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Minimum Duration (minimum + duration)
Selected AbstractsMinimum duration of reactivation at 3 months of ageDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2002A. Joh Abstract Briefly exposing subjects to an isolated component of an event after they have forgotten can reactivate their memory of it, leading to renewed retention on an ensuing test. In two experiments with forty-eight 3-month-old infants, we asked what minimum duration of a reactivation treatment could recover their forgotten memory of an operant mobile task and whether the minimum duration was affected by how long the memory was forgotten. In Experiment 1, the minimum duration for reactivating the memory 1 week after forgetting was 120 s,substantially longer than the minimum duration required for reactivation at 6 months after the same relative delay. In Experiment 2, the minimum effective duration for reactivation increased linearly with the time since forgetting, from 7.5 s after 1 day to 180 s after 3 weeks. This study reveals that the duration of an effective memory prime is directly related to age and to memory accessibility. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 23,32, 2002 [source] Extended cognitive behavior therapy for cigarette smoking cessationADDICTION, Issue 8 2008Joel D. Killen ABSTRACT Primary aim Examine the effectiveness of extended cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in promoting longer-term smoking abstinence. Design Open-label treatment phase followed by extended treatment phase. Randomization conducted prior to entry into open-label treatment phase; analysis based on intention-to-treat to avoid threat of selection bias. Setting Community smoking cessation clinic. Participants A total of 304 adult smokers (,18 years of age; ,10 cigarettes/day). Intervention Open-label (8 weeks): all participants received bupropion SR, nicotine patch, CBT. Extended treatment (12 weeks): participants received either CBT + voicemail monitoring and telephone counseling or telephone-based general support. Measurements Seven-day point prevalence abstinence, expired-air carbon monoxide. Results At week 20 follow-up, CBT produced a higher 7-day point prevalence abstinence rate: 45% versus 29%, P = 0.006; at 52 weeks the difference in abstinence rates (31% versus 27%) was not significant. History of depression was a moderator of treatment. Those with a positive history had a better treatment response at 20 weeks when assigned to the less intensive telephone support therapy (P < 0.05). Conclusion The superiority of CBT to 20 weeks suggests that continued emphasis on the development of cognitive and behavioral strategies for maintaining non-smoking during an extended treatment phase may help smokers to maintain abstinence in the longer term. At present, the minimum duration of therapy is unknown. [source] Isotopic and petrological evidence of fluid,rock interaction at a Tethyan ocean,continent transition in the Alps: implications for tectonic processes and carbon transfer during early ocean formationGEOFLUIDS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2007A. ENGSTRÖM Abstract We report overprinting stable isotope evidence of fluid,rock interaction below two detachment faults along which mantle rocks were exhumed to the seafloor, between the respective landward and seaward limits of oceanic and continental crust, at a Tethyan ocean,continent transition (OCT). This OCT, which is presently exposed in the Tasna nappe (south-eastern Switzerland) is considered an on-land analogue of the well-studied Iberian OCT. We compare our results with the fault architecture (fault core,damage zone,protolith) described by Caine et al. [Geology (1996) Vol. 24, pp. 1025,1028]. We confirm the existence of a sharp boundary between the fault core and damage zone based on isotopic data, but the boundary between the damage zone and protolith is gradational. We identify evidence for: (1) pervasive isotopic modification to 8.4 ± 0.1, which accompanied or post-dated serpentinization of these mantle rocks at an estimated temperature of 67,109°C, (2) either (i) partial isolation of some highly strained regions [fault core(s) and mylonite] from this pervasive isotopic modification, because of permeability reduction (Caine et al.) or (ii) subsequent isotopic modification caused by structurally channelled flow of warm fluids within these highly strained regions, because of permeability enhancement, and (3) isotopic modification, which is associated with extensive calcification at T = 54,100°C, primarily beneath the younger of the two detachment faults and post-dating initial serpentinization. By comparing the volumetric extent of calcification with an experimentally verified model for calcite precipitation in veins, we conclude that calcification could have occurred in response to seawater infiltration, with a calculated flux rate of 0.1,0.2 m year,1 and a minimum duration of 0.2,4.0 × 104 years. The associated time-averaged uptake flux of carbon during this period was 8,120 mol m,2 year,1. By comparison with the estimated area of exhumed mantle rocks at the Iberian OCT, we calculate a maximum annual uptake flux for carbon of 2,30 Tg year,1. This is an order of magnitude greater than that for carbon exchange at the mid-ocean ridges and 0.1,1.4% of the global oceanic uptake flux for carbon. [source] Long-term management of vulval lichen sclerosus in adult womenAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 2 2010J. BRADFORD Background:, Adult vulval lichen sclerosus (VLS) is usually a lifelong disease with an estimated remission rate after treatment of only 16% [Arch Dermatol 2004; 140 (6): 709]. Although superpotent topical corticosteroid (TCS) is the validated gold standard treatment to induce remission, little data are available on how remission should be maintained. Aims:, We present a retrospective chart review of 129 adult patients with VLS who have been under surveillance by the authors for a minimum duration of three years. Methods:, Remission was maintained in most patients with low-to-moderate potency TCS. All subjects' symptoms, signs, treatment regimes and response to treatment including compliance, symptom remission, disease progression with scarring, squamous cell carcinoma and side effects were recorded. Data were compared for the compliant and non-compliant groups. Fischer's exact test was used to identify significant differences. Results:, The mean age at presentation was 53.6 years and mean duration of follow-up was 6.2 years. Compliance was excellent: 84 (65%) of patients' self-reporting as being fully compliant. Symptom remission was achieved in 98% of compliant and 75% of non-compliant patients (P = 0.001) Progression of disease with scarring was not encountered in any of the compliant patients, but was seen in 35% of non-compliant patients (P = 0.0001). One patient had squamous cell carcinoma on first presentation. Carcinoma subsequently occurred in none of the compliant patients, and in five partly compliant patients (P = 0.004). Mild, reversible corticosteroid side effects were encountered in 7% of patients. Conclusions:, Long-term treatment of adult VLS with individualised regimes using moderate potency TCS is safe and effective. Patients require long-term follow-up. [source] Limits to gene flow in marine animals with planktonic larvae: models of Littorina species around Point Conception, CaliforniaBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 2 2004PAUL A. HOHENLOHE Simulation models examined the process of gene flow in marine animals with planktonic larvae, and three factors that may influence it: ocean currents, planktonic period and spawning season. To focus on a realistic example, the models were based on measured ocean currents around Point Conception in southern California and the life histories of two intertidal gastropods, Littorina scutulata and L. plena. Results suggested that: (1) convergent ocean currents can create an effective barrier to gene flow that can be relaxed by temporal variation; (2) longer scales of temporal variation have a greater effect than shorter scales; (3) planktonic period has little effect above a minimum duration; and (4) an extended spawning season can eliminate gene flow barriers when currents vary seasonally. Failure of past studies to detect a phylogeographical boundary at Point Conception may be explained by extended spawning seasons and temporal variation at seasonal to millennial scales. These results fit a conceptual model of marine speciation in which short-lived, leaky barriers restrict gene flow, and divergence in a few genes may quickly produce reproductive isolation, resulting in cryptic sibling species. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 82, 169,187. [source] Evaluation of imiquimod for the therapy of external genital and anal warts in comparison with destructive therapiesBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2007H. Schöfer Summary External genital and anal warts (acuminate condyloma) were the first medical indication the topical immune response modifier imiquimod was approved for in 1997. Since then, many placebo controlled randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of this synthetic imidazoquinoline derivate for the treatment of different human papillomavirus infections and tumours. Treatment modalities for genital warts (5% cream, three times weekly, minimum duration 4 weeks, control of side-effects) have been optimized and assured by further clinical trials and meta-analyses. For a few years clinical studies focussed on the long-term efficacy of the immunomodulatory therapy (sustained clearance from warts) and most recent studies compared the efficacy of ablative, destructive and imiquimod monotherapy as well as combination therapies. [source] Water table and transpiration dynamics in a seasonally inundated Melaleuca quinquenervia forest, north Queensland, AustraliaHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 16 2008David McJannet Abstract Water table fluctuations and transpiration were monitored in a seasonally inundated Melaleuca quinquenervia floodplain forest at Cowley Beach, north Queensland, Australia. Techniques were developed to reconstruct inundation duration and seasonal and inter-annual variability at this site using long-term stream flow data. It was estimated that the median duration of inundation in any year was 75 days with maximum and minimum durations of 167 days and 8 days, respectively. Measurements of individual tree transpiration using heat-pulse techniques showed a strong relationship between tree size and tree water use, which was used for scaling to stand transpiration. Stand transpiration rates were found to be closely tied to atmospheric drivers of evaporation, and transpiration of M. quinquenervia was found to be unaffected by inundation. This ability to transpire during inundation may be due to physiological adaptations of this species. These adaptations are believed to include dynamic root systems that can quickly respond to rising and falling water tables and dense networks of fine apogeotropic roots, which grow on and within the papery bark. Rates of stand transpiration remained low throughout the study (0·46 mm d,1, 164 mm y,1) despite the fact that transpiration was not limited by solar energy inputs or soil moisture deficit. Low stand transpiration was attributed to the low density, stunted nature and small sapwood area of trees at this site. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Assessment of P-Wave Dispersion on 12-Lead Electrocardiography in Students Who Exercise RegularlyPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 5 2008MUSTAFA YILDIZ M.D. Background: P-wave dispersion, an electrocardiographic marker, is an independent predictor of atrial fibrillation. P-wave dispersion is associated with inhomogeneous and discontinuous propagation of sinus impulses. The aim of this study was to investigate P-wave dispersion in students who apply for registration to School of Physical Education and Sports. Methods: Totally 984 students (810 boys [mean age: 19.8 ± 2.0 years] and 174 girls [mean age: 19.0 ± 1.8 years]) who applied for registration to School of Physical Education and Sports with a training history of some years were included in the study. P-wave duration was calculated in all 12 leads of the surface electrocardiography, which were simultaneously recorded. The difference between P maximum and P minimum durations was defined as P-wave dispersion. Results: Age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, P-wave maximal duration, and P-wave dispersion were increased in boys as compared with girls. Of age (P = 0.53), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.42), diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.50), pulse pressure (P = 0.73), gender, heart rate, and BMI tested with univariate linear regression analysis in all subjects; only gender (P < 0.001), BMI (P = 0.01), and heart rate (P = 0.02) were associated with P-wave dispersion (F = 5.16, P < 0.001, R2= 0.03). Conclusions: P-wave dispersion was increased in boys as compared with girls who exercise regularly. P-wave dispersion is affected by gender, BMI, and heart rate in healthy students. [source] | ||||||||||