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Mesenteric Fat (mesenteric + fat)
Selected AbstractsDiabetes: insulin resistance and derangements in lipid metabolism.DIABETES/METABOLISM: RESEARCH AND REVIEWS, Issue 1 2005Cure through intervention in fat transport, storage Abstract We present multiple findings on derangements in lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes. The increase in the intracellular deposition of triglycerides (TG) in muscles, liver and pancreas in subjects prone to diabetes is well documented and demonstrated to attenuate glucose metabolism by interfering with insulin signaling and insulin secretion. The obesity often associated with type 2 diabetes is mainly central, resulting in the overload of abdominal adipocytes with TG and reducing fat depot capacity to protect other tissues from utilizing a large proportion of dietary fat. In contrast to subcutaneous adipocytes, the central adipocytes exhibit a high rate of basal lipolysis and are highly sensitive to fat mobilizing hormones, but respond poorly to lipolysis restraining insulin. The enlarged visceral adipocytes are flooding the portal circulation with free fatty acids (FFA) at metabolically inappropriate time, when FFA should be oxidized, thus exposing nonadipose tissues to fat excess. This leads to ectopic TG accumulation in muscles, liver and pancreatic beta-cells, resulting in insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. This situation, based on a large number of observations in humans and experimental animals, confirms that peripheral adipose tissue is closely regulated, performing a vital role of buffering fluxes of FFA in the circulation. The central adipose tissues tend to upset this balance by releasing large amounts of FFA. To reduce the excessive fat outflow from the abdominal depots and prevent the ectopic fat deposition it is important to decrease the volume of central fat stores or increase the peripheral fat stores. One possibility is to downregulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase, which is overexpressed in abdominal relatively to subcutaneous fat stores. This can be achieved by gastrointestinal bypass or gastroplasty, which decrease dietary fat absorption, or by direct means that include surgical removal of mesenteric fat. Indirect treatment consists of the compliant application of drastic lifestyle change comprising both diet and exercise and pharmacotherapy that reduces mesenteric fat mass and activity. The first step should be an attempt to effectively induce a lifestyle change. Next comes pharmacotherapy including acarbose, metformin, PPAR,, or PPAR,, agonists, statins and orlistat, estrogens in postmenopausal women or testosterone in men. Among surgical procedures, gastric bypass has been proven to produce beneficial results in advance of other surgical techniques, the evidence basis of which still needs strengthening. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Comparison of mesenteric and tissue fat content in relation to sexual cycle of the sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walb., 1792), in the eastern Middle Adriatic fishery grounds (Croatia)JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 5 2009B. Musta Summary The study objective was to analyse Sardina pilchardus (Walb., 1792) for mesenteric fat, which is easier to evaluate than the muscle lipid, for comparisons thereof with the sexual cycle and condition of the examined specimens. Fat reserves, moisture and the sexual cycle of sardines were studied from monthly random samples of purse seine catches from March 2004 to February 2005. A total of 1209 specimens were collected (668 males; 541 females). Total length and mass ranged from 13.0 to 19.0 cm and from 16.7 to 51.5 g, respectively. Lipid analyses in muscle tissues were done using the Soxhlet method. An inverse relation between fat content and the sexual cycle was established. Greatest fat quantities were observed in August (72%) during the gonadal resting phase; lowest values were noted in winter, and in spring during the spawning period peak. Moisture content and sexual cycle were positively correlated (r = 0.7913). Total lipids in sardine tissues were higher in females than in males; however, the moisture content was higher in males than in females. [source] Evaluation of optimized inversion-recovery fat-suppression techniques for T2-weighted abdominal MR imagingJOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 6 2008Thomas C. Lauenstein MD Abstract Purpose To test the theoretical benefits of a spectral attenuated inversion-recovery (SPAIR) fat-suppression (FS) technique in clinical abdominal MRI by comparison to conventional inversion-recovery (IR) FS combined with T2-weighted (T2W) partial Fourier single shot fast spin echo (SSFSE). Materials and Methods 1.5T MRI studies of the abdomen were performed in 28 patients with liver lesions (hemangiomas n = 14; metastases n = 14). T2W sequences were acquired using IR and SPAIR SSFSE. Measurements included retroperitoneal and mesenteric fat signal-to-noise (SNR) to evaluate FS; liver lesion contrast-to-noise (CNR) to evaluate bulk water signal recovery effects; and bowel wall delineation to evaluate susceptibility and physiological motion effects. Results SPAIR-SSFSE images produce significantly improved FS and liver lesion CNR. The mean SNR of the retroperitoneal and mesenteric fat for SPAIR SSFSE was 20.5 ± 10.2 (±1 SD) and 12.7 ± 6.2, compared to 43.2 ± 24.1 (P = 0.000006) and 29.3 ± 16.8 (P = 0.0000005) for IR-SSFSE. SPAIR-SSFSE images produced higher CNR for both hemangiomas CNR = 164 ± 88 vs. 126 ± 83 (P = 0.00005) and metastases CNR = 75 ± 27 vs. 53 ± 19 (P = 0.007). Bowel wall visualization was significantly improved using SPAIR-SSFSE (P = 0.002). Conclusion The theoretical benefits of SPAIR over conventional IR FS translate into significant multiple improvements that can be measured on clinical abdominal MRI scans. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;27:1448,1454. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Serum pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in sheep and calves and tissue residues in sheep following a single intramuscular injection of a long-acting preparationJOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 6 2000A. L. CRAIGMILL The pharmacokinetics of a long-acting oxytetracycline (OTC) formulation (Liquamycin® LA-200®) injected intramuscularly (i.m.) at a dose of 20,mg/kg were determined in four calves and 24 sheep to determine if the approved label dose for cattle provided a similar serum time/concentration profile in sheep. The AUC for the calves was 168±14.6 (,g ? h/mL) and was significantly less than the AUC for sheep (209±43,,g ? h/mL). Using the standard two-stage approach and a one-compartment model, the mean Cmax for the calves was 5.2±0.8,,g/mL, and for the sheep was 6.1±1.3,,g/mL. The mean terminal phase rate constants were 0.031 and 0.033 h, and the Vdss were 3.3 and 3.08,L/kg for the calves and sheep respectively. Analysis of the data using the standard two-stage approach, the naive pooled-data approach and a population model gave very similar results for both the cattle and sheep data. Sheep tissue residues of OTC in serum, liver, kidney, fat, muscle and injection site were measured at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after a single i.m. injection of 20,mg/kg OTC. Half-lives of OTC residues in the tissues were 38.6, 33.4, 28.6, 25.4, 21.3, and 19.9,h for injection site, kidney, muscle, liver, mesenteric fat and renal fat, respectively. The ratio of tissue to serum concentration was fairly consistent at all slaughter times, except for the fat and injection sites. The mean ratios were 1.72, 4.19, 0.11, 0.061, 0.84 and 827 for the liver, kidney, renal fat, mesenteric fat, muscle and injection sites, respectively. The tissue concentrations of OTC residues were below the established cattle tolerances for OTC in liver (6,p.p.m.), muscle (2,p.p.m.) and kidney (12,p.p.m.) by 48,h, and in injection site muscle by 14,days after the single i.m. injection of 20,mg/kg. [source] Decrease in stearic acid proportions in adipose tissues and liver lipids in fatty liver of dairy cowsANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2006Hiroshi SATO ABSTRACT Samples of liver and perirenal, mesenteric and subcutaneous fat were collected from 16 sick necropsied dairy cows to evaluate the fatty acid profiles in the hepatic and adipose tissues associated with advanced fatty liver or hepatic lipidosis. Hepatic triglyceride and eight fatty acids were measured in the hepatic and adipose tissues. Six cows had more than 3% triglyceride on fresh weight in their livers and were classified as having fatty liver. Stearic and linoleic acid proportions in the liver decreased markedly with increased hepatic triglyceride levels, while the proportion of palmitic and oleic acids increased. The most striking fluctuations in hepatic lipidosis were manifested as decreased stearic acid in the adipose tissues including subcutaneous fat with the trend of decreasing stearic acid. Palmitic acid was elevated in hepatic and perirenal fat in fatty liver cows. In instances of advanced hepatic lipidosis, palmitoleic acid increased in only subcutaneous fat and not in perirenal or mesenteric fat. In addition to the proportions of hepatic fatty acids in fatty liver, this study also clarified the fluctuations observed in the profiles of fatty acids of the adipose tissues in cows with advanced hepatic lipidosis, particularly the decline in the proportions of stearic acid. [source] Effects of different feeding level on the growth, feed efficiency and body composition of juvenile mangrove red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal 1775)AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 7 2009Ghulam Abbas Abstract The effects of several feeding levels (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4% and 4.5% of body weight per day, BW day,1) on the growth, feed efficiency and body composition of juvenile Lutjanus argentimaculatus (body weight 27.1 g) were examined. Fish were fed a test diet (40% protein, 18.4% lipid and 13.4 kJ g,1) for 75 days in three equal meals. Weight gain and specific growth rate increased with increasing feeding level up to 2.5% BW day,1, after which no significant improvement in growth was observed. The feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, retention of protein and digestibility of nutrients did not differ for fish fed 1,2.5% BW day,1, but decreased significantly when feeding levels were increased above 3% BW day,1. The chemical compositions of whole fish or body organs were significantly affected by the feeding level. The condition factor, mesenteric fat, hepato- and viscerosomatic indices were higher in fish fed 2.5,4.5% BW day,1. The cholesterol, triglycerides and haematocrit values were similar among treatments, except that high levels of plasma lipids were recorded in fish fed at 2.5% BW day,1. Taking into consideration the growth, feed efficiency and body composition data attained in this study, a feeding level of 2.5% BW day,1 is recommended for juvenile L. argentimaculatus weighing between 27 and 140 g. [source] | |||||||||||||