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Metropolitan Regions (metropolitan + regions)
Selected AbstractsECONOMIC FUNDAMENTALS IN LOCAL HOUSING MARKETS: EVIDENCE FROM U.S. METROPOLITAN REGIONSJOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2006Min Hwang ABSTRACT This paper investigates the effects of national and regional economic conditions on outcomes in the single-family housing market: housing prices, vacancies, and residential construction activity. Our three-equation model confirms the importance of changes in regional economic conditions, income, and employment on local housing markets. The results also provide the first detailed evidence on the importance of vacancies in the owner-occupied housing market on housing prices and supplier activities. The results also document the importance of variations in materials, labor and capital costs, and regulation in affecting new supply. Simulation exercises, using standard impulse response models, document the lags in market responses to exogenous shocks and the variations arising from differences in local parameters. The results also suggest the importance of local regulation in affecting the pattern of market responses to regional income shocks. [source] New York's nature: a review of the status and trends in species richness across the metropolitan regionDIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS, Issue 1 2009Linda M. Puth ABSTRACT Aim, The world's population is urbanizing, yet relatively little is known about the ecology of urban areas. As the largest metropolitan area in the USA, New York City is an ideal location to study the effects of urbanization. Here, we aim to produce a better understanding of the state of the research for species richness of flora and fauna across the New York metropolitan region. Location, New York metropolitan region, USA. Methods, We conducted a review of the published and grey literature, in which we targeted studies of species richness, and categorized each study by habitat, location and taxonomic group. Results, We found 79 studies reporting location-specific species richness data, resulting in 261 location-taxonomic group records. Of these, 26 records had data from multiple time periods; 17 showed decreases in species richness, six reported increases and three showed stable species richness. Of these 26 records, most declines were attributed to anthropogenic causes, such as habitat loss/degradation and invasive species, while most increases reflected recovery from major habitat loss or increases in exotic species. Overall, most records (84) were terrestrial, followed by those in freshwater (72) and mixed habitats (61). When parsed by taxonomic group, the most commonly studied groups were plants (76) and mammals (48). Main conclusions, In general, we discovered fewer studies than expected reporting species richness, especially studies reporting species richness for more than one point in time. Most studies that did contain data over time reported declines in species richness, while several studies reporting increasing or stable species richness reflected increases in exotic species. This survey provides a crucial first step in establishing baseline ecological knowledge for the New York metropolitan region that should help prioritize areas for protection, research and development. Furthermore, this research provides insights into the impacts of urbanization across the USA and beyond and should help establish similar frameworks for ecological understanding for other metropolitan regions throughout the world. [source] Spillovers and Local Growth Controls: An Alternative Perspective on SuburbanizationGROWTH AND CHANGE, Issue 2 2005PILLSUNG BYUN ABSTRACT Since the 1970s, many local jurisdictions in politically fragmented metropolitan regions have enacted growth control and management measures to tackle the challenges arising from rapid suburban growth. These locally implemented growth controls have produced spillovers,the spatial shifts of homebuilding and households to nearby localities. Using data for California, this paper investigates the link between growth controls and homebuilding. The results suggest that some of the excess homebuilding can be linked to the presence or absence of growth control measures and thus be attributed to spillover effects. Moreover, generators of spillovers are nearly exclusively located in urban areas along the coast whereas the receptors of spillovers are primarily found at the metropolitan fringes and in peripherally located jurisdictions of the interior. [source] The Impact of Metropolitan Structure on Commute Behavior in the Netherlands: A Multilevel ApproachGROWTH AND CHANGE, Issue 3 2004Tim Schwanen ABSTRACT This paper documents the investigation of the impact of metropolitan structure on the commute behavior of urban residents in the Netherlands. Not only has the impact of monocentrism versus polycentrism been analyzed, but the influence of metropolitan density and size has also been considered, together with the ratio of employment to population and the growth of the population and employment. Furthermore, data are used at a variety of levels of analysis ranging from the individual worker to the metropolitan region rather than being drawn from aggregate level statistics alone. Multilevel regression modeling is applied to take account of the interdependencies among these levels of aggregation. With regard to mode choice, the results indicate that the probability of driving an auto to work is lower in employment-rich metropolitan regions, and rises as the number of jobs per resident has grown strongly. Furthermore, women in most polycentric regions are less likely to commute as an auto driver. All else being equal, commute distances and times for auto drivers are longer in most polycentric regions than in monocentric urban areas. In addition, commute time as an auto driver rises with metropolitan size, whereas commute distance depends on employment density and the growth of the number of jobs per resident. The investigation shows that metropolitan structure, although significantly influencing commute patterns, explains only a small part of the variation of individuals' commute behavior. [source] CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP AND URBAN PROBLEM SOLVING: THE CHANGING CIVIC ROLE OF BUSINESS LEADERS IN AMERICAN CITIESJOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2010ROYCE HANSON ABSTRACT:,Our concern in this article is corporate civic elite organizations and their role in social production and urban policy in the United States. Recent urban literature has suggested that the power and influence of CEO organizations has declined and that there has been some disengagement of corporate elites from civic efforts in many urban areas. Yet while these trends and their likely consequences are generally acknowledged, relatively little empirical research has been conducted on the nature and extent of the shifts in corporate civic leadership and on how these shifts have affected the civic agendas of central cities and metropolitan regions. In this study we obtain data from 19 large metropolitan areas in order to more systematically examine shifts in corporate civic leadership and their consequences. Our results suggest that the institutional autonomy, time, and personal connections to the central cities of many CEOs have diminished and that the civic organizations though which CEOs work appear to have experienced lowered capacity for sustained action. These trends suggest that while many CEOs and their firms will continue to commit their time and their firms' slack resources to civic enterprises, the problems they address will differ from those tackled in the past. We discuss the important implications these shifts have for the future of corporate civic engagement in urban problem solving and for the practice of urban governance. [source] Education, cost of living and regional wage inequality in Brazil,PAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2002Carlos R. Azzoni Brazil; regional wage inequality; cost of living differences; education and regional inequality Abstract The objective of this article is to analyze wage inequality among the 10 largest metropolitan regions in Brazil in the 1990s. We assess the extent to which worker characteristics (education, age, gender, race, position in the family) and job characteristics (occupational position, sector, experience) can explain wage inequality. The analysis is made both with regional-nominal and with regional-real wage data. In the second case regional price indexes are used to control for differences in cost of living among regions. Wage differentials in Brazil were slightly lowered when control variables were introduced, but the leftover inequality remained high. The results indicate that cost of living levels do have a role in explaining wage inequality in Brazil, but even after controlling for this factor, the remaining regional differentials are still important. [source] A typology of community opportunity and vulnerability in metropolitan Australia,PAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2001Robert Stimson Socio-economic performance; community opportunity and vulnerability; metropolitan regions Abstract. A multivariate model using hierarchical clustering and discriminant analysis is used to identify clusters of community opportunity and community vulnerability across Australia's mega metropolitan regions. Variables used in the model measure aspects of structural economic change, occupational change, human capital, income, unemployment, family/household disadvantage, and housing stress. A nine-cluster solution is used to categorise communities across metropolitan space. Significant between-city variations in the incidence of these clusters of opportunity and vulnerability are apparent, suggesting the emergence of marked differentiation between Australia's mega metropolitan regions in their adjustments to changing economic and social conditions. [source] The changing geography of the Canadian manufacturing sector in metropolitan and rural regions, 1976,1997THE CANADIAN GEOGRAPHER/LE GEOGRAPHE CANADIEN, Issue 2 2003W. MARK BROWN This paper documents the changing geography of the Canadian manufacturing sector over a 22-year period (1976,1997). It does so by looking at the shifts in employment and differences in production worker wages across different levels of the rural/urban hierarchy,central cities, adjacent suburbs, medium and small cities and rural areas. The analysis demonstrates that the most dramatic shifts in manufacturing employment were from the central cities of large metropolitan regions to their suburbs. Paralleling trends in the United States, rural regions of Canada have increased their share of manufacturing employment. Rising rural employment shares were due to declining employment shares of small cities and, to a lesser degree, large urban regions. Increasing rural employment was particularly prominent in Quebec, where employment shifted away from the Montreal region. The changing fortunes of rural and urban areas were not the result of across-the-board shifts in manufacturing employment, but were the net outcome of differing locational patterns across industries. In contrast to the situation in the United States, wages in Canada do not consistently decline, moving down the rural/urban hierarchy from the largest cities to the most rural parts of the country. Only after controlling for the types of manufacturing industries found in rural and urban regions is it apparent that wages decline with the size of place. Cette dissertation documente la géographie changeante du secteur secondaire canadien sur une période de vingt-deux années (1976,1997). Pour cela, elle considère les migrations des emplois et les différences salariales entre les ouvriers à différents niveaux de la hiérarchie rurale/urbaine,centres urbains, leurs banlieues, villes petites et moyennes, et zones rurales. L'analyse démontre que dans le secteur secondaire, les migrations les plus prononcées des emplois ont été depuis les villes des grandes régions métropolitaines vers leurs banlieues. Reflétant les tendances observées aux États-Unis, les régions rurales du Canada ont augmenté leur part d'emplois de production. La part croissante des emplois ruraux était due au déclin de l'emploi dans les petites villes, et à un degré moindre, dans les grandes zones urbaines. L'augmentation de l'emploi rural a été particulièrement évidente au Québec, suite à un déplacement des emplois hors de la région de Montréal. Les fortunes changeantes des zones rurales et urbaines n'ont pas été le résultat de migrations uniformes de l'emploi dans le secteur secondaire. Elles sont plutôt dues aux différences de configurations géographiques entre les divers secteurs industriels. Par contraste avec les États-Unis, les salaires canadiens ne baissent pas progressivement selon la hiérarchie rurale/urbaine, des plus grandes villes aux régions les plus rurales du pays. C'est seulement après vérification des types d'industries implantées dans les régions rurales et urbaines que l'on peut mettre en évidence une baisse des salaires en fonction de la taille de l'agglomération. [source] | ||||||||||