CHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009

Abstract Mizoroki,Heck couplings of aryl iodides and bromides with butyl acrylate were investigated as model systems to perform transition-metal-catalyzed transformations in continuous-flow mode. As a suitable ligandless catalyst system for the Mizoroki,Heck couplings both heterogeneous and homogeneous Pd catalysts (Pd/C and Pd acetate) were considered. In batch mode, full conversion with excellent selectivity for coupling was achieved applying high-temperature microwave conditions with Pd levels as low as 10,3,mol,%. In continuous-flow mode with Pd/C as a catalyst, significant Pd leaching from the heterogeneous catalyst was observed as these Mizoroki,Heck couplings proceed by a homogeneous mechanism involving soluble Pd colloids/nanoparticles. By applying low levels of Pd acetate as homogeneous Pd precatalyst, successful continuous-flow Mizoroki,Heck transformations were performed in a high-temperature/pressure flow reactor. For both aryl iodides and bromides, high isolated product yields of the cinnamic esters were obtained. Mechanistic issues involving the Pd-catalyzed Mizoroki,Heck reactions are discussed. [source]

On the Modelling of a Nonequilibrium Spherical Microwave Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure

CONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 3 2007
I. R. Rafatov
Abstract The work presents results of calculation of a spherical microwave discharge characteristics in an argon at atmospheric pressure against the external parameters (the mode, frequency and power of the applied electromagnetic field and the size of the discharge chamber). Model assumes a thermal and ionization non-equilibrium of discharge plasma and takes into account first three modes of incident electromagnetic waves. Calculation results are compared with the results for the ionization equilibrium model. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source]

Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Yb:Y2O3 Based Materials for Laser Source Application,

ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 3 2010
Anna Luisa Costa
Yb:Y2O3 submicrometric particles were synthesized through co-precipitation of Yb and Y nitrate in water. Microwave heating and controlled release of ammonia through urea decomposition at reaction temperature leaded to the formation of disaggregated, monosized spherical particles of carbo-hydroxy-nitrate precursors. Pure crystalline Yb:Y2O3 powder that preserved the described morphology was obtained after calcination in air at 800,°C for 30,min. This powder mixed with commercial alumina powder was used to produce transparent Yb:YAG ceramics. Improved properties in terms of powder morphology and reactivity were presented in comparison with powders obtained by traditional heating. [source]

Morphology and Growth Process of Carbon Films Prepared by Microwave,/,Radio Frequency Plasma Assisted CVD,

ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 7 2008
W. Kaczorowski
In this work the carbon coatings created by microwave/radio frequency plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition method were investigated. The deposition parameters were optimized in order to obtain homogeneous carbon coatings on such different substrates as AISI 316L steel and silicon. The MW/RF PACVD technique is promising for many different types of applications. [source]

The Selective Heating of Iron Nanoparticles in a Single-Mode Microwave for the Patterned Growths of Carbon Nanofibers and Nanotubes

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 8 2009
Tamara Druzhinina
Abstract The fast and cheap synthesis of carbon nanotubes is addressed in a large number of recent publications. At the same time, microwave-assisted synthesis has also gained interest. Besides the fact that reaction kinetics can be positively influenced by the use of microwave irradiation and advanced reaction conditions can be applied, absorption of microwave radiation depends on the material properties, thus resulting in a selective heating mechanism. The selective heating process allows for locally created temperatures high enough to promote the growth of carbon nanofibers and nanotubes on patterned iron catalyst layers. The resulting fibers are micrometers long, and can be synthesized in short time scales of a few minutes, yielding dense films of carbon fibers with uniform height. Here, the selective heating of surface bound iron nanoparticles is investigated in more detail, and experimental evidence for this effect is provided by utilizing a self-assembled monolayer of n -octadecyltrichlorosilane, which acts as a sensitive indicator for locally elevated temperatures. Special emphasis is placed on the development of an improved and controllable experimental setup that permits the safe and fast fabrication of the desired carbon objects. [source]

Phase Transformation and Densification Behavior of Microwave-Sintered Si3N4,Y2O3,MgO,ZrO2 System

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2009
Sreekumar Chockalingam
A 2.45 GHz microwave-sintered Si3N4,Y2O3,MgO system containing various amounts of ZrO2 secondary additives have been studied with respect to phase transformation and densification behavior. The temperature dependent dielectric properties were measured from 25°C to 1400°C using a conventional cavity perturbation technique. Phase transformation behavior was studied using X-ray diffractometry. Microwave sintered results were compared with those of conventional sintered results. It has been found that , to , phase transformation was completed at a lower temperature in microwave-sintered samples than those of the conventionally sintered samples. Density of the microwave-sintered samples increased up to 2.5 wt% of ZrO2 addition and thereafter it showed a tendency to decrease or remain constant. The decrease in density is attributed to the pore generation caused by decomposition due to the localized over heating. [source]

Microwave and convective dehydration of ethanol treated and frozen apple , physical properties and drying kinetics

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2002
Tomas Funebo
The objective of this study was to examine how the drying kinetics and physical properties of apples are affected by pre-treatment with 95% ethanol or freezing at ,18 °C before microwave-assisted air dehydration at 50, 60 and 70 °C. Microwave heating was used to obtain these temperatures in the centre of the apple cubes. After dehydration the shrinkage and rehydration capacity were measured. The texture of dehydrated and rehydrated samples was analysed with a puncture test in a texture analyser. Samples were also analysed with confocal laser scanning microscopy to determine the correlation between physical and microstructural properties. Diffusivity in the different dehydration processes was calculated. Ethanol-treated apples showed both high rehydration and high effective rehydration capacity compared with the other samples. Freezing before dehydration increased the diffusivity and reduced the firmness of rehydrated apples compared with no pre-treatment. [source]

Recent developments in nonlinear network design: Overview of integrated nonlinear microwave and millimeter-wave circuits workshop

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RF AND MICROWAVE COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2002
Adalbert BeyerArticle first published online: 27 AUG 200
Abstract In the 1960s and 1970s the design of microwave networks containing nonlinear elements often consisted of trial and error routines. The required circuit performance was then achieved iteratively. With the knowledge of the physical property of the materials at microwave frequencies and its influence on active devices used in microwave networks, it is possible to reduce the time required to analyze new nonlinear circuits for microwave purposes. Advanced tools are necessary, which can analyze the network very quickly for a short development time. The basic requirements are a fast and accurate nonlinear measurement system and descriptions that match the real counterpart. This article shows the development of the nonlinear microwave network design for the last decade as a reflection of the workshop entitled Integrated Nonlinear Microwave and Millimeterwave Circuits. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 12, 388,417, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mmce10041 [source]

Integrated Microwave and Optical Scanning Probe for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

ISRAEL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2008
Fadi Sakran
We demonstrate a scanning microwave near-field probe based on a slit aperture that is capable of performing spatially-resolved magnetic resonance measurements in the frequency range of 3,90 GHz. We demonstrate local electron spin resonance (ESR), ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), and spin-wave resonance (SWR) studies on model materials. The probe can serve as a local contactless heater as well. We demonstrate also a further application, a dual microwave/optical near-field probe that can be useful in contactless measurements of photoconductivity and fluorescence under microwave irradiation. [source]

Microwave accelerated synthesis and characterization of poly(acrylamide)

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 6 2007
Vandana Singh
Abstract Poly(acrylamide) (PAM) was efficiently synthesized under microwave (MW) irradiation using catalytic amount of potassium persulfate. The synthesis does not require any inert atmosphere and could be accomplished in very short time. Microwave power, exposure time, concentration of persulfate, and concentration of the acrylamide were varied to optimize the polymerization in terms of the % conversion (%C). The maximum %C that could be achieved was in 98.5%. The average molecular weight of the synthesized PAM samples ranged from 4.11 × 104 to 1.30 × 105, depending upon the MW power used for their synthesis. The representative PAM was characterized by Fourier transform-infrared, SEM, and X-ray diffraction studies. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 3702,3707, 2007 [source]

Combining microwave and ultrasound irradiation for rapid synthesis of nanowires: a case study on Pb(OH)Br

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2009
Xiao-Fang Shen
Abstract BACKGROUND: One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures such as wires, tubes and belts have attracted much attention in recent years because of their fascinating properties and promising applications, and various methods have been developed to prepare 1D nanostructures. Microwave and ultrasound, two methodologies for rapid synthesis, have both been applied to fabricate nanostructures. This paper reports on combining microwave and ultrasound irradiation as a new strategy for rapid synthesis of nanowires. Using Pb(OH)Br as a study case, nanowires were rapidly synthesized under the combined irradiation. The use of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide as a structure-directing agent and microwave absorbent significantly simplified the preparation procedure. RESULTS: Combined microwave,ultrasound irradiation at (50 W,50 W) greatly reduced the reaction time (10 min) and significantly increased the product yield (45.0%) in comparison with conventional heating (24 h reaction time, 23.0% yield). Combined microwave,ultrasound irradiation at (50 W,50 W) also changed the resultant wires from 20,30 µm diameter and 2,3 mm long to 80,800 nm and 50,100 µm, respectively. Further increase in power of the combined irradiation (250 W,50 W) led to a dramatic reduction in the reaction time (80 s) with a slightly increased yield of 48.2%. CONCLUSIONS: The obvious advantages of combined microwave,ultrasound irradiation are marked improvement of the product yield, significant enhancement of reaction rate and increased aspect ratio of the 1D structure. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source]

EFFECT OF THAWING METHODS ON TEXTURAL QUALITY OF SOUS-VIDE STEWED BEEF ASSESSED BY SENSORY AND INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSES

JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 5 2001
N.J.N. YAU
ABSTRACT This study compared four different thawing methods using sensory test with magnitude estimation, preference test with hedonic scale and physical analyses. The four methods were tap-water, refrigeration, microwave reheating, and boiling-water reheating. For physical analyses, there were differences (p,0.001) among treatments in drip loss and expressible juice. For drip loss, the microwave reheated samples were the highest and the refrigeration and tap-water treated samples were the lowest. For expressible juice, tap-water and refrigerated samples were higher (p,0.01) than the microwave and boiling-water reheated samples. Microwave and boiling-water reheated samples had higher hardness and cheviness and lower juiciness and fiber-looseness. The refrigerated and tap-water thawed samples had reverse sensory properties. Naive panelists preferred the refrigerated and tap-water treated samples to the microwave and boiling-water reheated samples for juiciness, tenderness, and overall preference. Physical parameters from textural profile analysis were not different among the thawing methods. Expressible juice was the best indicator for sensory hardness, juiciness, fiber-looseness and chewiness among the physical parameters. Usually a quadratic regression model fit best when expressible juice was used to predict sensory textural properties. [source]

Improving Grape Quality Using Microwave Vacuum Drying Associated with Temperature Control

JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2007
C. D. Clary
ABSTRACT:, Microwave (MW) vacuum dehydration using temperature to control the level of MW power demonstrated potential in improving the performance of the process. Product surface temperature measured by an infrared temperature sensor was used to control MW power at any level between 0 and 3 kW. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated an r2= 0.942 for prediction of final moisture content and r2= 0.985 for prediction of puffed character of grapes based on product temperature, time, specific energy, fresh fruit sugar, and fresh fruit moisture content. Temperature was found to be the most significant predictor. The elemental and compound contents of grapes dried using MW vacuum was compared to sun-dried raisins. The grapes dried using MW vacuum exhibited better preservation. Vitamin A was found in the MW-vacuum-dried grapes but none was detected in the raisins, and Vitamin C, thiamine, and riboflavin were also higher in the MW-vacuum-dried grapes than in the raisins. [source]

Comparative Study of Quality Changes Occurring on Dehydration and Rehydration of Cooked Chickpeas (Cicer Arietinum L.) Subjected to Combined Microwave,Convective and Convective Hot Air Dehydration

JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2006
A.A. Gowen
ABSTRACT:, Convective hot air dehydration (100 °C) of cooked chickpeas was compared with the combination of microwave,convective hot air dehydration, in terms of microstructure, density, color, texture, dehydration, and rehydration. In the combined drying experiments, 2 levels of microwave power (100 W and 200 W) were investigated, combined continuously with convective air drying at 100 °C. Compared with convective hot air drying, combination drying led to a considerable reduction in dehydration time. Combination drying also improved the porosity of the finished dehydrated product, leading to faster rehydration kinetics. Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that chickpeas subjected to combined drying experienced less shrinkage than those dried by convective hot air. Combination drying at the higher (200 W) level produced a darker (P < 0.05) rehydrated product with significantly lower relative rehydrated moisture content (P < 0.05) when compared with the lower (100 W) level of combination drying. [source]

Energy Consumption, Density, and Rehydration Rate of Vacuum Microwave- and Hot-Air Convection- Dehydrated Tomatoes

JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2002
T.D. Durance
ABSTRACT: Vacuum to lower boiling temperature and microwaves for energy transfer can provide very rapid dehydration at low temperatures. Tomato sections were dehydrated in a batch convection air dryer (AD), a 16 kW vacuum microwave (VM) dryer, or by 1 of 3 combination processes. Drying rate of the 100% VM process was 18 times that of the 100% AD process. Only a slight falling rate effect was noted in VM drying AD and VM in sequence allowed the operator to choose any process time between 0.8 and 14.75 h. In this instance the least energy consumption occurred in the 100% VM process. Lowest energy cost was found for the 70% AD / 30% VM process. These results are expected to be strongly dependent upon the scale and design of dryers. Tomatoes finish-dried by VM exhibited a puffed structure associated with faster rehydration. [source]

Microwave induced efficient synthesis of (un)substituted benzaldehyde (5-aryl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)hydrazones using silica-supported dichlorophosphate as a recoverable dehydrant

JOURNAL OF HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2008
Zheng Li
(Un)substituted benzaldehyde (5-aryl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)hydrazones were efficiently synthesized by reactions of (un)substituted benzaldehyde thiocarbohydrazones with aromatic carboxylic acids by using silica-supported dichlorophosphate as a recoverable dehydrant under microwave irradiation. The protocol has advantages of short reaction time, high yield, easy work-up procedure and no environmental pollution. [source]

Microwave-assisted derivatization of cellulose in an ionic liquid: An efficient, expedient synthesis of simple and mixed carboxylic esters

JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 1 2010
Shirley Possidonio
Abstract Microwave (MW)-assisted cellulose dissolution in ionic liquids (ILs) has routinely led either to incomplete biopolymer solubilization, or its degradation. We show that these problems can be avoided by use of low-energy MW heating, coupled with efficient stirring. Dissolution of microcrystalline cellulose in the IL 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride has been achieved without changing its degree of polymerization; regenerated cellulose showed pronounced changes in its index of crystallinity, surface area, and morphology. MW-assisted functionalization of MCC by ethanoic, propanoic, butanoic, pentanoic, and hexanoic anhydrides has been studied. Compared with conventional heating, MW irradiation has resulted in considerable decrease in dissolution and reaction times. The value of the degree of substitution (DS) was found to be DSethanoate > DSpropanoate > DSbutanoate. The values of DSpentanoate and DShexanoate were found to be slightly higher than DSethanoate. This surprising dependence on the chain length of the acylating agent has been reported before, but not rationalized. On the basis of the rate constants and activation parameters of the hydrolysis of ethanoic, butanoic, and hexanoic anhydrides in aqueous acetonitrile (a model acyl transfer reaction), we suggest that this result may be attributed to the balance between two opposing effects, namely, steric crowding and (cooperative) hydrophobic interactions between the anhydride and the cellulosic surface, whose lipophilicity has increased, due to its partial acylation. Four ethanoate-based mixed esters were synthesized by the reaction with a mixture of the two anhydrides; the ethanoate moiety predominated in all products. The DS is reproducible and the IL is easily recycled. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 48: 134,143, 2010 [source]

Microwave and Ionic Liquids: Inverse Temperature Dependence of Viscosity in Aqueous Medium of Grafted Copolymers

MACROMOLECULAR REACTION ENGINEERING, Issue 9 2009
Ella Bezdushna
Abstract We elaborated a route to the thermosensitive polyelectrolyte system composed of 1-methyl-3-vinylimidazolium salt with , -cyclodextrin complexed counterions and mono-(meth)acrylic functionalized poly(N -isopropylacrylamide) as grafted side chains via a three-step synthetic procedure. The aqueous solution of the polyelectrolyte displays partially inverse thermoresponsive behavior; it exhibits enhancement of shear viscosity up to body temperature. Furthermore, based on classically prepared poly(NIPAAm) bearing terminal amino groups, corresponding (meth-) acrylamide-type of macromonomers were easily obtained under microwave conditions. [source]

Size reduction of microwave and millimeter-wave passive circuits by UC-PBG in standard 0.18-,m CMOS technology

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 9 2008
Shuiyang Lin
Abstract Size reduction of microwave and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) passive circuits incorporating a defective uniplanar compact photonic bandgap (UC-PBG) slow-wave structure is investigated. Benefited from the multilayer mental technology of the standard 0.18-,m CMOS process, thin film microstrip structure is properly constructed on the lossy silicon substrate to reduce substrate loss. Defected periodic patterns on the ground plane are used to contribute to an enhancement of the effective dielectric constant and the slow-wave factor is 14% increased by the use of UC-PBG ground. Microwave and mm-wave passive circuits including resonator and filter are designed and fabricated. Measured results show that the use of UC-PBG ground has induced a frequency drop of 14% and validate the size reduction concept by using UC-PBG. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2251,2254, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).DOI 10.1002/mop.23643 [source]

Microwave and conventional curing of thick-section thermoset composite laminates: Experiment and simulation

POLYMER COMPOSITES, Issue 2 2001
Erik T. Thostenson
In conventional processing, thermal gradients cause differential curing of thick laminates and undesirable outside-in solidification. To reduce thermal gradients, thick laminates are processed at lower cure temperatures and heated with slow heating rates, resulting in excessive cure times. Microwaves can transmit energy volumetrically and instantaneously through direct interaction of materials with applied electromagnetic fields. The more efficient energy transfer of microwaves can alleviate the problems associated with differential curing, and the preferred inside-out solidification can be obtained. In this work, both microwave curing and thermal curing of 24.5 mm (1 inch) thick-section glass/epoxy laminates are investigated through the development of a numerical process simulation and conducting experiments in processing thick laminates in a conventional autoclave and a microwave furnace. Outside-in curing of the autoclave-processed laminate resulted in visible matrix cracks, while cracks were not visible in the microwave-processed laminate. Both numerical and experimental results show that volumetric heating due to microwaves promotes an inside-out cure and can dramatically reduce the overall processing time. [source]

Microwave-based alkali pretreatment of switchgrass and coastal bermudagrass for bioethanol production

BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 3 2010
Deepak R. Keshwani
Abstract Switchgrass and coastal bermudagrass are promising lignocellulosic feedstocks for bioethanol production. However, pretreatment of lignocelluloses is required to improve production of fermentable sugars from enzymatic hydrolysis. Microwave-based alkali pretreatment of switchgrass and coastal bermudagrass was investigated in this study. Pretreatments were carried out by immersing the biomass in dilute alkali reagents and exposing the slurry to microwave radiation at 250 W for residence times ranging from 5 to 20 min. Simons' stain method was used to quantify changes in biomass porosity as a result of the pretreatment. Pretreatments were evaluated based on yields of total reducing sugars, glucose, and xylose. An evaluation of different alkalis identified sodium hydroxide as the most effective alkali reagent for microwave-based pretreatment of switchgrass and coastal bermudagrass. 82% glucose and 63% xylose yields were achieved for switchgrass and 87% glucose and 59% xylose yields were achieved for coastal bermudagrass following enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass pretreated under optimal conditions. Dielectric properties for dilute sodium hydroxide solutions were measured and compared with solid losses, lignin reduction, and reducing sugar levels in hydrolyzates. Results indicate that dielectric loss tangent of alkali solutions is a potential indicator of the severity of microwave-based pretreatments. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010 [source]

Mikrowellen- und Mikrowellen-Vakuumtrocknung von Lebensmitteln

CHEMIE-INGENIEUR-TECHNIK (CIT), Issue 4 2004
M. Regier Dr.-Ing.
Abstract Die Verfahren der Mikrowellen- und Mikrowellen-Vakuumtrocknung von Lebensmitteln werden näher beleuchtet. Ausgehend von einigen historischen Bemerkungen zur Entwicklung von Mikrowellen-Erwärmungsverfahren werden die physikalischen Grundlagen, d.,h. Elektromagnetismus, Wärme- und Stofftransport, anhand der bei diesen Prozessen wichtigsten physikalischen Stoffeigenschaften beschrieben. Darauf aufbauend wird gezeigt, welche Ansatzpunkte zur Beschreibung und Modellierung von Mikrowellenverfahren in der Literatur existieren. Nach einer Klassifikation industrieller Mikrowellentrockner werden Beispiele für heutige Anwendungen der Mikrowellentrocknung beschrieben. Die Literaturhinweise sollen Interessierten auch als Ausgangspunkt zur Recherche weitergehender Informationen zu Mikrowellentrocknungsverfahren dienen. Microwave- and Microwave Vacuum-drying of Food Microwave- and microwave vacuum-drying processes for the drying of food are described. Starting with some historical remarks on the development of thermal microwave processes, the physical basics of electromagnetism, heat- and mass transfer as well as the important physical properties are specified. Different approaches for the physical description and modeling of microwave processes which are found in literature are shown. After a classifying of industrial microwave dryers some examples of today's microwave drying applications are depicted. The paper should also be a starting point for researchers being interested in detail information on microwave drying applications. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Functionalization of 3,5-Dichloro-2-pyrazinones under Simultaneous Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 19 2010
Davide Garella
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Enzyme Catalyzed Acylation of 7-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-chromene-2-one Using Microwave.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 4 2010
Mazaahir Kidwai
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (.+-.)-(E)-2,6-Dimethyl-6-hydroxy-2,7-octadienoic Acid (III), Its Methyl Ester (V) and (.+-.)-(E)-2,6-Dimethyl-octa-2,7-diene-1,6-diol (VI) over Solid Support Using Microwave.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 28 2009
Ashima Singh
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Microwave- and Ultrasound-Accelerated Green Oxidation of Alcohols by Potassium Permanganate Absorbed on Copper(II) Sulfate Pentahydrate.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 45 2008
Thi Xuan Thi Luu
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

A Polymer Imidazole Salt as Phase-Transfer Catalyst in Halex Fluorination Irradiated by Microwave.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 40 2007
Zheng Yong Liang
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source]

Ecofriendly Solvent-Free Microwave Enhanced Alkyl Migration in N-Alkyl Anilines in Dry Media Conditions.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 32 2007
S. Selvakumar
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source]

Efficient Microwave Assisted Syntheses of Unsubstituted Cyclic Imides.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 10 2007
Yousef M. Hijji
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source]

Microwave Induced Synthesis of the Thiazolidine-2,4-dione Motif and the Efficient Solvent Free-Solid Phase Parallel Syntheses of 5-Benzylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-dione and 5-Benzylidene-2-thioxo-thiazolidine-4-one Compounds.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 51 2006
B. R. Prashantha Kumar
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source]