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Applied Drugs (applied + drug)
Selected AbstractsImaging studies of biodistribution and kinetics in drug developmentDRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 2 2003Marc S. Berridge Abstract Although the intravenous route of administration is rarely used for drugs, it is by far the most common route for PET and SPECT radiotracers. This article discusses the use of planar and tomographic nuclear medicine technologies to image and quantify the distribution of drugs after local administration. In principle, this would include topical dermatologic, otic, ophthalmic, rectal, and vaginal administration, as well as the intramuscular, oral, and inhalation routes, although precedents do not yet exist for all of these. The studies reviewed focus mainly on oral ingestion and oral and nasal inhalation. The use of nondrug tracers for formulations is discussed, principally with planar imaging or SPECT using radionuclides such as 99mTc, as well as PET imaging where the active ingredient of a formulation can be labeled with 11C or sometimes 18F. An example of the latter type is a study of the deposition and kinetics in the lungs and airways of triamcinolone acetonide, an antiinflammatory steroid used for topical treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma, dispensed from an inhaler. PET has high potential for evaluation of different formulations and delivery devices in the development of topically applied drugs. Drug Dev. Res. 59:208,226, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Toxicologic implications of cutaneous barriers: a molecular, cellular, and anatomical overviewJOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, Issue 7 2009Abraar Karan Abstract The skin barrier is a complex system of chemical, biological and physical processes that together regulate the admission and expulsion of foreign agents in contact with the skin. The eggresive movement of the stratum corneum (SC) is often a measure of its integrity, and transepidermal water loss has typically been a gold standard. However, the skin barrier has several barrier systems, such as ion flux, O2, CO2 and pH, which can give an informative and sometimes more sensitive measure of the SC condition. Furthermore, the penetrative interactions with the barrier have focused around occlusive methods to promote drug delivery, the interactions of topically applied drugs with the barrier and the presence of environmental agents that can harm the barrier. However, the nature of penetrative barrier interactions must also be elucidated on a microscopic level. The variable nature of barrier function is demonstrated when comparing the skin properties of neonates and adults. In addition, new biochemical methods have used keratin metrics to improve diagnostic efficacy and barrier integrity analysis. This review addresses the aforementioned aspects of the skin barriers that require further study to help discern the complexity of this essential organ as it relates to dermatotoxicology and dermatopharmacology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Magnetic resonance imaging of the skinJOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 8 2010J Stefanowska Abstract A thorough examination of the skin is essential to screen various diseases accurately, evaluate the effectiveness of topically applied drugs and assess the results of dermatological surgeries such as skin grafts. The assessment of skin properties is also crucial in the cosmetics industry, where it is important to evaluate the effects skin care products have on these properties. The simplest and most widely used method of skin evaluation, the ,naked eye' assessment, enables researchers to assess only the skin surface and involves a large amount of inter-observer variability. Thanks to a great progress that has been made in physics, electronics and computer engineering in recent years, sophisticated imaging methods are increasingly available in day-to-day studies. The aim of this review was to present one of these techniques, namely the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to discuss its possible use in skin examination and analysis. We present basic principles of MRI, as well as several interesting applications in the field of dermatology, and discuss the advantages and limitations of this method. [source] In vivo spectroscopy in dermatology: methods and new fields of applicationJOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 1 2000K Liebold Abstract Background,The human skin is an easily accessible organ on which non-invasive examination methods can be applied. Remittance spectroscopy uses registration of the proportion of reflected light from the skin surface. Optical characteristics of skin are determined by scattering, reflection and absorption. The remittance is influenced by various test conditions and topography. Spectroscopic methods are applied for determination of microcirculation, measuring of erythema and pigmentation and in pharmacology and toxicology of applied drugs. Conclusion,The standardization of spectroscopic measurement of human skin is essential to reduce error sources. In future a better investigation of skin structures and molecules, which are responsible for optical characteristics of skin and a more precise evaluation of spectroscopic signals are necessary to get more information about the state of skin and to develop new fields of applications, such as early diagnosis of skin diseases or monitoring of metabolic processes. [source] | ||||||||||