Vocal Fold Mucosae,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 8 2008Mahalakshmi Sivasankar PhD Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important biological molecule that regulates ion transport and inflammatory responses in epithelial tissue. The present study examined whether the adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin, would increase cAMP concentration in porcine vocal fold mucosa and whether the effects of increased cAMP would be manifested as a functional increase in transepithelial ion transport. Additionally, changes in cAMP concentrations following exposure to an inflammatory mediator, tumor necrosis factor-, (TNF,) were investigated. Study Design: In vitro experimental design with matched treatment and control groups. Methods: Porcine vocal fold mucosae (N = 30) and tracheal mucosae (N = 20) were exposed to forskolin, TNF,, or vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide) treatment. cAMP concentrations were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ion transport was measured using electrophysiological techniques. Results: Thirty minute exposure to forskolin significantly increased cAMP concentration and ion transport in porcine vocal fold and tracheal mucosae. However, 30-minute and 2-hour exposure to TNF, did not significantly alter cAMP concentration. Conclusions: We demonstrate that forskolin-sensitive adenylyl cyclase is present in vocal fold mucosa, and further, that the product, cAMP increases vocal fold ion transport. The results presented here contribute to our understanding of the intracellular mechanisms underlying vocal fold ion transport. As ion transport is important for maintaining superficial vocal fold hydration, data demonstrating forskolin-stimulated ion transport in vocal fold mucosa suggest opportunities for developing pharmacological treatments that increase surface hydration. [source] HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy in the characterization of human tissues: Application to healthy gastric mucosaCONCEPTS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE, Issue 6 2006Luisa Schenetti Abstract The HR-MAS is an ideal technique for the investigation of intact tissue specimens (10,50 mg) and permits the obtainment of spectra with a resolution comparable to that observed in solution in a time that does not exceed a half of an hour for a routine analysis. The potentialities of HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy in the identification of the metabolites characterizing the healthy gastric mucosa are here presented. The direct inspection of the 1D 1H NMR spectra enables only few metabolites to be confidently assigned, and the use of selected 2D experiments strongly amplify the analytical effectiveness of the technique. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 28A: 430,443, 2006 [source] Effects of short-term food deprivation on orexin-A-induced intestinal bicarbonate secretion in comparison with related secretagoguesACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 3 2010G. Flemström Abstract Studies of gastrointestinal physiology in humans and intact animals are usually conducted after overnight fast. We compared the effects of orexin-A, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), melatonin, serotonin, uroguanylin, ghrelin and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on duodenal bicarbonate secretion in fed and overnight fasted animals. This review is a summary of our findings. Secretagogues were administered by intra-arterial infusion or luminally (PGE2). Enterocyte intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) signalling was studied by fluorescence imaging. Total RNA was extracted, reverse transcripted to cDNA and expression of orexin receptors measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Orexin-A stimulates the duodenal secretion in continuously fed animals but not in food-deprived animals. Similarly, short-term fasting causes a 100-fold decrease in the amount of the muscarinic agonist bethanechol required for stimulation of secretion. In contrast, fasting does not affect secretory responses to intra-arterial VIP, melatonin, serotonin, uroguanylin and ghrelin, or that to luminal PGE2. Orexin-A induces [Ca2+]i signalling in enterocytes from fed rats but no significant [Ca2+]i responses occur in enterocytes from fasted animals. In addition, overnight fasting decreases the expression of mucosal orexin receptors. Short-term food deprivation thus decreases duodenal expression of orexin receptors and abolishes the secretory response to orexin-A as well as orexin-A-induced [Ca2+]i signalling. Fasting, furthermore, decreases mucosal sensitivity to bethanechol. The absence of declines in secretory responses to other secretagogues tested strongly suggests that short-term fasting does not affect the secretory capacity of the duodenal mucosa in general. Studies of intestinal secretion require particular evaluation with respect to feeding status. [source] Human peripheral blood B-cell compartments: A crossroad in B-cell traffic,CYTOMETRY, Issue S1 2010M. Perez-Andres Abstract A relatively high number of different subsets of B-cells are generated through the differentiation of early B-cell precursors into mature B-lymphocytes in the bone marrow (BM) and antigen-triggered maturation of germinal center B-cells into memory B-lymphocytes and plasmablasts in lymphoid tissues. These B-cell subpopulations, which are produced in the BM and lymphoid tissues, recirculate through peripheral blood (PB), into different tissues including mucosa and the BM, where long-living plasma cells produce antibodies. These circulating PB B-cells can be classified according to their maturation stage into i) immature/transitional, ii) naïve, and iii) memory B-lymphocytes, and iv) plasmablasts/plasma cells. Additionally, unique subsets of memory B-lymphocytes and plasmablasts/plasma cells can be identified based on their differential expression of unique Ig-heavy chain isotypes (e.g.: IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA). In the present paper, we review recent data reported in the literature about the distribution, immunophenotypic and functional characteristics of these cell subpopulations, as well as their distribution in PB according to age and seasonal changes. Additional information is also provided in this regard based on the study of a population-based cohort of 600 healthy adults aged from 20 to 80 years, recruited in the Salamanca area in western Spain. Detailed knowledge of the distribution and traffic of B-cell subsets through PB mirrors the immune status of an individual subject and it may also contribute to a better understanding of B-cell disorders related to B-cell biology and homeostasis, such as monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL). © 2010 International Clinical Cytometry Society [source] Severe periodontal damage by an ultrasonic endodontic device: a case reportDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2007John D. Walters Abstract,,, Heat produced within a root canal during use of an ultrasonic instrument can be conducted through the dentin into periodontal ligament, bone and soft tissue. If severe in intensity or long in duration, it can induce damage to these tissues. This report describes a case in which an ultrasonic endodontic instrument apparently induced severe damage to alveolar bone, gingiva and nasal mucosa in a 42-year-old female. Overheating of a maxillary central incisor caused necrosis of soft tissue and bone on the facial and mesial aspects and triggered a protracted inflammatory response in the adjacent nasal cavity. To relieve the severe discomfort associated with this damage, the patient chose to have her maxillary incisors extracted and replaced by a removable partial denture. A defect in the soft tissue and bone was present at a follow-up visit 10 months after the extractions. While morbidity of this nature is rare, this case reinforces the need to maintain adequate cooling of ultrasonic instruments. [source] Intraoral Extraction of Cheek Skin CystDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 12 2005Richard Bennett MD Background. When a physician encounters a benign subcutaneous cyst in the cheek, his or her decision whether to excise and how to excise the cyst takes into account the potential risk of postsurgical scarring. Objective. To describe and show an intraoral buccal mucosal approach to excising a cyst in the inferior-anterior cheek so that skin scarring is avoided. Method. An incision was made intraorally in the buccal mucosa, and dissection was carried through the buccinator muscle until the cyst wall was seen. Careful separation of tissue around the cyst was done by blunt dissection, and the unruptured cyst was removed through the buccal mucosal incision. Result. The entire intact cyst was removed without creating any excision marks in the cheek skin. No complications were encountered, and buccal mucosal healing was excellent. Conclusion. A buccal mucosal intraoral approach is an alternative to a percutaneous excision to remove a cyst in the lower cheek region. The intraoral approach avoids a visible scar on the cheek skin. RICHARD BENNETT, MD, MUBA TAHER, MD, AND JUSTINE YUN, MD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||