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Application Methods (application + methods)
Selected AbstractsQuantitative evaluation of sample application methods for semipreparative separations of basic proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresisELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 19-20 2003Richard C. Barry Abstract The use of cup-loading for sample application has become widely used in two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) for resolution of basic proteins, but no side-by-side quantitative study has been published which compares cup-loading with the alternative passive and active rehydration methods to fully promote one type of loading method over another. Replicate 2-D gels from each loading method were quantitatively evaluated for gel-to-gel reproducibility using IPG 6,11 strips and semipreparative protein loads (300 ,g). Gels were stained with SYPRO Ruby and analyzed with PDQuest. An inexpensive home-made assembly for cup-loading was used with the Protean IEF Cell for separation of whole cell extracts from the archaeon, Sulfolobus solfataricus. Cup-loading was determined to be far superior for IPG 6,11 separations than active or passive rehydration methods. Cup-loading consistently produced the greatest number of detectable spots, the best spot matching efficiency (56%), lowest spot quantity variations (28% coefficient of variation, CV), and the best-looking gels qualitatively. The least satisfactory results were obtained with active rehydration, followed closely by passive rehydration in off-line tubes. Passive rehydration experiments, performed using an on-line isoelectric focusing (IEF) tray, produced comparable spot numbers to cup-loading (84%), with 55% of the spots having higher intensity but 10% more spot quantity variance than cup-loading. [source] Using a topographic index to distribute variable source area runoff predicted with the SCS curve-number equationHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 15 2004Steve W. Lyon Abstract Because the traditional Soil Conservation Service curve-number (SCS-CN) approach continues to be used ubiquitously in water quality models, new application methods are needed that are consistent with variable source area (VSA) hydrological processes in the landscape. We developed and tested a distributed approach for applying the traditional SCS-CN equation to watersheds where VSA hydrology is a dominant process. Predicting the location of source areas is important for watershed planning because restricting potentially polluting activities from runoff source areas is fundamental to controlling non-point-source pollution. The method presented here used the traditional SCS-CN approach to predict runoff volume and spatial extent of saturated areas and a topographic index, like that used in TOPMODEL, to distribute runoff source areas through watersheds. The resulting distributed CN,VSA method was applied to two subwatersheds of the Delaware basin in the Catskill Mountains region of New York State and one watershed in south-eastern Australia to produce runoff-probability maps. Observed saturated area locations in the watersheds agreed with the distributed CN,VSA method. Results showed good agreement with those obtained from the previously validated soil moisture routing (SMR) model. When compared with the traditional SCS-CN method, the distributed CN,VSA method predicted a similar total volume of runoff, but vastly different locations of runoff generation. Thus, the distributed CN,VSA approach provides a physically based method that is simple enough to be incorporated into water quality models, and other tools that currently use the traditional SCS,CN method, while still adhering to the principles of VSA hydrology. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Refined avian risk assessment for aldicarb in the United StatesINTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2010Dwayne RJ Moore Abstract Aldicarb was recently reviewed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for re-registration eligibility. In this paper, we describe a refined avian risk assessment for aldicarb that was conducted to build upon the screening-level methods used by USEPA. The goal of the refined ERA was to characterize and understand better the risks posed by aldicarb to birds in areas where the pesticide is applied. Aldicarb is a systemic insecticide sold in granular form under the trade name Temik®. It is applied directly to soil and is used to control mites, nematodes, and aphids on a variety of crops (e.g., cotton, potatoes, peanuts). Consumption of grit is necessary for proper digestion in many bird species, particularly for granivores and insectivores. Thus, aldicarb granules may be mistaken for grit by birds. The Granular Pesticide Avian Risk Assessment Model (GranPARAM) is described in a companion paper and was used to estimate the probability and magnitude of effects to flocks of birds that frequent aldicarb-treated fields. One hundred thirty-five exposure scenarios were modeled that together include a range of bird species, crops, application methods and rates, and regions in the United States. The results indicated that, even for the most sensitive bird species, the risks associated with the agricultural use of granular aldicarb are negligible to low. There are several reasons for the limited risk: 1) the Temik formulation includes a gypsum core and a graphite coating and is black in color, all of which have been shown to be unattractive to birds, and 2) the pesticide is applied subsurface and rapidly dissolves following contact with water. The fact that no bird kill incidents involving appropriate label uses of aldicarb have been conclusively documented in the United States over its 38 years of use supports the results of this refined risk assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010; 6:83,101. © 2009 SETAC [source] Abscisic acid deficiency leads to rapid activation of tomato defence responses upon infection with Erwinia chrysanthemiMOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2008BOB ASSELBERGH SUMMARY In addition to the important role of abscisic acid (ABA) in abiotic stress signalling, basal and high ABA levels appear to have a negative effect on disease resistance. Using the ABA-deficient sitiens tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant and different application methods of exogenous ABA, we demonstrated the influence of this plant hormone on disease progression of Erwinia chrysanthemi. This necrotrophic plant pathogenic bacterium is responsible for soft rot disease on many plant species, causing maceration symptoms mainly due to the production and secretion of pectinolytic enzymes. On wild-type (WT) tomato cv. Moneymaker E. chrysanthemi leaf inoculation resulted in maceration both within and beyond the infiltrated zone of the leaf, but sitiens showed a very low occurrence of tissue maceration, which never extended the infiltrated zone. A single ABA treatment prior to infection eliminated the effect of pathogen restriction in sitiens, while repeated ABA spraying during plant development rendered both WT and sitiens very susceptible. Quantification of E. chrysanthemi populations inside the leaf did not reveal differences in bacterial growth between sitiens and WT. Sitiens was not more resistant to pectinolytic cell-wall degradation, but upon infection it showed a faster and stronger activation of defence responses than WT, such as hydrogen peroxide accumulation, peroxidase activation and cell-wall fortifications. Moreover, the rapid activation of sitiens peroxidases was also observed after application of bacteria-free culture filtrate containing E. chrysanthemi cell-wall-degrading enzymes and was absent during infection with an out E. chrysanthemi mutant impaired in secretion of these extracellular enzymes. [source] Influence of foliar and systemically applied azadirachtin on host-plant evaluation behaviour of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaciPHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2009JI-HUI WEN Abstract The behaviour of female adult Bemisia tabaci is observed for a period of 20 min after initial contact with untreated cucumber leaves, or leaves either foliar or systemically treated with azadirachtin, to determine whether application of azadirachtin affects the host-evaluation behaviour and whether the behaviour on treated leaves differs between application methods. Application of azadirachtin deters settling of the whiteflies on host plants. The whiteflies probe for shorter duration and less frequently but spend longer and engage more frequently in labial grooming on treated leaves than on untreated leaves. Behavioural transition between probing and other behavioural elements is less common, and that between labial grooming and other behavioural elements more common, on both treated leaves than on untreated leaves. No difference is detected in the host-evaluation behaviour of B. tabaci between leaves foliar treated and systemically treated with azadirachtin. [source] Application of chemical and biological agents for the management of frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri) in Costa Rican cocoa (Theobroma cacao)ANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2005R.P. Bateman Abstract This article describes two field trials carried out at La Lola, Costa Rica, to assess control measures against frosty pod rot of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) caused by Moniliophthora (Crinipellis) roreri. In the first, factorial, trial the control agents were applied using motorised mistblowers (MMs) and hydraulic sprayers fitted with a narrow angle cone nozzle. There was an interaction between agents and application methods; together with previous application data for the most active fungicide (copper hydroxide), these trials indicate that best yields are achieved with sprays that maximise deposits on pods. We describe the droplet size spectra produced by a Stihl SR400 MM under a range of conditions because this has become the standard method of fungicide application in this series of trials at La Lola. The factor that had the largest effect on droplet size spectrum was the presence or the absence of a detachable baffle plate in front of the air-shear nozzle. In both trials described here, MMs were fitted with baffle plates, a formulation pump and restrictor transmitting 550 mL min,1 to deliver an estimated equivalent of 190 L ha,1. Copper hydroxide as prophylactic applications at 1500 g a.i. ha,1 have, to date, shown the most consistent (but incomplete) improvement in healthy pod yield. Use of copper fungicides may be cost effective when farm-gate cocoa prices exceed approximately $1.25 kg,1. In these trials, isolates of the hyperparasitic fungi Clonostachys byssicola and Trichoderma asperellum and two off-patent triazole fungicides (bitertanol and triadimenol) made no significant improvement to healthy yields. The systemic oxathiin fungicide flutolanil, at a dosage of 300 g a.i. ha,1, appears to protect pods substantially at early stages but gives proportionately less control of M. roreri than copper at later stages of pod development. [source] Cyanoacrylate glue for corneal perforations: a description of a surgical technique and a review of the literatureCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, Issue 6 2000Brendan Jt Vote MBBS ABSTRACT The effective early application of a cyanoacrylate glue corneal patch can aid in the management of small corneal perforations, corneal melts and wound leaks. Their use gives improved visual outcomes with reduced enucleation rates (6%vs 19%). It may also avoid the need for tectonic penetrating keratoplasty. Cyanoacrylate glue prevents re-epithelialization into the zone of damaged and naked stroma and prevents the development of the critical setting for collagenase production that leads to stromal melting. Cyanoacrylates also have significant bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms. We describe a simple and easily reproducible method of cyanoacrylate corneal patch application, with neglible risk of inadvertent glue complications. It has the further advantage of a smooth corneal surface rather than an irregular surface as often occurs with direct application methods. With corneal application, the major concern is toxicity of cyanoacrylates through direct contact with the corneal endothelium and lens. Fibrin glues may be less toxic; however, they are not as readily available. The longer alkyl chains of currently available cyanoacrylate glues (e.g. Histoacryl) slows degradation significantly, limiting accumulation of histotoxic by-products to amounts that can be effectively eliminated by tissues. Vigilance in monitoring for infection/corneal infiltrate is necessary at all times, especially when the glue has been present for more than 6 weeks. Corneal patching with cyanoacrylate glue is a temporizing procedure only, buying time to allow healing secondary to medical treatment of the underlying condition, or allowing surgery to be elective and under more optimal conditions once inflammation has been reduced and the integrity of the globe restored. [source] | |||||||||||||